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FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES IN CHRONIC HEART
FAILURE
Irgashev Ibodillo Ergashevich
Faculty of Medicine, International University of Asia, Uzbekistan
Anesthesiologist-resuscitator.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14911448
Abstract.
In economically developed countries, CVD accounts for 2.1% of the total
population, with more than 90% of women and about 75% of men with CVD being patients over
70 years of age (V. A gv a ll e t a l., 1998). In Russia, the elderly include people aged 60 to 75
years, aged 75 to 90 years - people in old age and over 90 years - long-livers. In the USA and
European countries the elderly include people aged 75-90 years (‘young elderly’), at the age of
over 90 years - ‘old elderly’, long-livers.
Keywords:
arterioscleros, digoxin, pulmonary oedema, myocardial infarct, antianginal
effect, cardiotonic effect, isosorbide dinitrate.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА СЕРДЕЧНЫХ ГЛИКОЗИДОВ ПРИ
ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ СЕРДЕЧНОЙ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТИ
Аннотация.
В экономически развитых странах ССЗ составляют 2,1% от общей
численности населения, при этом более 90% женщин и около 75% мужчин с ССЗ
являются пациентами старше 70 лет (В. Агвалл и др., 1998). В России к пожилым
относят людей в возрасте от 60 до 75 лет, в возрасте от 75 до 90 лет - людей в
старческом возрасте и старше 90 лет - долгожителей. В США и странах Европы к
пожилым относят людей в возрасте 75-90 лет («молодые пожилые»), в возрасте
старше 90 лет - «старые пожилые», долгожители.
Ключевые слова:
артериосклероз, дигоксин, отек легких, инфаркт миокарда,
антиангинальный эффект, кардиотонический эффект, изосорбида динитрат.
Increase in the frequency of CVD with age is caused by a number of significant factors:
undoubted growth in the modern world of CHD, AH - the main ‘suppliers’ of CVD,especially in
their frequent combination; certain successes in the treatment of acute and chronic forms of
CHD, BP, which contributed to the chronicisation of these diseases, increased life expectancy of
such patients with the development of circulatory decompensation. In addition, the increase in
the incidence of CVI with age is due to the formation of ‘senile heart’ with accumulation of
amyloid and lipofuscin in cardiomyocytes, sclerosis and atrophy of myocardium, increasing
processes of atherosclerosis not only of main arteries, but also arteriosclerosis, hyalinosis of
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small and smallest arteries and arterioles. Peripheral oedema in the elderly is not necessarily a
consequence of CVD.
They may be associated with increased tissue hydrophilicity, decreased colloid osmotic
pressure of blood, slow blood flow, decreased filtration capacity of the kidneys, varicose veins,
adynamia, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, etc. It should be especially noted the so-called
chronic left ventricular insufficiency with phenomena of incipient pulmonary oedema. These
conditions of recurrent cardiac asthma can stop independently, and sometimes require urgent
care. The presented features of CH in the elderly cause undoubted diagnostic difficulties, require
individualised treatment and motor rehabilitation. The peculiarities of treatment include:
- early administration of diuretics - from the initial stages of CH at first briefly, then
courses and combined;
- early use of peripheral vasodilators mainly nitrates, IAPPs, calcium antagonists;
- administration of cardiac glycosides for certain indications and in doses appropriate to
old age;
- if possible, sufficiently active motor rehabilitation.
Treatment of CHF in the elderly requires a number of additional conditions, taking into
account the considerable diagnostic difficulties and side effects of drug therapy.
It should be borne in mind that there are drugs that are not recommended for prescription
in CHF in the elderly. Theseinclude: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, class
I antiarrhythmic drugs (quinidine, disopyramide, etacizine, etmosine, etc.).
Pharmacokinetics of cardiac glycosides in the elderly has its own peculiarities:
- increased absorption in the intestine due to weakened peristalsis and tendency to
constipation;
-increased content of active free fraction in blood plasma due to age-related albuminemia
and decreased amount of water in the div;
- slower excretion of glycosides by the kidneys and slower biotransformation in the liver
(this applies mainly to digoxin).
These features at the same dose of the drug provide the concentration of cardiac
glycosides in blood plasma in the elderly 1.5-2 times higher than in middle-aged people. Hence
the conclusion that in geriatric practice should be used reduced by 1.5-2 times doses of cardiac
glycosides. Pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides in old age also has certain peculiarities:
- increased sensitivity and decreased tolerance of myocardium to cardiac glycosides;
- more pronounced arrhythmogenic effect and greater refractoriness to the drugs.
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Age peculiarities of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics determine not only the
severity of cardiotonic effect, but also the rapidity of glycoside intoxication. In this case, there is
a high threat of adverse events during glycoside therapy.
Cardiac glycosides (digoxin) in geriatric practice are prescribed in CVD only on strict
indications. After a few weeks, some patients become accustomed to nitrates. The effectiveness
of drugs is markedly reduced and, which is practically important, does not increase with
increasing single and daily doses.
Hemodynamic and antianginal effect of nitrates does not occur. In such cases, the doses
of nitrates should be gradually reduced until complete cancellation. After 1-2 weeks, sensitivity
to nitrates may be restored. It is possible to use mononitrates - olicard, monochinqué, etc., giving
less tolerance and greater haemodynamic effect.
Direct vasodilators (nitroglycerin and its derivatives, isosorbide dinitrate, mononitrates,
etc.) are widely used in the treatment of OSN (pulmonaryoedema, cardiogenic shock, etc.), as
well as in painful forms and other painless variants of chronic CHD in the elderly combined with
CVI. The use of the indicated drugs allows to achieve antianginal effect by reducing myocardial
ischaemia.
In recent years there appeared materials about cardioprotective effect of mononitrates
(olicard, monochinqué, etc.) in CVD. When they are administered with other cardiotropic drugs
(IAPP, cardiac glycosides, etc.), a significant improvement of the main haemodynamic
parameters in the treatment of CHF in the elderly was revealed.
Negative phenomena during the use of parenteral nitrates in the elderly occur in 40% of
observations and more often (acute headache, nausea, etc.). Headache is associated with venous
stasis, sharp arteriolodilatation of cerebral vessels. In case of severe headache it is possible to use
caffeine-benzoate sodium orally in the form of a solution (1 ampoule of caffeine solution per 5-7
ml of 40% glucose solution). Molsidomine also quite often (about 20% of cases) causes
headache, dizziness and nausea.
When hydralazine hydrochloride (apressin) isused in the elderly, headache, nausea and
vomiting, palpitations, hyperaemia of the skin, a feeling of heat and burning in the eyes
occurmore often than in middle-aged people.
The use of sodium nitroprusside and prazosin in the elderly, especially without detailed
clinical and haemodynamic control, may be accompanied by side effects in the form of
headache, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, hyperthermia, irritability, increased number of
angina attacks. ACE inhibitors are widely used in the therapy of CHF in elderly patients. They
have displaced in geriatric practice cardiac glycosides and peripheral vasodilators. Possible side
effects of IAPPs include skin rash, dry cough, loss of taste sensation, glomerulopathy
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(proteinuria), excessive arterial hypotension. When prescribing IAPP in the elderly, it is
necessary to exclude previous renal pathology (diffuse glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis) in the
stage of CPN, careful titration of the drug dose to prevent uncontrolled arterial hypotension. It is
in the elderly with CHF it is advisable to use IAPPs with a distinct long-term, prolonged action,
not causing hypotension of the first dose. These include perindopril - 2-4 mg/day, quinapril - 2.5-
5 mg/day.
Administration of IAPP is reasonable in all classes of CHF, in left ventricular
dysfunction, not accompanied by symptoms of CHF. This is relevant for patients with
myocardial infarction with latent CH; they can be used with preserved LV systolic function,
preventing the development of overt CH and prolonging the period before decompensation. The
positive effect of IAPPs on heart rhythm disorders, atherogenesis, renal function, etc. has been
revealed.
A number of principlesshould be taken into accountwhen prescribing IAPPs forelderly
people with CHF: first of all, verified CH, absence of contraindications to the use of IAPPs;
special caution should be observed in case of CHF I V class according to NYHA, creatinine level
increase over 200 mmol/l, symptoms of generalised atherosclerosis. Treatment should be started
with minimal doses: captopril - 6.25 mg 3 times a day, enalapril - 2.5 mg 2 times, quinapril - 2.5
mg 2 times, perindopril - 2 mg 1 time. Doses are doubled every 3-7 days. If necessary, the
titration rate can be increased or decreased.
It should be emphasised that these arrhythmias may be an independent pathogenetic
factor in the development and exacerbation of CHF in the elderly. If drug treatment of life-
threatening arrhythmias isineffective, surgical treatment is possible - destruction (ablation) of the
bundle of Hiss, temporary and permanent electrical stimulation of the heart, implantation of
cardioverter-defibrillator.
Pharmacological correction of energy metabolism opens new perspectives in the
treatment of CH in the elderly. The use of cytoprotective drug trimetazidine in chronic CHD in
elderly with CHF is promising and pathogenetically justified. Anti-ischaemic, antianginal and
metabolic ffects of trimetazidine are confirmed in randomised controlled trials. Thedrug can be
used both as monotherapy and in combination with other known cardiotropic agents; in this case
an additive effectis observed, which is especially important in the treatment of CHD and CHF in
elderly people.
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