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ANATOMO-FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MANDIBULAR JOINT
Axmedova Malika Qilichovna
Asian International University
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Email:
malikaaxmedova855@gmail.com.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15012980
Abstract.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints in the
human div, located between the mandible and temporal bone. This joint has a symmetrical
structure, moves bilaterally and functionally plays an important role in chewing, speaking,
breathing, and facial expression. The normal functioning of the TMJ is of great importance in
the fields of orthodontics, dentistry, neurology, and orthopedics.
Keywords:
Temporomandibular joint, mandible, temporal bone, articular disc,
ligaments, muscles.
АНАТОМО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СТРУКТУРА НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО
СУСТАВА
Аннотация.
Височно-нижнечелюстной сустав (ВНЧС) является одним из самых
сложных суставов в организме человека, расположен между нижней челюстью и
височной костью. Этот сустав имеет симметричное строение, движется двусторонне
и функционально играет важную роль в жевании, речи, дыхании и выражении лица.
Нормальное функционирование ВНЧС имеет большое значение в областях ортодонтии,
стоматологии, неврологии и ортопедии.
Ключевые слова:
Височно-нижнечелюстной сустав, нижняя челюсть, височная
кость, суставной диск, связки, мышцы.
I. Anatomical structure of the TMJ
Anatomically, the TMJ consists of the following main elements:
1. Skeletal structures
The TMJ includes the following bone elements:
• Mandible (Mandibula) – is the mobile part of the TMJ. Its condyles articulate with the
articular fossa.
• Temporal bone (Os temporale) – This bone is the immobile part of the joint, in which
the articular fossa (Fossa mandibularis) and the articular tubercle (Tuberculum articulare) are
located.
2. Articular disc (Discus articularis)
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The articular disc consists of fibrous connective tissue and divides the TMJ into two
parts:
1. Upper cavity (cavitas articularis superior) – is located between the articular bone and
the articular disc.
2. The lower cavity (cavitas articularis inferior) is located between the articular disc and
the condyles of the lower jaw. The articular disc serves to cushion the movement of the lower
jaw and evenly distribute the load. Its elasticity is important for absorbing shock during
movement and protecting the articular surfaces.
Joint capsule and synovial fluid
• The joint capsule is a structure made of connective tissue that surrounds the TMJ.
• Synovial fluid is a substance that acts as a lubricant, reduces friction between the joint
surfaces, and nourishes the tissues.
4. Ligaments
Several ligaments are involved in controlling the movements of the TMJ:
• Temporomandibular ligament (Ligamentum temporomandibulare) - limits the lower jaw
bones posteriorly.
• Sphenomandibular ligament (Ligamentum sphenomandibulare) - helps to stabilize the
lower jaw.
• Stylomandibular ligament (Ligamentum stylomandibulare) - limits the retraction of the
lower jaw.
5. Muscles associated with the pterygoid process
The main muscles that provide movement of the pterygoid process:
Musculi masticatorii
1. Masseter muscle (Musculus masseter) - lifts the lower jaw up and secures it with
strong soft attachments.
2. Temporal muscle (Musculus temporalis) - moves the lower jaw up and back.
3. Medial pterygoid muscle (Musculus pterygoideus medialis) - moves the lower jaw up
and in the medial direction.
4. Lateral pterygoid muscle (Musculus pterygoideus lateralis) - moves the lower jaw
forward and to the side.
II. Functional structure of the TMJ.
The TMJ is a multi-movement joint and performs the following main movements:
1.Depression and elevation (opening and closing the mouth)
• Opening the mouth is the activity of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
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• Closing the mouth is performed by the masseter, temporal and medial pterygoid
muscles.
2. Protrusion and retrusion (pushing the lower jaw forward and backward)
• Protrusion - as a result of the bilateral activity of the lateral pterygoid muscle, the lower
jaw moves forward.
• Retrusion - the posterior part of the temporal muscle pulls the lower jaw backward.
3. Lateral movements (moving the lower jaw to the side)
• Unilateral lateral movement is provided by the unilateral activity of the lateral pterygoid
muscle.
III. TMJ dysfunctions and pathologies.
There are various pathological conditions in the TMJ, including:
1.Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) - pain, noise and limited movement are
observed in the joint.
2.Articular disc displacement - pain and limited movement occur as a result of the
displacement of the articular disc from its normal position.
3.Osteoarthritis and arthrosis - occur as a result of degenerative changes in the joint.
4.Arthritis - can develop as a result of infection or autoimmune processes.
Conclusion
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most important and complex joints in
the human div, capable of performing multifunctional movements. Its normal functioning is
important for speech, chewing and facial expression. A thorough study of the anatomical and
functional structure of the cranial nerves is of great importance for the effective treatment of
pathologies in dentistry, orthopedics, and neurology.
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