Journal of critical reviews
117
Journal of Critical Reviews
ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 12, 2020
DIACHRONIC STUDY OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
1
Dlafruz Kabildjanovna Khudoyqulova,
2
Аkhmedov Oybek Saporbayevich
1
Researcher, Department of Languages, Faculty of Industrial Pharmacy, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan.
E-mail address: Khudoyqulova-1982@mail.ru
2
Doctor of Science in Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Teaching English Methods, Faculty of II English, Uzbek State
World Languages University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
E-mail address: ahmedov.oybek.mail.ru
Received: 02.03.2020
Revised: 04.04.2020
Accepted: 06.05.2020
Abstract
The main goal of the article deals with the history of the development of pharmaceutical terms and their content and the essence, their
usage in the great historical scientific works, and the fact that these terms are now preserved and used in practice.
Keywords:
term, pharmacy, pharmaceutical, diachronic, lexicography, linguistic, word, functional-semantic.
© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.12.19
INTRODUCTION
It is known that the second half of the XX century and the
beginning of the XXI century is a decisive period in the
development of the methodology of terminological studies. Along
with developed countries, we can see the emergence and
development of a number of disciplines and councils describing
the problems of terminology in our country, the emergence and
development of international coordinating councils for the
standardization of scientific knowledge and generalization of
terms. The need to study the terms is not self-evident, but the
introduction of Uzbek language education in all fields of
knowledge, significant development of knowledge, expansion of
scientific thinking, enrichment of the vocabulary of the national
languages, including Uzbek, and consequently, the increase of
terms in the language its departure was the impetus for the
comprehensive study and regulation of them (the terms).
THEORETICAL BASIS
The research is based on diachronically studying of
pharmaceutical terms. The article examines the medical and
pharmaceutical terms in scientific works of Abu Rayhan Beruni`s
"Saydana" and Abu Ali Husayn ibn Sina's (Avicenna) "Canon of
Medicine" by comparing them in Arabic, Persian, Latin, English,
Russian and Uzbek.
RESULTS
A historical study of speciality terms are studied by O.S.
Akhmedov and H. Dadabaevs` researches, the evolutionary
etymology of some tax and customs terms used by the in the
ancient Turkic language (VI-X), Old Turkic (XI-XIV) and Old
Uzbek literary language (XV-XIX) has been extensively analyzed
in their scientific works[1].
According to historical sources, pharmacy or pharmacology is
one of the most ancient fields that emerged along with the
emergence of mankind. According to sources, pharmacy dates
back to 2.5 - 3 thousand years ago. The development of human
society has laid the foundation for the creation and development
of medical and pharmaceutical substances, medicines, methods
of treatment, methods of preparation of medicines.
Even in the developing period, Latin has become an important
linguocultural phenomenon. Despite the fact that Latin is treated
as a “dead language”, it now has an active influence on many
specialized fields and fields of knowledge[5]. According to A.V.
Podosinova, although Latin was considered "dead", her "death"
was fascinating, even though she died thousands of years ago,
she is considered the mother of many European languages
(Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Romanian, etc.), giving
words and terms to hundreds of languages and the Russian
language is no exception [4]. In general, the Latin and Greek
languages are widely used in the fields of biology, botany,
anatomy, medicine and pharmacology, pharmacognosy. Because
of this language, doctors and pharmacists all over the world can
easily find a common language in seminars, surgeries and
international consultations. It also serves to coordinate (unify)
medical education in different countries. Scholars like N.I.
Pirogov and I.P. Pavlov wrote their research in Latin. In ancient
times, important works of medicine were written in Latin, Arabic
and Persian. [6]. As we know the names of medicines and drugs,
names of medicinal plants, terminological units and
pharmaceutical nomenclature are given in Latin and
prescriptions are written in this language to make them
understandable to foreign specialists. Latin is taught as a
fundamental subject of medical and pharmaceutical higher
education institutions.
As the majority scientific terminology is based on the Latin
language, it is considered to be of an international nature; it is
sufficiently recognized and understood by scientists all over the
world [Khakimova, 2011]. In the work "Saydana" by the thinker
of the Muslim world Abu Rayhan Beruni (973-1048),
(Pharmacognosy) gives a detailed description of 1118 species of
medicines, including 750 plants and 101 animals. In his work, he
collected information on 4,500 plant names, animals, minerals
and products derived from them in Arabic, Greek, Hindi, Persian,
Sogdian and other languages, and made a significant contribution
to the regulation of pharmaceutical terms of that period. At the
same time, Beruni's views on language and linguistics are clearly
reflected in this work. In the introductory part of "Saydana" the
author describes how eager he was in his youth to learn about
the world around him and how they are called in different
languages. The scholar describes how a Greek immigrated to his
country as a child and brought him grain, seeds, fruits, plants,
and other things, asking how they were called in Greek, and
writing his Greek names in a notebook.
DIACHRONIC STUDY OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
Journal of critical reviews
118
The valuable aspect of Saydana is that it contains the names of
medicinal substances in several languages. It has even been said
that a plant or substance can be named differently in different
dialects of the same language, or, conversely, a name can mean a
different plant name in different dialects. This makes it much
more difficult to use drugs in practice. With this in mind, he also
cited the dialectal form of the name of the substance to make it
easier to use separately. Chapter 29 and 1116 articles in the
work explain the names of medicinal substances. Each chapter is
dedicated to one letter. It also makes a separate chapter by
adding to the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet. Realizing the
importance of this problem in his work, Beruni has made a great
contribution to the formation and standardization of the terms of
plants, animals, minerals and medicines derived from them in
more than 4,500 Arabic, Khorezmian, Sogdian, Turkish and other
languages. He cites the works of more than 250 scholars to
explain them. Beruni's work "Saydana" is a dictionary of
medicinal substances. A characteristic feature of this dictionary
is that the author places the names of medicinal substances in the
Arabic alphabet for the convenience of users. As a result, it
becomes a unique dictionary that differs significantly from the
principles of lexicography of Arabic lexicographers.
This dictionary is one of the first examples of both an annotated,
translated, etymological and dialectological dictionary at the
same time. A. R. Beruni expressed his views on world languages,
their distinctive features, lexicography, etymology, grammar, and
thus made a worthy contribution to the formation of linguistics
as a science and the development of linguistic teaching.
Abu Ali Husayn ibn Sina (Avicenna 980-1037), a contemporary of
Beruni, wrote about 450 works based on the works of Aristotle,
known in the West as Avicenna, of which 240 have survived. His
famous Kitab al-Qanun fi-t-
tibb, or “Canon of Medicine”, is an
encyclopedia of medicine that is now included in the list of
fundamental medical textbooks in many universities. Volume II
of the work (simple drugs) and Volume V (preparation of
complex drugs) contain sources related to pharmacology. The
great thinker Abu Ali ibn Sina's “Canon of Medici
ne
”
contains
many terms that form the basis of medical science, which are
analyzed as a system of lexemes "Medical
Terms", “Terms of
pharmacy”
The work includes paradigms of "Name of diseases",
"Name of medicinal plants", "Methods of preparation and use of
drugs".
From a diachronic point of view, the construction of complex
words seems much more complex and multifaceted. Historically,
many complex words have been formed as a result of the
addition of words to commonly used phrases [2].
The terms given below are pure diachronic terms from Arabic,
Latin, English, and Russian, which are still used in practice today
Currently, not only linguists but also experts in the field are
engaged in the formation of terminological systems and the
linguistic issues of creating terminological dictionaries related to
the field. It should be noted that the issues of terminology in
various fields of science and technology are of great importance,
so it is necessary to identify its directions, organize at a high level
and coordinate for further improvement. Today, solving the
problem of standardization of scientific terms remains the most
important task before terminology. In this process, the regulation
of terms based on the principles of inter-ethnicity and nationality
is of great importance.
In ancient times the term “иёраж” it means
“
laxative
”,
this term
is interpretated as
“divine cure”
.
“Иёраж
фиқро” –
is a complex-
based laxative form of drug prepared on the basis of Aloes. It
mainly used to cleanse the head organs and brain [8].
Агар рутубат бор бўлса, уни иёражлар, ҳуқналар,
аўтариладиган дорилар билан
бўшатиш керак. Ичиладиган
нарсалардан митридат, тарёқ, тиёдаритус каби иссиқлик
маъжун, шунингдек кокабинаж дориси берилади
[9].
“митридат”
–
is a complex form of drug made by adding opium
and many other substances
“тарёқ”
–
Ибн Сино уларни
шундай фарклайди:
the name
“Тарёқ
"
or “podzahr” it is
prepared artificially, and the name “podzahr” should be given to
drugs that occur in nature and occur alone.
(Усул ат
-
тарокиб ал
-
адавия
[10].
“Шодана
- arab
. шозанаж, син. хажар ад
-
дам “
- is a blood
stone, used in medicine as a means of stopping the deposit. One
of the main iron ores is hematite.
“Буш”
- is also called
“буш дарбандий”
. It is a herbal medicine
imported from Armenia, it is a suppository which is a made from
the bark of momiso juice [11].
The results of the research show that the terms of the specialty
that are currently causing scientific research and are used in
practice of Ibn Sina for example worked on the treatment of
diseases transmitted by microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, and to
prevent it, the patient introduced into medicine a method of self-
isolation for 40 days, self-isolation from humans. Ibn Sina called
Persian
Latin
English
Russian
Uzbek
курки сиёх, олу
prunu domestica
Prune, plum
слива
олхўри
биринц ё гуринч
oriza sativa
rice
рис
гуруч
дулона
Crataegus
hawthorn
боярышник
дўлана
хурмо
phoenix dactylifera
date palm
финики
хурмо
Arabic
Latin
English
Russian
Uzbek
Iiksir
extractum
extract
экстракт
экстракт
Badzahr
teryak
thériaque
терьяк
зиддизаҳар, тарёқ
Al - kimiyah
alchemia
alchemy
алхимия
ал кимё
Al - kuhl
alcohol
alcohol
алкоголь
алкоголь
Al-nusadir
ammonium
ammonia
нашатырь
нашвадил
sharab
sirupus
syrup
сироп
шира/ сироп
Al
–
iksir
elixir
elixir
элексир
элексир
DIACHRONIC STUDY OF PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
Journal of critical reviews
119
this method "Al-Arba'in iyya." This word means "forty days." The
method he introduced spread to Italy and all of Europe with the
help of Venetian merchants. The method of self-isolation was
given the name ‘quarantine’, which means ‘forty’ in Italian and
‘Quarantine’ in English.
And gradually the word "quarantine" became popular. Originally
from the Islamic world, this method is now used around the
world to fight coronavirus.
The Guardian publication reported that the linguists have added
new words related to the coronavirus to the largest dictionary of
the English language - the Oxford Dictionary.
It is noteworthy that this method of the scientist, who lived
centuries ago, has saved the lives of millions of people around the
world even today.
REFERENCES
1.
O.S. Akhmedov. “Diachronic
and Simultaneous Study of
Banking and Financial Terms” International journal of
scientific & technology research Pages 1193-1194. volume
9, issue 02, 2020.
2.
D.K. Khudoyqulova. Lexicographic interpretation of
pharmaceutical
terms
and
their
meaning.
Ilm
sarchashmalari, p.p. 91-95. No. 5.2017.
3.
Khakimova V.M. The role of the Latin language in medicine
and in the modern world // Medical Bulletin of
Bashkortostan. - 2011. - V. 6, No. 3. p.p. 139-141.
4.
Podosinov A.V., Shchaveleva H. Lingua Latina. Introduction
to the Latin language and ancient culture. - M.: Flint, 1998.
p.p. 3-4.
5.
Khakimova V.M. The role of the Latin language in medicine
and in the modern world // Medical Bulletin of
Bashkortostan. - 2011. - V. 6, No. 3. p.p.139-141.
6.
Khakimova V.M., Lermontova I.B. The role of the
introductory lecture in the classroom in the Latin language.
- Ufa: RIO Bash GU, 2004.- p.p. 180-181.
7.
R. Rasulov. Common linguistics. 2 part. p.p. 47-54. Tashkent
2010.
8.
Canon of Medicine part V. Tashkent 1994. P.243
9.
Canon of Medicine part III. Tashkent 1994. P.54-55
10.
Methods of preparation of complex drugs. Najibuddin as-
Samarkandi. Tashkent
–
2013.
11.
Canon of Medicine part II. Tashkent 1994. p.135
