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CONCEPTS ABOUT LANDSCAPES
Allambergenova Arzayım Qudaybergenova
Republic of Karakalpakstan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14012476
Abstract. This article describes the concepts of landscapes, the natural landscape and its
characteristics.
Keywords: Natural landscape, relief, plant, component.
ПОНЯТИЯ О ЛАНДШАФТАХ
Аннотация. В статье описываются понятия ландшафтов, природного ландшафта
и его характеристика.
Ключевые слова: Природный ландшафт, рельеф, растительность, компонент.
A natural landscape is a repetitive combination of the climate, topography, vegetation and
soil characteristics of a certain place as a single harmonious unity in certain regions of the earth.
The science that studies the laws of such a combination is landscape science. It is the
science of the landscape shell of the earth and its natural elements (natural-territorial and natural-
anthropogenic complexes). Along with the concept of "landscape shell", the concepts of natural-
territorial complex (THM) and landscape have taken the main place in classical landscape science.
THM is defined as a collection of interrelated natural components (myogenic bases, air
climate, water, soil, flora and fauna) in the form of regional compounds at different levels. To date,
the concept of "landscape" is interpreted differently. The main thing is to understand the harmony
of the landscape with nature, unity, as well as the landscape as a structural element of the landscape
shell of the earth, including various rules. Landscapes, legally united in a broad or a certain space,
create large physical-geographical systems such as physical-geographic provinces and countries,
landscape regions. In turn, the landscapes themselves are composed of several small structural
elements - local-scale THMs. The main components of natural regional complexes (geosystems)
are natural components as interdependent processes of matter exchange, energies, and information.
Today, it is accepted to group them into three small systems: - geoma - inorganic natural
components: lithogenic bases (the upper part of the earth's crust and the relief of the earth's
surface), air mass around the earth, natural waters; - biota - flora and fauna; - soil-intermediate or
biocomposite (organomineral) subsystem.
Each component has its own characteristics. Usually, material, energetic, and
informational are separated separately.
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The exchange of matter and energy between its components and parts is based on the
interaction and connection of the geospheres that make up the geographic crust and ensure its
development. This exchange is in the form of circulation of matter (for example: circulation of
water, circulation of chemical elements, biological circulation, etc.). One of the most important
features of the geographic crust is its integrity and the fact that it is a complete natural geographic
complex. But its unity does not deny the existence of different natural geographical conditions in
its different parts.
In other words, the geographic crust itself is a single natural-geographical complex, while
it is divided into various large and small natural geographic complexes. These natural-
geographical complexes occupy different sizes depending on their size. For example, the largest
of them is the geographical crust, the continents and oceans are smaller than it, the natural-
geographic regions are even smaller, etc. k. Each of the natural geographic complexes we listed
above, including the landscape, is a geosystem. Landscape has a unique scale among geosystems
and is a part that forms a certain natural geographical region. At the same time, it is a derivative
of a complex and dynamic set of smaller geosystems. Geosystems, including landscapes, are
human habitats. They are also a source of many self-renewing natural resources, such as air, water,
soil fertility, and biomass, which are necessary for human life. In order for these resources to be
replenished and replenished, the exchange of matter and energy in geosystems must be preserved
in the same way as it was created by nature. But man tries to create more comfortable and better
conditions for his life, to create cultural landscapes that are more productive than natural
landscapes. There is no doubt that as human society develops, its influence on nature increases,
and the opportunity to change the norms and natural conditions of using natural resources
increases. As a result of this, the negative influence of nature on human life and its activities in the
economy begins to appear. The imbalance in the relationship between society and nature is causing
negative consequences in some places. As a result, the issue of proper use of these existing natural
resources, prevention of their poisoning and pollution, comprehensive improvement or efficiency
of the environment in which people live has arisen. This issue is an urgent, complex, very diverse,
including economic, social, political, cultural and scientific issue that requires multifaceted study.
A positive solution to this issue, in any way, should have a solid scientific basis. Many
different sciences, including landscape science, are of special importance in the development of
this scientific basis.
Landscape research necessarily requires fieldwork. Landscape research is the only way of
natural geographical research used to determine geosystems existing in this or that area.
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The landscape maps created as a result of such research will later serve as a clear and
reliable scientific basis for the development of various special practical maps, land planning, and
the development of measures for nature protection and rational use of natural resources. Another
necessary information for applied landscape science is a description that can comprehensively
illuminate each landscape complex shown on the universal landscape map. For example, one type
of data is needed for agricultural purposes, and another type of data is needed for urban planning.
The ability to extract such information correctly and rationally has a direct impact on the results
of the work.
In other words, it is necessary to take into account the climate, rocks, topography, soil,
water regime, etc. But for agricultural purposes, indicators reflecting certain characteristics of
climate or soil are analyzed, while for an engineer engaged in urban planning, indicators reflecting
other characteristics become more important. In the process of applying information related to
landscapes into practice, there is a need to combine landscapes into groups for a certain purpose,
that is, to determine landscape types. Grouping them into some groups based on the impact they
have on human activities (construction, reclamation, agrotechnics, etc.) based on the goals of
development of one or another branch of the national economy facilitates the practical assessment
of landscapes. When developing descriptions for the development of one or another branch of the
national economy, it is necessary to take into account the changes that may occur during the natural
development of landscapes and the changes that occur as a result of human economic activity.
Anticipating (forecasting) whether such changes will occur or not is one of the important issues of
applied landscape science. Assessment of landscapes for the purposes of development of the
economy or this branch is a direction of applied landscape science.
Therefore, the problem of landscape assessment is one of the main problems of applied
landscape science today. The main content of landscape evaluation for one or another purpose is
to determine the suitability, convenience or disadvantage of landscapes based on one or another
requirements of the individual society. In this regard, three aspects of the evaluation of natural
complexes should be clear. First, the object of assessment should be clear. In this case, one of the
natural components, for example, climate, terrain, soil or vegetation, can be the object of
assessment. But such an assessment is one-sided and cannot provide a comprehensive assessment
of the natural conditions of the place. Therefore, it is better to take the geosystem as an object of
assessment. The result of the existing evaluation experiments also shows that it is appropriate to
consider landscapes as objects. Second, there should be a subject of assessment.
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That is, when evaluating natural complexes or landscapes, it should be clear why and for
whom it is being evaluated. Agriculture or any of its branches, urban development or any industrial
construction, road construction can be taken as a subject.
Third, in addition to the object and subject, the economic geographical, social, natural
geographical, scientific and technical conditions at the time of evaluation should also be taken into
account. Since the conditions are variable in space and time, the results of the evaluation should
be changed accordingly. In other words, the results of evaluation of natural complexes for one or
another purpose are relative both in space and time. In order for the results of the landscape
assessment to be correct, the main purpose of the assessment should be clearly defined. The main
goal of landscape assessment is to determine the appropriate and best options for their
development. Appraisals conducted for this purpose are called production appraisals. Another
direction in assessment work is the direction of environmental assessment. In it, a person, the
population, serves as a subject. The main goal of such an assessment is to create a scientific basis
for the correct and rational organization of people's working conditions, rest, and the protection of
their health.
This includes the aesthetic assessment of landscapes for recreational purposes. Economic
assessment of natural conditions, including landscapes, is one of its unique directions. It can be
seen from the published scientific literature that a lot of work has been done in this regard. But the
theoretical basis of the economic assessment of natural resources is that in many cases, economists
tend to be one-sided in the economic assessment of natural resources and often fail to take into
account the natural geographical basis. Therefore, it is appropriate to evaluate the areas in the
context of comprehensive landscapes. The natural condition or natural environment that needs to
be evaluated is not only a random collection of different natural elements, but also a system in
which its parts interact and communicate. This wholeness or oneness is clearly reflected in the
landscapes. Assessment of natural conditions for agriculture should begin with the identification
of features that may limit the use of landscapes for agriculture.
Such characteristics of landscapes are related to their relief, soils, and the state of
underground water. It is expedient that the assessment of landscapes is carried out according to the
3 components considered the most important from the point of view of agriculture: climate, soil,
relief, both for irrigated farming and for dry farming. Taking into account that the climate and soil
relief can have different effects on the growth and development of agricultural crops, the methods
of their evaluation are also different. In the use of landscapes in agriculture, their relief structure
is also of great importance.
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Based on the evaluation of the relief, it is difficult to get a complete picture of the landscape
based on the evaluation of the components without making a general evaluation of the land
landscapes. As an object of evaluation, different geosystems are involved in one or another
component, one natural resource, for example, minerals, plant resources, land resources, water,
etc., and as a subject of evaluation, any branch of the national economy of the society, this or that
industrial enterprise, various construction facilities, etc. can serve. Any evaluation results are
relative and historical. Because, as a result of the development of social and economic conditions
over time, the attitude and demands of the subject to the object may increase.
In addition, it is not always correct to consider any assessment work as a task of applied
landscape science. For example, the assessment of an irrigation canal from the point of view of
cotton cultivation is a special assessment in the narrow sense. The second direction in assessment
is called socio-ecological assessment. In it, landscapes are evaluated in terms of different aspects
of human life.
When we evaluate landscapes for one or another purpose, we need to foresee what changes
the subject will tend to later and what consequences they may have. It is necessary to predict the
changes of landscapes and the consequences of these changes due to the influence of human
activities (whether in agriculture, urban development or the construction of a structure). Each
component in the landscape is constantly developing and changing, if the characteristic of one of
them (for example, climate) changes and acquires a new quality, the remaining components or
their characteristic (for example, soil) try to adapt to it. Such a process involves different
components with different speed and sometimes a long time. But the first component to change
will continue to evolve and change over time. The rest of the components will try to adapt to it
again. Therefore, the internal balance in the landscape can be temporary and relative.
Biota (plants and animals) is the most active component of the landscape. It is constantly
in conflict with non-biotic components and tries to adapt to the environment. As a result, the entire
landscape is reconfigured. Movement and balance are in a constantly changing relationship.
Balance in the landscape can be maintained only in conditions of balance between
movement and inactivity in the landscape. But this balance is relative and temporary. If the
interactions and contradictions of the components inside the landscape cause the landscape to
develop slowly, evenly and without sudden changes, the external influences and relationships can
accelerate or change this process. The development of the landscape means the displacement of
the signs inherent in its internal structure by the signs of the new content. This process creates
qualitative changes in the landscape and leads to the formation of a new landscape. However, in
the same landscape, at the same time, signs of the distant past can be found side by side with the
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signs typical of the present. In addition, it is necessary to know the history and age of the landscape
as well as some events and processes occurring in the landscape at the moment.
Most prediction experiments are based on two major factors. The first of them are natural
factors (changes in solar activity, tectonic changes, etc.), and the second are anthropogenic factors,
that is, factors related to human economic activity. In regional landscape predictions, it is important
to identify the studied region as a whole, and on the other hand, to determine the sustainable
directions of the development of dominant landscape types in this region. Therefore, in order to
predict the future of landscapes, it is necessary to carry out the analysis of the distribution of
landscapes together with the paleogeographic method. . The methods of predicting landscapes are
as diverse as the principles. There are more than 50 methods and methods of national predictions.
But not all of them can be usefully used in predicting landscapes. Only some of them can be
used. The main reason for this is the complexity and multifactorial nature of geosystems. That is
why it is noticeable that geographical methods are mainly used in landscape forecasting
experiments. Extrapolation of more practical importance is the selection of geographic similarities,
expert assessment, indication, space data analysis, cartographic and other methods. Such a division
is conditional, and in practice one method leads to another.
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