SJIF Impact Factor: 6.260| ISI I.F.Value:1.241|
Journal
DOI
:
10.36713/epra2016
ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)
EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Volume: 5 | Issue: 2 | February 2020
- Peer Reviewed Journal
2020 EPRA IJRD
|
Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016
| www.eprajournals.com
139 |
FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF
PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS
Khudoyqulova Dlafruz Kabildjanovna
1
Senior teacher, Languages department, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Akhmedov Oybek Saporbayevich
2
Doctor of science in philology, docent,
Department of English teaching methods, UzSWLU,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
ABSTRACT
In this study, an attempt was made to identify the features of the functioning of semantic simplifications using the
vocabulary example of English origin. Over time, some borrowed words undergo a process of simplification, i.e. the loss by
the word of the previous etymological connections with the prototype as a result of which the word from the motivated name
of the object of objective reality becomes an unmotivated name. The analysis includes a description of semantic
adaptation, the functioning of these terms in three languages, namely English, Russian and Uzbek to trace the
conditionality of the lexicographic representation of the term.
It is established that when the prototype and the borrowed word are correlated, the verb form is lost by the
prototype, the borrowed word begins to be used in Uzbek only for the nomination of objects, phenomena and concepts. In
the source language, words formed from the verb stem using suffixes are perceived as divisible, compound terms of the
structural type “verb suffix”. However, in the receptor language they are formed as indivisible terms. Thus, we
investigated the process of de-etymologization with borrowed words from other languages.
KEYWORDS:
borrowing, term,
etymology, terminology, pharmaceutical vocabulary, historical aspects.
Language changes, enriches, and in some cases
even simplifies. The various aspects of a language vary
in different ways - its grammatical structure, phonetic
system, sound system and its vocabulary. Day by day the
vocabulary of the language changes in society and in the
world. Also, the emergence of new technologies, the
implementation of innovative projects, and the spread of
new technology, phenomena, and scientific discoveries
have a huge impact on the vocabulary of a particular
language. Different processes take place inside the
language - some words are supplanted by others;
previously completely unrelated words enter synonymous
with each other, forming new meanings; borrowed
terminology plays an important role in this process,
enriching the vocabulary of the language with new terms.
Terminology plays an important role in the
professional communication of specialists. Being a part
of the scientific apparatus, terminology makes it possible
to know the laws of the research process, to determine the
channels of interaction with other elements of a certain
field of science.
In modern conditions of development of science and
technology, the interest in the study of professional
vocabulary of a particular field of knowledge is growing
significantly. Close attention to the language of various
specialties is due, first of all, to the fact that special
vocabulary occupies an important place in the system of a
nationwide language. As a result of the development of
healthcare, the terminology of the medical and, in
particular, pharmaceutical language is constantly
expanding; this accordingly entails the need for
inventory, unification and codification of lexical units of
the pharmacy language as a separate healthcare industry.
Pharmaceutical terms are one of the oldest
professional terminologies; it was formed on its own
linguistic basis, assimilating everything that world
civilization developed at the time of its creation.
Pharmaceutical terminology is not a permanent system; it
lives, changes, adapts to the needs of modernity. The
SJIF Impact Factor: 6.260| ISI I.F.Value:1.241|
Journal
DOI
:
10.36713/epra2016
ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)
EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Volume: 5 | Issue: 2 | February 2020
- Peer Reviewed Journal
2020 EPRA IJRD
|
Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016
| www.eprajournals.com
140 |
history of the development of medicine, the change of
scientific views, the integration and differentiation of
disciplines, cultural ties, the influence of the lexical and
semantic system of language - all this is reflected in the
stylistic heterogeneity of medical terminology [1].
As you know, etymology (from other Greek:
“true” + “teaching”) is a section of linguistics that studies
the origin of words. It establishes a vocabulary
composition from the point of view of the emergence of
its various strata, revealing the functional and stylistic
characteristics
of
words,
exploring
historically
determined changes and the updating process (the
derivation of old words and the process of the appearance
of new ones) [2].
Gradually, a word of foreign origin, thanks to its
frequent use in oral and written form, takes root and even
a gradual displacement from the linguistic use of those
words that were previously used - originally Uzbek
words. Its external form takes on a stable form; the word
is adapted according to the norms of the receptor
language. This process is called - the process of
borrowing or entering a word into a new language
environment. At this stage, there is still a strong semantic
influence of the source language.
The next stage is the assimilation of a foreign
language word among the native speakers of one
language; folk etymology begins to take effect. When a
word of foreign origin is perceived as incomprehensible,
they try to fill its empty sound form with the content of a
close-sounding and close-in-meaning original word.
The last stage of the penetration of a foreign word into a
borrowing language is rooting, when the word is widely
used among native speakers of the receiving language
and is fully adapted according to the rules of the grammar
of this language.
It is included in a full-fledged life: it can grow with
cognate words, form abbreviations, and acquire new
shades of meanings.
We consider lexical units of English origin, which went
into Uzbek reality and there was a break in the semantic
connection of the English prototype and the borrowed
word.
The borrowed word from the
English “
Elixir
”
Russian
«
Эликсир
» prototype has found wide application in
Uzbek and has penetrated into various spheres of life:
cosmetic use, as a means of protection, technical use. In
the Uzbek language two semantic meanings of the word
were attached: 1. Contains fluorides for protection against
cavities caused by harmful organic acids; 2. A powerful
fusion of precious natural ingredients and breakthrough
technology.
When borrowing a new word from a foreign language
environment into the languages, the main feature is the
expression of the characteristic features of the concept.
Consider the word drive is an English borrowing from the
verb to drive, which has a number of meanings:
Stretch is borrowed from the English verb
“
to stretch
”
–
“
стрейч
”
. In Russian and Uzbek, only a noun form is
used with the meaning „a special kind of any m
aterial to
which a synthetic elastic thread is added during the
manufacturing processes. The English combination of -ey
vowels is read as [ei] and English stretch has been
recorded in dictionaries. Gradually, with the phonetic
adaptation of a foreign language word in Russian, the
English word stretch underwent the phenomenon of
sound transformation and now we note in the media the
following spelling of stretch [3].
In English, the names of this product have semantic
meaning, for example, Radix - (trademark)
is a Latin
word for "root",
Remedy - (trademark) a medicine or
treatment for a disease or injury.
The word “Vein” have functional
- semantic meaning: 1)
the heart from
the
other parts of the div (anatomy), 2) A vein is also any of
the
the leaves of plants that carry sap (= liquid containing a
plant's food) (biology) [4]. The word sticker is borrowed
from English into Uzbek and Russian. In English, the
sticker noun was formed from the verb to stick (-glue,
stick) using the suffix
-er
. In Uzbek, the sticker was
borrowed as an indivisible word and entered the
synonymous series of the word sticker.
A sticker -
„a typ
e of a piece of paper or plastic, adhesive,
sticky on one side, and usuall
y with a design on the other‟
[5]. As noted above, when the terms move from one
language environment to another, they begin to take root,
adapt to new conditions of existence. Gradually, already
in the borrowed language new functional - semantic
meanings appear that were absent in the source language.
The word sticker turned into Uzbek with the meaning -
„sticker (label or other m
essage printed on self-adhesive
paper)‟ Over time, other meanings formed in
Uzbek
: „1.
image (usually advertising) intended for posting on blogs
and forum statuses; 2. The professional name of the dry
glue stick or the replacement core of the glue gun; 3.
Self-adhesive small form of printing. Many of these
meanings of the word sticker are not fixed in modern
dictionaries of Uzbek.
Present stickers have different purposes and are used as
advertising stickers. They are used to disseminate
information related to the services provided by the
company. You can use the sticker for other purposes, for
example, you can paint a car with brand advertising of a
company or product.
Stapler -
„a machine that inserts staples into sheets of
paper, to hold them together‟. Stapler
-
„a device for
fastening sheets of paper using wire brackets‟ [
6]. The
word stapler is a noun in the Russian language. The
stapler English is derived from the verb to staple (staple;
staple) and
-er
suffix. The
-er
suffix is used to form a
noun with the „meaning the executor of the action or the
instrument with which the action is performed‟.
The word "stapler" can actually refer to a number of
different devices of varying uses. In addition to joining
paper sheets together, staplers can also be used in a
surgical setting to join tissue together with surgical
SJIF Impact Factor: 6.260| ISI I.F.Value:1.241|
Journal
DOI
:
10.36713/epra2016
ISSN: 2455-7838(Online)
EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD)
Volume: 5 | Issue: 2 | February 2020
- Peer Reviewed Journal
2020 EPRA IJRD
|
Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016
| www.eprajournals.com
141 |
staples to close a surgical wound (much in the same way
as sutures).
Science and technology are developing and new devices
and products of a technical nature appear. Following the
stapler, the Russian language includes the anti-stapler
token. Antistapler -
„device for removing staples from a
stapler‟. The word anti
-stapler appeared by adding the
prefix anti- (Greek anti - against, pre) to the root of the
word stapler. Note that the prefix anti is used with other
words to express the opposite or opposition.
The next example, which has found wide
application in various fields, is the word scanner from the
English word scanner and the verb to scan. Scanner - 1. a
device for examining something or recording something
using beams of light sound or X-rays; 2. a machine used
by doctors to produce a picture of the inside of a person‟s
div on a computer screen; 3. a piece of equipment for
receiving and sending radar signals. Scanner -1. those a
device sequentially viewing an object, image or three-
dimensional space and creating analog or digital signals
corresponding to the physical state of each part of the
object being viewed; 2. Information a reader in computer
systems; 3. Biology: device for radioisotope diagnostics.
The term scanner entered the modern Uzbek as
professionalism and has expanded the scope of use so
much that it has lost its special character of use and has
become a common word. This is due to the widespread
use of a device that did not exist before at all, and with
the use of a computer in all spheres of human life: in
offices (a device for reading a two-dimensional (flat)
image and presenting it in electronic raster form),
enterprises (a device or program that implements
scanning, i.e. researching an object, observing it or
reading its parameters), in supermarkets and large stores
(a device for reading information presented in the form of
a bar code.), in medicine (a device that reads the pattern
of the retina), in science (a reader of the papillary pattern
of the fingertips), when paying utility bills (a device for
automated reading of service information, personal data),
as well as a software tool in the field of network
technologies, etc. .
The word scanner is derived from the English
verb to scan and the suffix
-er
(an identifying tool by
which an action is performed). With the word scanner in
Uzbek, the verb is also borrowed to scan (to scan). In the
actual Uzbek language, the verb scan did not exist. The
verb scan when switching to Uzbek acquired the
following functional - semantic meanings according to
the Explanatory Diction
ary of Foreign Words: „1. those
continuously view the space or whatever, an object,
successively moving from one section to another. Scan
the space with a radar beam. 2. Information. receive
information using a scanner (in the 2nd value). 3.
Biology. those using special devices to obtain
information about the distribution in any organ of a
person or animal of radioactive isotopes that are
introduced there for diagnostic or other purposes. The
verb to scan, in addition to the presented functional -
semantic meanings in the Uzbek language, in the English
language has the following
options: „1. to look at smth
,
carefully especially because you are looking for a
particular thing or person (keep an eye on smth.); 2. to
look quickly but not carefully at a document (to scan a
document quickly (inattentively)); to have a regular
rhythm according to fixed rule (rhyme). In Uzbek, the
word scan undergoes a process of narrowing the
functional - semantic meaning of the word.
This article attempts to analyze various aspects of the
simplification or simplification process. The de-
ethimologization process of Uzbek languages is widely
used in the development of new foreign words. Many
new words are borrowed in Uzbek language for the
nomination of new objects, phenomena, processes. The
word, adapts itself in the receptor language, takes a
certain place in the functional - semantic structure of the
language (the totality of meanings that the prototype
possesses) is assimilated. In many cases, borrowing as
part of speech, are nouns, and, in turn, for the functional -
semantic development of a foreign language word in
Uzbek, they also bring verbs from the source language.
Thus, the Uzbek language is enriched not only with
nouns, but also with verbs and adjectives.
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H. Jamolxonov. “Hozirgi o„zbek adabiy tili” –
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https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ve
in
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