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EATURES OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINT AND ITS BONE FORMATIONS
Axmedova Malika Qilichovna
Asian International University. Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
Email:
malikaaxmedova 855@ gmail.com.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14814185
Abstract.
Presents a review of domestic and foreign literature devoted to the
morphological features of the temporomandibular joint, which has important applied anatomical
and clinical significance. A detailed study of the bone elements of the temporomandibular joint,
their location, individual variability, as well as their relationship with other anatomical formations
is of fundamental theoretical and clinical importance for dentistry, and in particular: orthopedic
dentistry, orthodontics, gnathology. Based on a theoretical review and analysis of scientific
sources of literature and publications, the issues of morphological features of the structure of the
temporomandibular joint are considered depending on gender, age, type of bite and type of face.
Anatomical knowledge of the temporomandibular joint is one of the foundations of clinical
practice in dentistry, which allows you to understand pathological changes, conduct a diagnostic
assessment and make the right choice of treatment. The bone elements of the temporomandibular
joint require careful study, since changes in these components lead to functional disorders in the
human div as a whole.
Key words:
temporomandibular joint, articular space, condylar process, branch of the
mandible, glenoid fossa, temporal bone, articular disc.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ АНАТОМИЧЕСКОГО СТРОЕНИЯ
ВИСОЧНО-НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО СУСТАВА И ЕГО КОСТНЫХ
ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ
Аннотация.
Представлен обзор отечественной и зарубежной литературы,
посвященной морфологическим особенностям височно-нижнечелюстного сустава, что
имеет важное прикладное анатомическое и клиническое значение. Детальное изучение
костных
элементов
височно-нижнечелюстного
сустава,
их
расположения,
индивидуальной изменчивости, а также их взаимоотношений с другими анатомическими
образованиями имеет фундаментальное теоретическое и клиническое значение для
стоматологии, и в частности: ортопедической стоматологии, ортодонтии, гнатологии.
На основе теоретического обзора и анализа научных источников литературы и
публикаций рассмотрены вопросы морфологических особенностей строения височно-
нижнечелюстного сустава в зависимости от пола, возраста, типа прикуса и типа лица.
Анатомические знания височно-нижнечелюстного сустава являются одной из основ
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клинической практики в стоматологии, что позволяет понимать патологические
изменения, проводить диагностическую оценку и делать правильный выбор лечения.
Костные элементы височно-нижнечелюстного сустава требуют тщательного изучения,
поскольку изменения этих компонентов приводят к функциональным нарушениям в
организме человека в целом.
Ключевые слова:
височно-нижнечелюстной сустав, суставная щель, мыщелковый
отросток, ветвь нижней челюсти, суставная ямка, височная кость, суставной диск.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the complex joints. It is formed by the
articular surfaces of the head of the lower jaw, the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone; it contains
a disc inside. The disc consists of fibrous cartilaginous tissue and divides the joint cavity into upper
and lower sections. Movements in the upper and lower sections of the joint are different: sliding
occurs in the upper section, rotation occurs in the lower section. Complex movements occur in the
joint: around the frontal axis - lowering and raising of the jaw; along the sagittal axis - forward
and backward movement; around the vertical axis - rotational (lateral) movements. Movements in
the left and right joints occur simultaneously. The temporomandibular joint is considered a
combined articulation; according to the shape of the articular surfaces, it is classified as ellipsoid.
During an ultrasound examination of the TMJ elements the following is visible:
- the contour of the head of the lower jaw is a hyperechoic thin continuous line;
- lower joint space - anechoic strip above the head of the lower jaw (up to 2 mm in height,
uniform);
- articular disc - a biconcave lens, which is located above the lower joint space.
The disc is divided into sections - anterior and posterior. Between the sections - a thin part,
the middle part of the disc. The anterior section of the disc is larger than the posterior.
The thickness of the disc depends on the shape and depth of the mandibular fossa: the
deeper the fossa - the thicker the disc; the wider the fossa - the thinner the disc. The shape of the
disc is flat, narrow. The purpose of the disc is to align the discrepancy between the head and the
mandibular fossa and, due to its elasticity, to soften chewing movements.
The lower articular surface is formed by the condyle of the lower jaw, which has a diameter
in the transverse direction from 15 to 20 mm, and in the anteroposterior direction from 8 to 10
mm.
The articular surface of the mandibular fossa is several times larger than the head of the
mandible. The mandibular fossa is wider in the medial -lateral direction compared to the
anteroposterior direction.
The fossa is divided into an anterior part - intracapsular, and a posterior part - extracapsular.
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The shapes of the glenoid fossa vary and depend on individual characteristics and
occlusion. Deep and flat forms are distinguished.
The joint capsule regulates the movement of the lower jaw. In particular, it is responsible
for the amplitude of its movements. The capsule of the temporomandibular joint is mobile. In the
back, the joint capsule thickens. Loose connective tissue fills the glenoid fossa, forming the
retromandibular cushion. The joint capsule is divided into two sections by the attachment of the
articular disc. The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint are covered with fibrocartilage
instead of the typical hyaline cartilage present in other joints.
Continuous growth and stimulation of the condyle from birth to adulthood results in self-
remodeling. The mandibular head can continually adapt to functional stimulation. Form and
function are thought to be closely related, suggesting that the bony morphology of the TMJ may
be related to the dynamic balance of mandibular function in three dimensions. During mandibular
descent, the condylar process glides along the posterior slope of the articular eminence. The slope
of the articular eminence determines the trajectory of the condyle as well as the degree of rotation
of the articular disc above the condyle. In patients with a steeper articular eminence, the condyle
is forced to move lower and the disc rotates more convexly when protruding or dehiscing. This
may result in the mandible moving more vertically during functional movement.
The joint space is the space in the joint that is located between the glenoid fossa and the
condylar process of the mandible. During the examination, the joint space is assessed in three
areas:
- anterior section - located at the level of the posterior slope of the articular
pits;
- upper section - to the bottom of the glenoid fossa;
- posterior section - at the level of the posterior surface of the glenoid fossa.
On X-ray examination, the joint space appears transparent.
The glenoid fossa and the articular tubercle are separated from the upper surface of the
articular disc by the superior articular space. The parameters of the articular space determine how
the articular head will be located in the glenoid fossa. Three positions are possible: the central
position of the articular head occurs when the width of the articular space in the anterior, superior
and posterior sections is close in value; the medial position of the head, when the posterior section
of the articular space is larger than the anterior section; distal - when the value of the posterior
section of the articular space is less than the size of the anterior section of the articular space.
Thus, the study of morphological features of the temporomandibular joint is relevant and
is of not only theoretical but also practical interest. The influence of the skull and face structure
on the TMJ morphology is described in many works by domestic and foreign authors.
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Currently, there are many methods for studying the anatomical structure of the
temporomandibular joints, but there are still no clinical and radiological indicators of the
temporomandibular joint morphology , and this is very important for a dentist. Correct diagnosis
and good treatment results for patients with temporomandibular joint problems can only be
achieved with knowledge of the detailed structure of the TMJ. When planning treatment and
prevention of temporomandibular joint diseases, it is necessary to know the correct functioning of
the joint. Such knowledge has important practical and theoretical foundations in the study of the
clinical picture and issues of etiology and pathogenesis in the reduction of bite, diseases of the
temporomandibular joint and other dental pathologies accompanied by dysfunction of the TMJ,
which requires further study.
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