THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN

Mart, 2025-Yil

658

THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN

To’raqulova Pokiza

Termiz Iqtisodiyot va Servis universiteti

Filologiya va tillarni o’qitish Ingliz tili yo’nalishi 4-23-guruh talabasi

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15106736

Great Britain

is an

island

in the North

Atlantic Ocean

off the north-west coast

of

continental Europe,

consisting of the countries

England, Scotland

, and

Wales

. With an area of

209,331 km

2

(80,823 sq mi), it is the largest of the

British Isles

, the

largest European island,

and

the

ninth-largest island in the world

. It is dominated by a

maritime climate

with narrow

temperature differences between seasons. The island of

Ireland

, with an area 40 per cent that of

Great Britain, is to the west – these islands, along with over

1,000 smaller surrounding islands and

named substantial rocks,

comprise the British Isles

archeology

Connected to mainland Europe

until 9,000 years ago by a

land bridge

now known as

Doggerland

, Great Britain has been inhabited

by modern humans for around 30,000 years. In 2011, it had a population of about 61 million,

making it the world's

third-most-populous island

after iHonshu

Japan

and

Java

in Indonesia

, and

the most populated island outside of

Asia.

The term "Great Britain" can also refer to the political

territory of

England, Scotland

, and

Wales

, which includes their offshore islands. This territory,

together with

Northern Ireland,

constitutes the United Kingdom.

Toponymy

Main article: Britain (place name)

The archipelago

has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years: the term '

British

Isles'

derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC,

Greek geographers were using equivalents of

Prettanikē

as a collective name for the British

Isles. However, with

the Roman conquest of Britain, the Latin term Britannia was used for the

island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain

south

of Caledonia.

The earliest known name for Great Britain

is Albion (Greek:

Ἀλβιών) or

insula Albionum

,

from either the Latin

albus

meaning "white" (possibly referring to the

white cliffs of Dover, th

e

first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the

Albiones

".The oldest mention of terms

related to Great Britain was by

Aristotle (384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle,

in his

text

On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, called

the British Isles, Albion and Ierne".

The first known written use of the word Britain was an

ancient Greek transliteration of the

original Proto-Celtic term in a work on the travels and discoveries of Pytheas that has not

survived.

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659

The earliest existing records of the word are quotations of the periplus by later authors, such as

those within Strabo's

Geographica, Pliny's Natural History and Diodorus of Sicily's Bibliotheca

historica.[18] Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) in his Natural History

records of Great Britain: "Its

former name was Albion; but at a later period, all the islands, of which we shall just now briefly

make mention, were included under the name of 'Britanniæ.'"

The

name

Britain

descends

from

the

Latin

name

for

Britain,

British

Old

French

annia

or

Brittānia

,

the

land

of

the

Britons.

]

Bretaigne

(whence

also Modern

French

Bretagne

)

and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old

English

Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten

(also

Breoton-lond, Breten-lond

). Britannia was used by

the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the

travel writings of Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic

as far north

as Thule

(probably

The

peoples

of

these

islands

of

Prettanike

were

called

the

Πρεττανοί

, Priteni

or

Pretani

.

Priteni

is the source of

the Welsh language

term

Prydain,

Britain

,

which has the same source as the

Goidelic term Cruithne

used to refer to the early

Brythonic

-

speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called

Picts or Caledonians by the Romans.

Greek historians

Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo preserved variants of Prettanike from the work of

Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia, who travelled from his home in Hellenistic southern Gaul to

Britain in the 4th century BC. The term used by Pytheas may derive from a Celtic word meaning

"the painted ones" or "the tattooed folk" in reference to div decorations. According to Strabo,

Pytheas referred to Britain as Bretannikē, which is treated a femini

ne noun.

Marcian of Heraclea,

i

n his

Periplus maris exteri

, described the island group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic

Isles).



Legon, N.W.; Henrici, A. (2005). Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

. ISBN 978-1-84246-121-1.



Cannon, P.F.; Hawksworth, D.L.; M.A., Sherwood-Pike (1985). The British

Ascomycotina. An Annoatated Checklist. Commonwealth Mycological Institute & British

Mycological Society

. ISBN 978-0-85198-546-6

.



Cunliffe,

Barry

(2002). The

extraordinary

voyage

of

Pytheas

the

Greek (revised ed.). New York: Walker & Co

. ISBN 0-14-029784-7. OCLC 49692050

.



O'Rahilly, T. F.

(1946). Early Irish History and Mythology (reprinted 1964, 1971,

1984 ed.). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

. ISBN 0-901282-29-4.