Том 4 № 8 (2025)

This process by which a nation’s wealth increases over time. Although the term is often used in discussions of short-term economic performance, in the context of economic theory it generally refers to an increase in wealth over an extended period.

Mazkur tezis ishida O‘zbekiston tijorat banklarida fintech yechimlarini amaliy integratsiyalash jarayonlari o‘rganilib, mavjud bank xizmatlariga raqamli texnologiyalarni joriy etish tajribalari tahlil qilinadi. Asosiy e’tibor mobil ilovalar, onlayn to‘lov tizimlari, sun’iy intellekt asosidagi mijozlarga xizmat ko‘rsatish vositalari (chatbotlar), hamda blokcheyn texnologiyasi asosidagi mahsulotlarni joriy etish tajribasiga qaratiladi. Ishda ayrim tijorat banklari (masalan, Ipak Yo‘li Bank, Hamkorbank, TBC Bank) tomonidan qo‘llanilgan fintech innovatsiyalari misolida ularning samaradorligi, texnik infratuzilmasi, mijozlar ehtiyojini qondirishdagi o‘rni va xizmatlar sifati bo‘yicha tahlillar olib boriladi.

Ushbu maqolada jamoat transporti loyihalarida qo'llaniladigan zamonaviy boshqaruv yondashuvlari tahlil qilinadi. Loyiha boshqaruvi sohasida rivojlanayotgan metodologiyalar, xususan Agile, Waterfall va Scrum kabi yondashuvlarning transport loyihalarida qo'llanilishi o'rganiladi. Tadqiqot transport infratuzilmasi loyihalarining murakkabligi va ularni boshqarishda zamonaviy usullarning samaradorligini oshirish imkoniyatlarini ko'rsatadi.

This article explores the representation of gender in Happy Carrie and Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, focusing on how both works reflect and challenge societal expectations of women. Through a comparative analysis, the article examines the journeys of the female protagonists, each of whom navigates the constraints of patriarchal society in distinct ways. In Happy Carrie, the protagonist’s gradual shift toward autonomy critiques the societal limitations imposed on women, offering a more hopeful trajectory toward self-realization. Conversely, Anna Karenina presents a tragic portrayal of a woman who defies traditional gender roles, leading to her social ostracism and personal downfall. Drawing on feminist literary criticism and gender theory, this article delves into the intersection of gender, class, and power in these texts, highlighting how both narratives provide critical reflections on the consequences of resisting societal norms. The study concludes by assessing the broader implications of these works in the context of gender representation in literature, inviting readers to reconsider the ways gender shapes individual identity and social expectations.

Maqolada transport vositalari harakati yoki ulardan foydalanish xavfsizligi qoidalarini buzish jinoyatlarini tergov qilish borasidagi qonunchilik hujjatlarini tahrirlash, tergov harakatlarini takomillashtirish borasida muallifning fikr-mulohazalari bayon etilgan.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy ta'lim jarayonida biologiya fanini o‘qitishda laboratoriya mashg‘ulotlarining o‘rni, ahamiyati va ularni tashkil etish metodlari keng yoritilgan. Muallif laboratoriya darslarini tashkil etishning nazariy asoslarini ko‘rib chiqqan holda, amaliy tajribalarga asoslangan takliflar va usullarni bayon etgan. Maqolada laboratoriya mashg‘ulotlarini tashkil etishning pedagogik-psixologik jihatlari, zamonaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanish usullari va talabalarning mustaqil tadqiqot faoliyatini rivojlantirish yo‘llari haqida tahlillar keltirilgan.

Ушбу илмий мақолада кичик саноат зоналарига хорижий ва мамлакатимиз олимлари томонидан берилган таърифлар келтирилган. Шу билан бирга кичик саноат зоналарининг аҳамияти, кичик саноат зоналарининг ҳудудий (географик) турлари, кичик саноат зоналарининг иқтисослашган турлари, кичик саноат зоналарининг ташкил этиш шакллари, кичик саноат зоналарининг фаолият шакли ёритиб берилган.

В статье собраны сведения об истории развития средств массовой информации, а также истории развития телевидения. В качестве информации упоминается, что законы в сфере средств массовой информации отражены в действующих статьях и закреплены в законодательстве.

This article explores the socio-spiritual and psychological foundations for the development of children's sports. It emphasizes the importance of fostering interest in sports among children, encouraging the younger generation to engage in physical activities and adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and shaping their understanding of the necessity of striving for moral and physical perfection. The article also addresses the need to protect children from negative influences, eliminate harmful habits, and nurture them as individuals with stable character traits, instilling in them a sense of love and devotion to the Motherland and pride in their nation.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) va chatbot texnologiyalarining zamonaviy turizm va mehmonxona xizmatlari tizimida qo‘llanilishi chuqur tahlil etiladi. So‘nggi yillarda raqamli texnologiyalar tez sur’atlar bilan rivojlanib, turistik xizmatlar ko‘rsatish jarayonlarini avtomatlashtirish, optimallashtirish va mijozlarga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuvni kuchaytirishda muhim vositaga aylandi. Xususan, chatbotlar orqali xizmat ko‘rsatish sifati oshib, real vaqt rejimida mijozlar ehtiyojlariga javob berish imkoniyati kengaydi. Maqolada sun’iy intellekt va chatbotlarning nazariy asoslari, ularning texnologik xususiyatlari, jahon va O‘zbekiston amaliyotidagi qo‘llanilishi, afzalliklari, mavjud muammolar va istiqbolli yo‘nalishlar yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari asosida turizm sohasida raqamli innovatsiyalarni yanada rivojlantirish bo‘yicha ilmiy asoslangan tavsiyalar berilgan.

The author considered and studied the improvement of mechanisms of development of political culture in higher educational students, developing the potential of the humanities, contributing to the political and cultural orientation of the university education of the student as a mature person. The basics of teaching political disciplines described which makes it possible to form the political needs, knowledge and skills of students.

Искусственный интеллект становится новым и мощным подходом к анализу проблем населения и привлекает внимание демографов. Использование искусственного интеллекта в популяционных исследованиях использует интеллектуальные методы и алгоритмы для анализа данных о населении, прогнозирования демографических тенденций и понимания динамики численного и качественного состава населения, что создает новые возможности для демографических исследователей. Используя передовые алгоритмы и модели, искусственный интеллект позволяет анализировать большие и сложные демографические данные и помогает исследователям более точно прогнозировать и анализировать демографические модели и тенденции.

This article examines the role and significance of Total Physical Response (TPR) methodology in contemporary English language teaching. The study analyzes TPR from the perspectives of psychomotor learning processes, neurolinguistic foundations, and practical applications. Research findings indicate that this methodology plays a crucial role in enhancing student motivation for language learning, improving memory effectiveness, and reducing stress levels.

The results of special investigations show that in severe types of thyrotoxicosis, the metabolism of the main substance can increase up to 60-70%, and in some cases it can be even higher. The absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland increases sharply compared to the norm in the first hours of the examination. The amount of T3 and T4 and TTG in the blood of patients increases. Biochemical analyzes show that liver and kidney function, carbohydrate, fat, protein and other types of metabolism are disturbed. An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (EOT), leukopenia, lymphocytosis, a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and erythrocytes is detected in the blood.

As artificial intelligence becomes central to telecom service optimization and personalization, ensuring the privacy of user data is a growing challenge. Traditional centralized machine learning methods require raw data aggregation, exposing sensitive information and risking regulatory violations. This paper presents a federated learning (FL) approach tailored for telecom environments, enabling AI model training directly on distributed user devices without transferring personal data to central servers. The proposed system integrates differential privacy and secure aggregation mechanisms to enhance protection while preserving model performance. Experimental evaluations using synthetic mobile usage data demonstrate that our FL models achieve up to 96% of the accuracy of centralized baselines, while significantly reducing privacy leakage risks. The results confirm that federated learning is a scalable, privacy-preserving solution for AI-driven telecom services that aligns with global data protection standards.

Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek milliy dramaturgiyasining shakllanishida muhim o‘rin egallagan Abdurauf Fitrat va Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziyning dramatik asarlari tahlil qilinadi. Ikkala ijodkorning dramalari g‘oya, badiiy shakl, obraz yaratish mahorati hamda ijtimoiy mazmun nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil qilinib, ularning dramaturgiyadagi o‘rni va yondashuvlaridagi o‘xshashlik hamda farqlar yoritiladi.

Har bir tilda maishiy leksika – bu kundalik hayotda foydalaniladigan so‘zlar majmuasidir. U insonning turmush tarzi, madaniyati va fikrlash tarziga bevosita bog‘liq. Maishiy so‘zlar lug‘at tarkibining faol qatlami hisoblanib, til o‘rganishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Bu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida maishiy leksik so‘zlarning o‘rganilishi, ularning o‘xshash va farqli jihatlari, shu sohada tadqiqot olib borgan olimlar fikri asosida tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada Temuriylar davridagi yer-suv munosabatlari, Temuriy hukmdorlarning sohani rivojlantirish yoʻlida qilgan bunyodkorlik ishlari yozma manbalar asosida yoritib beriladi. Oʻsha davr dehqonchilik tajribalarining bugungi kun bilan bogʻliqligi va ahamiyatini tahlil qilishga harakat qilinadi.

Mazkur maqola diniy leksikaning lingvistik xususiyatlari uning boshqa turdagi lug‘at qatlamidan farqli va o‘xshash jihatlarini ekzotik leksika, frazeologizmlar, paremiologik birliklar misolida keng tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlangan. Ushbu maqolada diniy leksika o‘zining semantik xususiyatlari bilan boshqa turdagi lug‘at qatlamidan ajralib turishi, bu so‘zlar odatda an’anaviy va rasmiy kontekstda ishlatilib, ko‘pincha chuqur ramziy ma’noga ega bo‘lishi, diniy leksikaning ma’nosi ko‘pincha kontekstual bo‘lib, u diniy matn yoki marosimning mazmuniga qarab o‘zgarishi mumkinligi, bu esa diniy leksikani semantik tahlil qilishda qiyinchilik tug‘dirishi, chunki uning ma’nosi faqat so‘zning lug‘aviy ma’nosi bilan cheklanmasligi, balki uning ramziy va diniy ahamiyati bilan bog‘liqligi, iymon va e’tiqod konseptlarining badiiy ijod va tilshunoslikdagi o‘rni, ularning madaniyat va milliy o‘zlikni shakllantirishdagi ahamiyatini ochib beruvchi muhim ilmiy manba hisoblanishi to‘g‘risida fikr yuritiladi.

The article looks at how emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and speech recognition are transforming the way people interact with the world around them. It emphasizes the increasing presence of AI in everyday life, from personalized assistants to decision-making tools in healthcare and education. Meanwhile, speech recognition is portrayed as a tool for accessibility, empowering individuals with disabilities to communicate more freely and navigate digital environments. Through real-world examples and expert insights, the article argues that while these technologies present exciting opportunities, they also raise ethical and privacy concerns that must be addressed. Ultimately, the article presents technology not just as a tool, but as a force shaping the future of human interaction, productivity, and society at large.

Mazkur maqolada inklyuziv ta’lim muhitida o‘quvchilar, o‘qituvchilar va ota-onalarning psixologik farovonligini ta’minlash, stress va psixologik bosimni kamaytirishning samarali yo‘llari yoritilgan. Stressning asosiy manbalari, ularni bartaraf etishning ilmiy-nazariy asoslari, xorijiy tajribalar va milliy amaliyotlar tahlil etilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari inklyuziv ta’lim sifatini oshirishda stress boshqaruvi muhim omil ekanligini asoslaydi va amaliy tavsiyalar beradi.

Glossalgia, often referred to as burning mouth syndrome (BMS), remains a challenging condition in menopausal women due to its multifactorial origin and chronic course. As traditional symptomatic approaches often fail to deliver lasting relief, recent attention has shifted to innovative therapeutic modalities that target neurogenic pathways and psychosomatic mechanisms. This review discusses current advances in the management of glossalgia in the climacteric period, emphasizing multimodal therapies aimed at improving both symptom severity and patients' quality of life. Emerging evidence supports the integration of neurotrophic agents, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and non-hormonal pharmacological options tailored to individual profiles.

According to statistics, memory disorders occur in 25% of people living on earth. We are talking not only about amnesia, but also about qualitative mnemonic disorders, which are characterized by poor ability to remember, as well as difficulties in recalling information .

This report posits that data has emerged as a distinct and critical form of capital, standing alongside traditional financial and human capital in its capacity to generate new digital products and services. Economically, capital is defined as a produced good necessary for further production, and data—as recorded information—literally fulfills this criterion.  

Uzbekistan is making significant advances in green finance, marked by the issuance of its first sovereign green bond in 2023 and a major corporate green Eurobond by Agrobank in 2024. These initiatives support the nation’s ambitious renewable energy goals and signal Uzbekistan’s commitment to sustainable economic transformation. However, key obstacles remain, including the underdevelopment of the domestic capital market and limited private sector participation. This paper analyzes recent progress, key challenges, and strategic recommendations to expand green finance in Uzbekistan.

Mashinani o‘qitish (MO) — bu sun’iy intellekt (SI) sohasi bo‘lib, u algoritmlarni qo‘llagan holda ma’lumotlar orasidagi yashirin bog‘liqliklarni aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi. MO tizimlari tajriba asosida, ya’ni ma’lumotlar asosida o‘rganadi va har bir holat uchun alohida dasturlashtirilmasdan qarorlar yoki bashoratlar chiqaradi. U nutqni tanib olish, veb qidiruv va reklama joylashtirish, kredit reytingini aniqlash, fond bozorini bashorat qilish, genetik ketma-ketliklarni tahlil qilish, xulq-atvor va naqshlarni aniqlash, dori vositalarini ishlab chiqish, ob-havoni bashorat qilish hamda katta ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilish kabi ko‘plab sohalarda keng qo‘llaniladi.

Tourism, as a dynamic and multifaceted global industry, not only stimulates economic activity but also fosters meaningful intercultural engagement. Central to this interaction is language, which plays a pivotal role in conceptualizing and communicating tourism-related ideas. This article undertakes a comprehensive semantic analysis of tourism terminology, investigating their denotative and connotative meanings, metaphorical constructions, cultural influences, and ongoing semantic transformations. Drawing upon examples from ecotourism, cultural tourism, and digital tourism, this study endeavors to unveil the intricate relationship between linguistic expression and evolving tourism practices.

Данная статья анализирует преимущества и проблемы применения технологий искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в сельском хозяйстве. В статье рассматривается влияние ИИ на сельское хозяйство, возможности повышения эффективности сельского хозяйства за счет внедрения этих технологий, а также экологические аспекты. Кроме того, статья предоставляет подробную информацию о проблемах, с которыми сталкиваются при успешном применении технологий ИИ в сельском хозяйстве, и способах их решения. Отдельное внимание уделено влиянию внедрения технологических инноваций в сельском хозяйстве на жизнь сельского населения.

This article highlights the role and significance of industrial enterprises of the Uzbek SSR in economic life.

This study was conducted by the Marie Curie Foundation under the Horizon program of Europe (grant abbreviation: CARSI, number: 101086415) with the support of the staff replacement fund.

Capital assets play a central role in the economic sustainability and strategic planning of enterprises. In Uzbekistan, the effective assessment of capital assets is crucial for investment efficiency, financial reporting transparency, and state asset management. However, existing methodologies often fail to reflect true asset value due to outdated approaches, insufficient market data, and limited integration of international standards. This article examines the current capital asset evaluation practices in Uzbekistan, identifies key methodological gaps, and proposes an improved framework based on international best practices, digital innovation, and sector-specific customization.

Xufyona iqtisodiyot - davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinmaydigan tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarish, taqsimlash, ayirboshlash va iste’mol qilish, ya’ni soliq to’lamaydigan, qonunlarga bo’ysunmaydigan ishlab chiqarish va xizmat ko’rsatish faoliyatidir va u global iqtisodiyotning hozirgi kunda isloh qilinishi zarur bo‘lgan eng muhim qismi hisoblanadi

В начале целесообразно привести а понятие модернизация общества. Само слово  модернизация (от англ. мodern — современный, передовой, обновлённый) — это: Обновление объекта,  приведение его в соответствие с новыми требованиями и нормами, техническими условиями, показателями качества. Модернизированное общество имеет комплекс взаимосвязанных черт, которые часто рассматриваются как отдельные процессы экономической, политической, социальной и культурной модернизации.

В статье рассмотрены научно‑методические основы оценки конкурентоспособности образовательных услуг в современных условиях реформирования системы высшего образования Республики Узбекистан. Раскрыта сущность и структура организационно‑экономического механизма, определены ключевые направления его совершенствования в условиях интеграции в глобальное образовательное пространство. На основе анализа современных тенденций, механизмов и инструментов рассмотрены особенности оценки конкурентоспособности образовательной организации, а также её ключевые внутренние и внешние факторы. Обоснована важность эффективного инструментария для повышения качества образования, укрепления позиций вузов в национальном и международном образовательном пространстве и формирования устойчивой модели развития человеческого капитала.

данная статья посвящена анализу пространственных и временных выражений в русском и узбекском языках. Исследуются их основные категории, особенности употребления и грамматические различия, обусловленные структурой языков. Особое внимание уделяется различию в использовании предлогов и послелогов, а также наречий, выражающих пространственные и временные отношения. В ходе исследования применяются методы сопоставительного, контекстуального, лексико-семантического и синтаксического анализа. Полученные результаты помогают лучше понять особенности функционирования пространственно-временных категорий в обоих языках и их влияние на межъязыковую коммуникацию.

1917-yil Fevral inqilobi natijasida Rossiya imperiyasi quladi, qo‘sh hokimiyatchilik o‘rnatildi. Knyaz Lvov boshchiligida tuzilgan muvaqqat hukumat Ta’sis Majlisi chaqirguncha rahbarlikni amalga oshirishi kerak edi. Ishchi, soldat sovetlari ham boshqaruvda asosiy rol o‘ynadi. 1917-yil oktabrda sovetlar davlat to‘ntarishi orqali hokimiyatni qo‘lga oldi. Sovetlar Buxoro amirligini bosib olish uchun 1918-yilda hamda 1920-yilda hujumlarni amalga oshirdi. Ushbu maqolada Sovet hukumatining Buxoro amairligini bosib olishi, jang harakatlari va oqibatlar haqida ma’lumot beradi.    

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda ichki turizmni rivojlantirish masalalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Xususan, ichki turizmning ahamiyati, mavjud imkoniyatlar, infrastrukturaviy muammolar va ularni hal etish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. O‘zbekistonning boy madaniy, tarixiy va tabiiy merosi asosida turizm salohiyatini yuksaltirish omillari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, hududiy turizm klasterlari, davlat siyosatidagi turizmni qo‘llab-quvvatlash mexanizmlari hamda yoshlar va mahalliy aholi o‘rtasida turizm madaniyatini shakllantirish muhimligi asoslanadi.

Hunarmandlar uchun berilgan imtiyozlar, ularga bo‘lgan e’tibor natijasida 2010-yilda “Hunarmand” uyushmasi a’zolari soni 20871 kishini tashkil etgan bo‘lsa bu ko‘rsatkich 2015-yilga kelib 22141 kishini tashkil etgan. Ammo 2016-yilda a’zolar soni 2450 kishiga kamayib, 19691 kishini tashkil etgan, 2017-yilda esa 11915 kishini, 2018-yilda esa 28002 kishini tashkil etgan. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017-yil 17-noyabrdagi «Hunarmandchilikni yanada rivojlantirish va hunarmandlarni har tomonlama qo‘llab-quvvatlash chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida»gi PF–5242-son Farmoniga asosan hunarmandlar 2017-yil 1-dekabrdan qat’iy belgilangan soliq to‘lashdan ozod etildilar, natijada 2018-yilda hunarmandlar soni ko‘payib, 28002 tani tashkil etdi

Today, all developed countries around the world attach special importance to the effective use of human capital. According to the experience of these countries, an innovation-based economy grounded in scientific and technological progress is considered the foundation of sustainable development and public welfare. Creating such an innovative economy first and foremost requires the efficient use of human capital and significant investment in it. Global experience and practice show that investments directed toward human capital are more justified compared to other factors.

Бугунги кунда экстремистик ғоялар жамиятимиз учун жиддий таҳдиддир. Ушбу тақдимотда биз экстремистик ғояларга қарши курашнинг асосий омилларини кўриб чиқамиз, шунингдек, уларнинг пайдо бўлиш сабаблари, оқибатлари ва ҳимояланиш усулларини муҳокама қиламиз.