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Xulosa
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zilzila kuchini ma’lum darajada so‘ndirish uchun elastik tayanchli konstruksiyalardan
foydalanish natijasida binoga ta’sir etayotgan kuchni 3 barobargacha kamaytirish mumkin.
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Санкт-Петербург, март 2011 г.). — СПб.: Реноме, 2011. — С. 180186.
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Черепинский Ю.Д. Сейсмоизоляция зданий. Строительство на кинематических
опорах (Сборник статей). - М.: Blue Apple. 2009. 47 с.
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сейсмических районах М, Стройиздат
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Фахриддинов У Кирпичные здания со специальными системами активной
сейсмозащиты Тезнсы докладов. научно-техническая конференция НГСАУ(Сибстрин).
8-10 апреля 2008г. Новосибирск.
SEISMIC PROTECTION DEVICES FOR BUILDINGS
Kamalov Bobur
Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, PhD student.
Supervisor: Mirolimov Mirrakhim
Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Candidate of Technical
Sciences, Professor.
Abstract: It is shown that the earthquake resistance of buildings during construction
in difficult ground conditions has a number of features. Traditional seismic isolation systems
are used without regard to the properties of weak soils and do not consider these features. New,
effective design solutions are proposed that meet the requirements of improving earthquake
resistance and construction in difficult ground conditions.
Keywords: seismic isolation, protection devices, earthquake resistance, spatial
foundation platform, sliding layer, hard pole, anti-seismic measures, flexible system.
We have discussed above the methods of our ancestors to increase the seismic strength
of buildings and their seismic protection. These anti-seismic measures and other seismic
protection methods prove that our ancestors knew the physical nature of the impact of seismic
forces on buildings and structures, as well as the law of their impact. Because these anti-seismic
measures, which ensure the earthquake resistance of buildings, can be developed because of
incessant research, observation, and deep analysis of experimental results for centuries, over
the years, as earthquake data has been collected, the qualitative nature of this data has changed
dramatically. In particular, the wide application of scientific results obtained in the field of
physics to this field has opened wide opportunities for humanity in the fight against earthquakes
and has further expanded the scope of their knowledge about earthquakes.
A new approach to solving this problem has emerged in European science. In addition
to measures aimed at increasing the load-bearing capacity of normal structures, attention has
been paid to reducing the inertial forces that occur in structures during an earthquake. Measures
taken in this direction are considered active measures of seismic protection of buildings. In
1925, M. M.Viscordini was the use of gula support or spherical columns with lower or upper
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support in the basement part of the building for the seismic protection of buildings. After this
incident, a number of new ideas in the seismic protection of buildings and structures during the
national economy. We will briefly touch on them below.
As mentioned above, seismic protection (seismic isolation) of buildings and structures
from earthquakes is the oldest and most promising method of active seismic protection. The
method of seismic protection of buildings is divided into the following types according to the
constructive solution of its implementation: The lower floor of buildings is a flexible system of
load-bearing foundations. In the 30s of the last century, the idea of protecting buildings from
seismic impact by making the first or basement part flexible was put forward. This method is
based on the fact that when the lower floor is made flexible, the seismic reaction of buildings
is always smaller than that of buildings with a single structural scheme.
When making the first floor of buildings flexible, it is necessary to take into account the
nature of the stresses due to intensive rotational movement in some parts of the building may
exceed those of ordinary buildings. In foreign countries (England, France, the USA, New
Zealand), resin metal supports, which are installed between the foundation of the upper load-
bearing structure, are widely used in the seismic protection of buildings. This support is shown
schematically in Fig. 1. Initially, these structures were used for seismic protection of bridge
supports, and later, such structures were widely used for seismic protection of buildings. The
French-developed GAPEC-type seismic protection support system shown in the picture
consists of layer construction and layers of steel sheets and neoprene material. This type of
support has high resistance to compression, stretching, and twisting due to the elastic properties
of the neoprene material.
These supports were used as seismic protectors in a series of four-story buildings. The building
with this resin metal layer of seismic protection was built by the company "Unitika" in Yatiyo,
Japan, and tested in a natural experiment. The building was supported by six piers and two
additional shock absorbers with above-ground structures, and this system of protective
structures performed well during the powerful earthquake that occurred on July 2, 1983. During
this earthquake, even when the ground vibration amplitude reached 20 cm, no damage was
observed inside the building. According to the Japanese scientists who developed this
construction, these seismic support supports reduce the seismic acceleration during an
earthquake by 3-5 times. Kinematic support systems As mentioned above, in 1925, M.
Viscordini proposed the use of gula supports or columns with spherical supports as seismic
protectors in buildings. Since then, despite the fact that there are a lot of proposals by experts
for the use of rocking supports in seismic protection, these structures are rarely used.
Figure 1.
Seismic protection of buildings using resin-metal supports. a-supports
installation scheme; b-GAPEC (France) type support structure scheme; New Zealand-
developed support structure scheme; 1st base; 2-steel plate; 3-plate made of neoprene
material; 4-hole for anchor bolts; 5-rubber; 6-steel; 7-lead
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Such a structural building was built in Sevastopol in 1972. This five-story seismic
protective belt building is built in a large panel structural solution, and the protective belt is
placed on 6,500 ellipsoidal reinforced cement supports (ellipsoidal diameter 6 cm and height
5.8 cm) along the entire foundation surface. In the figure, these kinematic supports are presented
schematically.
Figure 2
. Kinematic supports of seismic protection of buildings. ellipsoid shape; b-edges
spherical column; v-Yu. D. Cherepinsky support structure; Column 1 (column); 2-(column)
base of the column base (base); 3rd base plate; 4th centering washer
The negative conditions identified in the experiments were taken into account in the
experiments were taken into account in the construction of two eight-story buildings in the
city of Sevastopol. In the construction of the first of them, 270 reinforced concrete columns
with a spherical surface and a height of 41 cm are used as ellipsoid bases of the building. In this
device, the columns from the building are transmitted through monolithic slabs. The easiest of
these devices is Yu.D. Cherepinsky, which is a construction with kinematic support. This device
was used in the construction of a four-story building in Navoi. The lower base of the kinematic
supports rests on a recessed base plate, and the upper part is hinged to the column using a
centering washer. Suspended support systems. In the seismic protection of many buildings, the
idea of preparing building supports in the form of a suspension strap device is used. In the 1960s
of the last century, in the city of Ashgabat, F.D., a three-story building with a Zelenkov seismic
protection system was built. In this building, the above-ground load-bearing structure is
suspended to the monolithic foundation wall structures by means of a spring and a beam. A
similar construction was used in Spain. The foundation of this system of construction consists
of a concrete well, on the top of which the structure of the load-bearing column of the building
hangs (Fig. 3). Both of the above constructions are complex and expensive. F.D. Zelenkov's
seismic protection construction system externalized 14% of the total cost of the building. In
addition, because the steel springs are in a constant state of tension, the building is susceptible
to any dynamic force.
Therefore, it is irrational to apply such a seismic protection structure to the building.
Sliding support system. If it is possible to move load-bearing surface structures in buildings
relative to the foundation, the value of horizontal forces acting on the building during an
earthquake can be significantly reduced. During an earthquake, the energy transferred to a
building or structure is used to overcome the internal resistance and frictional forces in the
connections of the structures.
The idea of using this principle in seismic protection during an earthquake has been
implemented in a number of projects. In this process, the seismic energy of the building is used
to overcome the sliding (friction) force between the upper part of the building and the
foundation, which makes the main essence of this method external. The sliding belt consists of
a series of plates, which are made of a material with a low coefficient of sliding friction and are
placed between the foundation and the building load-bearing structure. Experiments show that
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the use of fluoroplast and corrosion-resistant steel sheets in the sliding belt leads to better
results..
Figure 3
. Seismic protective foundation with suspended support. 1-grid; Support under the
2nd column; 3rd column; 4-pillar base plate; 5- prestressed reinforced concrete transmission;
Top plate of well 6.
In cases of weak vibrations, the foundation is transferred to the building in its original
state. Due to the increase of the inertial forces in the structure over the frictional forces, the
building slides relative to the foundation with the acceleration of the base vibrational
movement, and as a result, the inertial forces in the building elements decrease dramatically. In
the city of Bishkek, several buildings with a sliding belt structure have been built and passed
natural tests. The test results showed that the sliding belt structure is not too complicated and
has a good effect on the earthquake process. This seismic protection system is widely used in
the construction of buildings and structures with a high level of responsibility in seismically
active areas (NPP, buildings and structures that cause considerable damage to the environment
and ecology in the event of an accident, etc.).
Figure 4
. Layout scheme of sliding belt elements used in seismic protection. 1st upper
connecting part of the foundation (technical) floor or basement wall; 2- grill; Structures of the
upper part of the building 3; 4-sliding support; 5- elastic element limiting horizontal
movement (damper); 6- single (solid) element (pillar) limiting horizontal movement; 7- link
limiting vertical displacement 8- vertical shock absorber
The experience of designing and building the above structures and buildings has shown
that the use of this system of seismic protection is effective even in single-frame structures. If
such structures work like normal structures under the influence of forces smaller than the
calculated forces, the value of the value of the structure and elements of the structure decreases
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sharply with the increase in base acceleration. This situation allows us to build buildings and
structures with high responsibility in areas with high seismic activity.
Figure 5.
Seismic protection system at Koevechd nuclear power plant. a-constructive
scheme; b- working scheme of friction supports; 1-foundation friction supports; 2- reinforced
neoprene elastic "pad" 3- friction plates
.
The idea of taking active measures for seismic protection of buildings in 1925 M.
Analyzing the scientific results achieved in science from the time it was first proposed by
Viscordini to the present, we involuntarily bow before the existing architectural monuments
of our country, the builders and architects who have reached us over the centuries, and the high
level of intelligence and knowledge of the builders and architects. In fact, the high level of
construction culture at that time, the methods used in construction are evidence of not only the
rich experience of builders and architects but also their extremely high theoretical knowledge.
This situation is the result of the high level of development of mathematics, and secondly, it
is the result of the laws of mathematics to architecture.
The fact that in the past our ancestors were able to skillfully move from mathematical
thinking to practical architecture and art and, as a result, put theoretically developed ideas into
practice is a proof of their high level of mathematical knowledge. At a time when European
science was still in the darkness and scholasticism of that time, the peaks that our ancestors
were able to reach in the field of natural sciences, especially in architecture and construction
art, are a unique page in human civilization.
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