DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37547/TAJMSPR/Volume05Issue11-05Keywords:
Pain Osteoarticular pain Chronic painAbstract
Pain is a difficult to understand and multifactorial condition, defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with a real injury or described in such terms." When acute, it has an important biological value in preserving the integrity of the individual by alerting them to the occurrence of an injury, while chronic pain does not have this characteristic. It is considered a public health problem because it causes temporary or permanent disability, absenteeism, high costs to the health system and morbidity. It is estimated that the prevalence of chronic pain in the world is around 10.1 to 55.5%, with an average of 35.5%.Several studies have investigated the causal nature of this association and point to a bidirectional relationship. This is a literature review with the application of an anonymous questionnaire.Orthopaedic surgeons and musculoskeletal clinicians have given importance to mental health in patient recovery after injury or orthopaedic surgery, since pain after these events is common, and can trigger a new mental illness or its worsening. We therefore conclude that interventions to assess pain and mental health should be prioritized, in addition to the greater involvement of psychiatrists and psychologists in this process.
References
Braden, J. B., Sullivan, M. D., Ray, G. T., Saunders, K., Merrill, J., Silverberg, M. J., ... & Von Korff, M. (2009). Trends in long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain among persons with a history of depression. General hospital psychiatry, 31(6), 564-570
Blackburn, J., Qureshi, A., Amirfeyz, R., & Bannister, G. (2012). Does preoperative anxiety and depression predict satisfaction after total knee replacement?. The Knee, 19(5), 522-524.
Cancienne, J. M., Mahon, H. S., Dempsey, I. J., Miller, M. D., & Werner, B. C. (2017). Patient-related risk factors for infection following knee arthroscopy: an analysis of over 700,000 patients from two large databases. The Knee, 24(3), 594-600.
Castillo, R. C., Wegener, S. T., Heins, S. E., Haythornthwaite, J. A., MacKenzie, E. J., Bosse, M. J., & LEAP Study Group. (2013). Longitudinal relationships between anxiety, depression, and pain: results from a two-year cohort study of lower extremity trauma patients. Pain®, 154(12), 2860-2866
Carroll, I., Barelka, P., Wang, C. K. M., Wang, B. M., Gillespie, M. J., McCue, R., ... & Mackey, S. C. (2012). A pilot cohort study of the determinants of longitudinal opioid use after surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 115(3), 694-702.
Cipriano, A., Almeida, D. B. D., & Vall, J. (2011). Perfil do paciente com dor crônica atendido em um ambulatório de dor de uma grande cidade do sul do Brasil. Revista dor, 12, 297-300.
Clauw, D. J., Schmidt, M., Radulovic, D., Singer, A., Katz, P., & Bresette, J. (1997). The relationship between fibromyalgia and interstitial cystitis. Journal of psychiatric research, 31(1), 125-131.
Cochran, B. N., Flentje, A., Heck, N. C., Van Den Bos, J., Perlman, D., Torres, J., ... & Carter, J. (2014). Factors predicting development of opioid use disorders among individuals who receive an initial opioid prescription: mathematical modeling using a database of commercially-insured individuals. Drug and alcohol dependence, 138, 202-208.
Crichlow, R. J., Andres, P. L., Morrison, S. M., Haley, S. M., & Vrahas, M. S. (2006). Depression in orthopaedic trauma patients: prevalence and severity. JBJS, 88(9), 1927-1933.
Chapman, C. R., Davis, J., Donaldson, G. W., Naylor, J., & Winchester, D. (2011). Postoperative pain trajectories in chronic pain patients undergoing surgery: the effects of chronic opioid pharmacotherapy on acute pain. The Journal of Pain, 12(12), 1240-1246.
Goesling, J., Lin, L. A., & Clauw, D. J. (2018). Psychiatry and pain management: at the intersection of chronic pain and mental health. Current psychiatry reports, 20, 1-8.
Harstall, C., & Ospina, M. (2003). How prevalent is chronic pain. Pain clinical updates, 11(2), 1-4.
Haupt, E., Vincent, H. K., Harris, A., Vasilopoulos, T., Guenther, R., Sharififar, S., & Hagen, J. E. (2018). Pre-injury depression and anxiety in patients with orthopedic trauma and their treatment. Injury, 49(6), 1079-1084.
Häuser, W., Wolfe, F., Tölle, T., Üçeyler, N., & Sommer, C. (2012). The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS drugs, 26, 297-307.
Helmerhorst, G. T., Vranceanu, A. M., Vrahas, M., Smith, M., & Ring, D. (2014). Risk factors for continued opioid use one to two months after surgery for musculoskeletal trauma. JBJS, 96(6), 495-499.
Hirschmann, M. T., Testa, E., Amsler, F., & Friederich, N. F. (2013). The unhappy total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patient: higher WOMAC and lower KSS in depressed patients prior and after TKA. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 21, 2405-2411.
Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (1994). The concept of affective spectrum disorder: relationship to fibromyalgia and other syndromes of chronic fatigue and chronic muscle pain. Baillière's clinical rheumatology, 8(4), 839-856.
Furlan, A. D., Sandoval, J. A., Mailis-Gagnon, A., & Tunks, E. (2006). Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. Cmaj, 174(11), 1589-1594.
Goesling, J., Henry, M. J., Moser, S. E., Rastogi, M., Hassett, A. L., Clauw, D. J., & Brummett, C. M. (2015). Symptoms of depression are associated with opioid use regardless of pain severity and physical functioning among treatment-seeking patients with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 16(9), 844-851
Gureje O, Simon GE, Von Korff M. A cross-national study of the course of persistent pain in primary care. Pain. 2001;92(1–2):195– 200.
Kalso, E., Edwards, J. E., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2004). Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain, 112(3), 372-380.
Kroenke, K., Wu, J., Bair, M. J., Krebs, E. E., Damush, T. M., & Tu, W. (2011). Reciprocal relationship between pain and depression: a 12-month longitudinal analysis in primary care. The Journal of Pain, 12(9), 964-973.
Lavernia, C. J., Alcerro, J. C., Brooks, L. G., & Rossi, M. D. (2012). Mental health and outcomes in primary total joint arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 27(7), 1276-1282.
Lee, C. H., Choi, C. H., Yoon, S. Y., & Lee, J. K. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with orthopaedic trauma: a study in patients with extremity fractures. Journal of orthopaedic trauma, 29(6), e198-e202.
Merskey H, Bogduk N. (1994). Classification of chronic pain – descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press.
Mercier, A., Auger-Aubin, I., Lebeau, J. P., Schuers, M., Boulet, P., Hermil, J. L., ... & Peremans, L. (2013). Evidence of prescription of antidepressants for non-psychiatric conditions in primary care: an analysis of guidelines and systematic reviews. BMC family practice, 14(1), 1-10.
Miller, L. R., & Cano, A. (2009). Comorbid chronic pain and depression: who is at risk?. The journal of pain, 10(6), 619-627.
Morley, S., Eccleston, C., & Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain, 80(1-2), 1-13.
Nicassio, P. M., & Wallston, K. A. (1992). Longitudinal relationships among pain, sleep problems, and depression in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of abnormal psychology, 101(3), 514.
O'Toole, R. V., Castillo, R. C., Pollak, A. N., MacKenzie, E. J., & Bosse, M. J. (2008). Determinants of patient satisfaction after severe lower-extremity injuries. JBJS, 90(6), 1206-1211.
Picavet, H. S. J., & Schouten, J. S. A. G. (2003). Musculoskeletal pain in the Netherlands: prevalences, consequences and risk groups, the DMC3-study. Pain, 102(1-2), 167-178.
Seal, K., Becker, W., Tighe, J., Li, Y., & Rife, T. (2017). Managing chronic pain in primary care: it really does take a village. Journal of general internal medicine, 32, 931-934.
Seymour, R. B., Leas, D., Wally, M. K., & Hsu, J. R. (2016). Prescription reporting with immediate medication utilization mapping (PRIMUM): development of an alert to improve narcotic prescribing. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 16, 1-10.
Simon, L. S. (2012). Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy, 26(2), 197-198.
Simske, N. M., Breslin, M. A., Hendrickson, S. B., & Vallier, H. A. (2020). Are we missing the mark? Relationships of psychosocial issues to outcomes after injury: A review of OTA annual meeting presentations. OTA International, 3(2)
Sullivan, M. D., Edlund, M. J., Steffick, D., & Unützer, J. (2005). Regular use of prescribed opioids: association with common psychiatric disorders. Pain, 119(1-3), 95-103.
Skolasky, R. L., Riley III, L. H., Maggard, A. M., & Wegener, S. T. (2012). The relationship between pain and depressive symptoms after lumbar spine surgery. PAIN®, 153(10), 2092-2096
Turner, B. J., & Liang, Y. (2015). Drug overdose in a retrospective cohort with non-cancer pain treated with opioids, antidepressants, and/or sedative-hypnotics: Interactions with mental health disorders. Journal of general internal medicine, 30, 1081-1096.
Teixeira, M. J. (2001). Fisiopatologia da nocicepção e da supressão da dor. JBA, 1(4), 329-34.
Wally, M. K., Hsu, J. R., & Seymour, R. B. (2022). Musculoskeletal pain management and patient mental health and well-being. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 36, S19-S24.
Witte W, Stein C. (2010). History, Definitions and Contemporary Viewpoins. In: Kopf A, Pa- tel NB, editors. Guide to pain Management in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle; IASP. 3-8p.
