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ABOUT LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Allambergenova Arzayim Qudaybergenovna
Scientific advisor:
Qidirbaev Baxram Yuldashevich
Republic of Karakalpakstan
https://doi.org/
10.5281/zenodo.15862049
Abstract.
This article discusses landscape design and its types.
Keywords:
landscape, design, art, architecture, drawing, project, painting.
Design (English: design
—
"project", "drawing", "painting")
—
a term that describes the
types of design activities aimed at forming the aesthetic and functional qualities of the
environment of objects. The scope of design activities includes a wide range of consumer goods,
machines, machines, clothing, advertising and packaging materials, including, furnishing public
and residential buildings, furniture, etc. Design emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and
took shape in the 1930s as a special type of activity in Western Europe and the USA. Since the
second half of the 1980s, the scope of design activities has expanded. Designers rely on scientific
disciplines (for example, materials science, color science, etc.) along with artistic intuition,
including processes and conditions, sociology, and other knowledge. Design specialists are
trained at specialized higher education institutions. In particular, the Kamoliddin Behzod
National Institute of Art and Design trains specialists in interior and industrial graphics, and
clothing design.
Design thinking is an innovative process of problem-solving based on a set of skills. The
approach has been around for decades, but it only began to gain traction outside the design
community after a 2008 Harvard Business Review article by Tim Brown, CEO and president of
design firm IDEO.
At a high level, the steps involved in the design thinking process are simple: first, fully
understanding the problem; second, exploring a wide range of possible solutions; third, iterating
extensively through prototyping and testing; and finally, through conventional deployment
mechanisms.
The skills associated with these steps help people creatively solve real-world problems
more effectively than they would otherwise. They can be learned easily, but they take effort. For
example, it is important to set aside your own assumptions when trying to understand a problem.
Once learned, this method can even be applied to everyday life problems.
“Landscape” is a German word, meaning land
- land, schaft - landscape. A landscape is a
natural territorial complex that is distinguished by its territorial integrity, unity of origin,
geological structure, relief, climate, soils, and uniformity of flora and fauna. • For example,
sandy, clayey, barren, saline landscapes in the Red Sands, pastures, forests, and valley
landscapes in the mountains are among them.
Currently, the concept of landscape is used in geography in a broad and narrow sense. •
In a broad sense, landscape is understood as a natural territorial complex. For example, taiga
zone, swamp, desert, etc. • In a narrow sense, landscape is a place on the earth's surface that is
distinguished by its natural boundaries.
Landscape and its structure: Landscapes are divided into natural and anthropogenic
landscapes. A natural landscape is a landscape that has been formed or is being formed solely
under the influence of natural factors. It includes areas that have not been affected by human
activity. For example, nature reserves, mountains, rivers
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According to statistics, there are currently about 3 trillion trees in the world. However,
every minute, an amount equal to 27 football fields is cut down.
According to statistics, forests occupy about a third of the land. This is 4.06 billion
hectares. At the same time, more than half of all forests (54 percent) are located in five countries
of the world. These are Russia (815 million hectares), Brazil (497 million hectares), Canada (347
million hectares), the USA (310 million hectares) and China (220 million hectares).
“Africa is
the continent with the highest rate of forest loss. The reduction of forest cover on this continent
amounted to 4.0 million hectares per year in 2010-2022. Next in line is South America with an
i
ndicator of 2.6 million hectares per year.” Anthropogenic landscape is a landscape that has been
and is being formed under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. This includes
landscapes that have arisen under the influence of human activity. These landscapes are formed
under the influence of human economic activity, but retain their natural characteristics and are
subject to the laws of nature.
Anthropogenic landscapes are divided into the following types: agricultural or
agrolandscapes (croplands, gardens, pastures); water or hydrogeological landscapes (canals,
ponds, reservoirs); urban or seliteb landscapes (cities, villages); industrial landscapes (factories,)
Landscapes are composed of place, area and facies, the smallest unit of which is facies.
Facies is the smallest natural territorial complex with the same rocks, relief, soil,
moisture, microclimate, flora and fauna. For example, the shale facies, the shale facies, the stony
shale facies, the clayey shale facies. Area is a natural territorial complex consisting of a
system of facies. Thus, an area is large in area and combines several facies. For example, saline
and brackish soils in the lowlands; flat sands with white saxaul; sand dunes A place is a natural
territorial complex consisting of a complex of areas. For example, the upper, middle and lower
parts of plateaus, the watersheds, slopes of mountains, etc.
The set of areas in a certain area forms a landscape. For example, a desert landscape
consists of sandy, clayey, rocky, barren areas. Therefore, a landscape consists of a complex of
areas, areas consist of a complex of areas, and areas consist of facies. Or landscapes are divided
into places, places into areas, areas into facies.
A.G. Isachenko takes as a basis the degree to which geosystems have changed as a result
of anthropogenic impact and divides all anthropogenic landscapes into 4 groups: 1. Conditionally
unchanged (primitive landscapes). These are landscapes that have not been directly affected by
human influence and economic activity. Only traces of weak and indirect human activity can be
observed in them. For example, snow-glaciers and forests in high mountains, reserves, etc. 2.
Weakly modified landscapes. These are landscapes that have been mainly affected by extensive
human activity (such as hunting, fishing). In such landscapes, human activity affects only some
components, and natural relationships have not yet been disturbed and can restore their previous
state; 3. Strongly modified (distorted) landscapes. Landscapes in this group are mainly
landscapes that have been changed under the intensive influence of human activity. For example,
quarries, mining industry waste dumps, etc. 4. Cultural landscapes. Landscapes whose structure
is rationally changed by man in the interests of society and on a scientific basis. For example,
well-groomed gardens, cotton fields, plantations, etc.
When organizing space within various stylistic decisions, you need to take into account
not only the main objects, but also their details. Experts advise, first of all, to develop a plan for
yourself, for example, to determine where the tracks will be located, an open space, a place for
recreation, a reservoir, etc. Landscape design styles of suburban areas solve this problem in
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different ways, taking into account practical aspects and priorities. Pay attention to important
things and elements:
It is recommended to plant plants in groups, so you can create color compositions that
change throughout the year. It is important to balance the elements of the composition.
Landscape design styles include many details that are divided into groups. The central
object is the building and the task is to make it harmoniously fit into the house.
It is customary to use a lawn for the design of the site, which can be English, forest and
ground level. Each option is suitable for different style directions.
During the registration process, landscaping of the garden is carried out, which should be
designed so that the garden changes throughout the year and does not lose its originality.
If possible, designers recommend arranging an artificial reservoir on the site, for
example, a pond, a pond, a waterfall, etc.
The selected landscape decor, depending on the chosen design direction, is of great
importance. For example, there could be statues, pots, mountain peaks, etc.
When choosing landscape design styles, designers often combine several directions and
different techniques. As a result, you get a harmonious site and emdiv the most interesting
design ideas. In this case, the design is carried out without taking into account the features of the
landscape. This direction is usually called eclecticism. Its main features:
When working on the site, you should use at least 2-3 styles.
There are contrasts, but for their combination it is customary to make one accent, for
example, a common or colorful one.
Functional zones should be distinguished, and they should have clear boundaries. For
this, you can choose arches, columns, etc. It should be noted that each zone has its own style, and
this will make the site original.
It is not recommended to use too many elements in the design, as this will create the
effect of complexity.
It is not a good idea to install furniture, walls, and decor in one color. This will cause all
the pieces to become one.
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