ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
703
ANALYSIS OF THE KARL HEINRICH MENGES’S CONCEPTS ON KARAKALPAK
PHONOLOGY
Nurumbetova Gulayim
Scientific advisor
Awezova Kamila
2-year Masters’ Degree Student, the Department of English Linguistics at
Karakalpak State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7953993
Abstract
. This article is devoted to investigate the elements and structure of the inventory
system of consonant phonemes of the Karakalpak language. This necessity is dictated by the fact
that the construction of structural schemes of various systems objectively requires the use of
unified procedures for determining the elements of this system. Phonemes are elements of the
phonological systems of the language. In systemic phonology, they are defined as functional
systems of differentiating features. Currently, analytical procedures of system phonology are
developed on the basis of articulatory characteristics of phonological elements.
Keywords:
language, karakalpak, consonant, generalization, concept, analyze, phonemes,
active organs of speech, passive organs of speech.
АНАЛИЗ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ КАРЛА ГЕНРИХА МЕНГЕСА О
КАРАКАЛПАКСКОЙ ФОНОЛОГИИ
Аннотация.
Данная статья посвящена исследованию элементов и структуры
инвентарной системы согласных фонем каракалпакского языка. Эта необходимость
диктуется тем, что построение структурных схем различных систем объективно
требует применения единых процедур определения элементов этой системы. Фонемы
являются элементами фонологических систем языка. В системной фонологии они
определяются как функциональные системы дифференцирующих признаков. В настоящее
время аналитические процедуры системной фонологии разрабатываются на основе
артикуляционных характеристик фонологических элементов.
Ключевые слова:
язык, каракалпакский, согласный, обобщение, понятие, анализ,
фонемы, активные органы речи, пассивные органы речи.
Introduction
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Baskakov and Kenzhebay Ubaydullaevich Ubaydullayev define
the system of consonant phonemes by the active and passive participation of speech organs in the
articulation of consonant sounds. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Baskakov mainly notes on the passive
organs of speech, while Kenzhebay Ubaidullaev defines the characteristics of consonant
phonemes, both on active and passive organs of speech, that is,
bilabial,
dental,
apical,
forelingual,
middle-lingual,
post-lingual, and
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
704
glottal.
We are based on the characteristic of Abatbai Dauletov, since his description of the
characteristics of both consonant and vowel phonemes is based not only on subjective
characteristics, it is also supported by objective characteristics based on acoustic data from
palatographic, spectral, and oscillographic analyses.
Abatbay Dauletov gives general description of the consonant sounds as following:
labial – bilabial
labio-dental
forelingual, apical alveola-dental
dorsal
apical
cacuminal or retroflex
medio-lingual
back-lingual uvular
uvular and glottal
nasal
occlusive
plosive – high-explosive - implosive
implosive
affricate
vibrant
sonant
lenis
fortis
voiced
voiceless
Here we try and do comparative analyses with the data of the Karl Heinrich Menges’s and Abatbay
Dauletov’s study
Labial – bilabial
Characteristics by Abatbay Dauletov:
[p]
bilabial
qos-erinlik
губно-губные
[b]
bilabial
qos-erinlik
губно-губные
[m]
bilabial
qos-erinlik
губно-губные
[w]
bilabial
qos-erinlik
губно-губные
Characteristics by Karl Menges:
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
705
[p]
labial
erinlik
губной
[b]
labial
erinlik
губной
[m]
labial
Erinlik
губной
In Karl Heinrich Menges’s description there is no analogy of the sound [
w
] at all. May be at that
time Karakalpaks used sound [v] instead of [w] like Uzbeks, for example in the words 'vatan' and
vakt' instead of modern Karakalpak language words 'watan' and 'wakit'
Labio-dental
Characteristics by Abatbay Dauletov:
[v]
labio-dental
erinlik-tislik
губно-зубные
[f]
labio-dental
erinik-tislik
губно-зубные
Characteristics by Karl Heinrich Menges:
[f]
labial
erinlik
губной
[v]
labial
erinlik
губной
Karl Heinrich Menges describes and include these sounds as 'labial' and he does not mention the teeth
that take part in the articulation of these sounds. As we can see Karl Heinrich Menges mention just one organ
of speech but not both lips and teeth as labio-dental sounds.
In the articulation of these sounds alveolar does not take an active part and it is better to
characterize the sounds [t], [d] and [n], like apical-dental and not alveolar-dental, as Abatbay
Dauletov states.
And in the articulation of the sounds [s] and [z], we use tip of the tongue on the alveolar as
alveolar-dental but not apical-dental, as Abatbay Dauletov states.
Karl Heinrich Menges mention only teeth as organs of speech that take part in the
articulation of phonemes [t] and [d], [s] and [z], and he does not tell about tip of the tongue like
apical; he does not mention the tongue as an active organ of speech.
The sounds [∫] and [ʒ] are fricative spirant affricates. Karl Heinrich Menges characterizes
them as
hushing, dorsal, palate-alveolar, unvoiced, spirant and Abatbay Dauletov uses the teeth in the
description like dental; in our observation we come to the conclusion that the tip of the tongue is
on the alveolar but it does not touch the upper teeth. So we come to conclusion that Karl Menges
is right when he tells about these sound as palate-alveolar but not as alveolar-dental.
And now we should analyze the sounds [t∫] and [ʦ]. First of all, we must say that these
sounds are not present in the native Karakalpak language, so they are borrowed from the Russian
language and are not found in the literary norm of the Karakalpak language. Abatbay Dauletov
gives them a description as fore-lingual, apical alveolar-dental occlusive, voiceless affricate. In our
point of view they cannot be dental as the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar and not the upper
teeth at all. But the middle part of the tongue snuggles up to the palate, therefore, we tend to call
such articulation as palatal-alveolar and not dental. So we agree with Karl Heinrich Menges in this
point, but he does not give the description of the sound[ʦ].
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
706
The [l]sound is pronounced with the back part of the tongue near the soft palate and that is
its main feature, so Karl Heinrich Menges gives his attention to this fact mostly saying that [l] sound
is deep-velar and velarized; and Abatbay Dauletov pay attention to the front part of the tongue during
this articulation.
As we can see Karl Heinrich Menges doesn’t pay attention to the active and sometimes
passive organs of speech; he just take one or two main features in making description of the
articulation of the sounds, that he thinks as most important. However, we must note that he has
good ear in phonetics and he is a brilliant scientist.
All these sounds are lingual, front-lingual, apical, dental [t], [d], [s], [z], [ʦ], [l], [n] and sounds
[∫], [ʒ] [t∫], [r] are lingual, front-lingual, palate-dental ones and not alveolar as Abatbay Dauletov
states. As we have mentioned earlier we do not find the sound [ʦ] in the description of Karl
Heinrich Menges’s; may be at that time the Russian had not so much influense on Karakalpak
language as it has now, and Karakalpaks did not use this sound at that time.
Conclusion
The description of Abatbay Dauletov is more detail than Karl Heinrich Menges’s but still we have
some useful and important information from his work too and we can say that both scientists
complement each other.
REFERENCES
1.
Баскаков Н. А “Введение в изучение тюркских языков. 2-изд.М,1969.
2.
Karl Heinrich Menges “Qaraqalpaq grammar”. King’s Crown Press, 1947.
3.
Abatbay Dauletov “Ha’zirgi qaraqalpaq tili. Fonetika”. No’kis, 2005.
4.
Abdinazimov Sh,N, Pirniyazova A.Q, Shinnazarova S.J. “Ha’zirgi qaraqalpaq a’debiy
tili.Fonetika, leksikologiya”. Tashkent, 2018.
