Современные представления об этиопатогенетических аспектах возникновения предраковых заболеваний шейки матки (обзор литературы)

CC BY f
29-35
9
2
Поделиться
Каттаходжаева, М., & Каршиева, Э. (2020). Современные представления об этиопатогенетических аспектах возникновения предраковых заболеваний шейки матки (обзор литературы). in Library, 20(4), 29–35. извлечено от https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/archive/article/view/14759
Махмуда Каттаходжаева, Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт

д.м.н., профессор

Эльнора Каршиева, Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт

Независимый соискатель

Crossref
Сrossref
Scopus
Scopus

Аннотация

В данной статье приводятся данные по этиопатогенетических механизмах возникновения и развития  предраковых  заболеваний  шейки  матки.  Представленный  обзор  охватывает последние  данные  эпидемиологических  исследований,  данные  молекулярных  методов исследований и гистологических методов. Также приводятся данные по этиологии предрака шейки  матки  -  Chl.  Trachomatis  и  влиянию  никотина  на  течение  и  состояние  данного заболевания.  Обнаружено  несколько  серотипов  предрака  шейки  матки  по  данным микробиологических  методов  исследований,  что  также  раскрывает  механизмы возникновения и течения предрака шейки матки.

Похожие статьи


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

29

Kattakhodjaeva Mahmuda Hamdamo

vna

doctor of medical sciences, professor

Karshieva Elnora Elbekovna

Independent researcher

Toshkent Davlat Dental Institute

MODERN CONCEPTS ABOUT ETIOPATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF PRECANCEROUS

CERVICAL DISEASES APPEARANCE (LITERATURE REVIEW)



http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0664-2020-4-5



ABSTRACT

This paper presents data on the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of emergence and development of
precancerous cervical diseases. This review covers the latest data from epidemiological studies,
molecular research methods and histological methods. It also presents data on the etiology of
precancerous cervical disease - Chl. Trachomatis and the effect of nicotine on the course and
condition of the disease. Several serotypes of cervical precancerous lesions were detected based on
microbiological methods of research, which also reveals the mechanisms of occurrence and course
of cervical precancerous lesions.

Keywords

: human immunodeficiency virus; cervical precancerous disease; dysplasia; molecular

mechanisms.

Каттаходжаева Махмуда Хамдамовна

д.м.н, профессор

Каршиева Эльнора Элбековна

Независимый соискатель

Тошкент Давлат Стоматология институти

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ОБ ЭТИОПАТОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ АСПЕКТАХ

ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ПРЕДРАКОВЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ШЕЙКИ МАТКИ

(ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье приводятся данные по этиопатогенетических механизмах возникновения и
развития предраковых заболеваний шейки матки. Представленный обзор охватывает
последние данные эпидемиологических исследований, данные молекулярных методов
исследований и гистологических методов. Также приводятся данные по этиологии предрака
шейки матки - Chl. Trachomatis и влиянию никотина на течение и состояние данного
заболевания. Обнаружено несколько серотипов предрака шейки матки по данным
микробиологических

методов

исследований,

что

также

раскрывает

механизмы

возникновения и течения предрака шейки матки.


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

30

Ключевые слова:

предрак шейки матки; дисплазия; молекулярные механизмы; вирус

иммунодефицита человека

Kattaxodjaeva Mahmuda Hamdamovna

Tibbiyot fanlari doktori, professor

Qarshieva Elnora Elbekovna

Mustaqil tadqiqotchi

Toshkent Davlat stomatologiya institute

BACHADON BO'YNI O'SMA OLDI KASALLIKLARINING KELIB CHIQISHIDA

ZAMONAVIY ETIOPATOGENETIK ASPEKTLAR HAQIDA TUSHUNCHA

(ADABIYOT SHARHI)

ANNOTATSIYA

Ushbu maqolada bachadon bo'yni saraton kasalliklari paydo bo'lishi va rivojlanishining
etiopatogenetik mexanizmlari to'g'risida ma'lumotlar keltirilgan. Ushbu sharh epidemiologik
tadqiqotlarning so'nggi ma'lumotlarini, molekulyar tadqiqot usullari va gistologik usullarning
ma'lumotlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Shuningdek, u bachadon bo'yni o’sma kasalligi etiologiyasi
to'g'risida ma'lumot beradi - Chl. Traxomatis va nikotinning ushbu kasallikning borishi va holatiga
ta'siri. Mikrobiologik tadqiqot usullari bo'yicha bachadon bo'yni saratonining bir nechta serotiplari
topilgan bo'lib, ular bachadon bo'yni saratonining paydo bo'lishi va rivojlanish mexanizmlarini ham
ochib beradi.

Kalit so'zlar:

bachadon bo'yni saratoni; displazi; molekulyar mexanizmlar; OITS virusi

Relevance.

The first studies on the epidemiology of cervical cancer were published back in

the nineteenth century Rigoni-Stern in 1842. They published the results of the study of causes of
death in 1760-1830 in Verona. He noted that cervical cancer is more common in married women
and widows and that nuns and virgins have almost no cervical cancer. This fact led the scientist to
conclude that cervical cancer may have an infectious origin. Later, F. Gagnon (1950), studying
medical records in Montreal and Quebec, discovered that nuns had almost no cervical cancer. F.
Gagnon associated this fact with low cervical inflammation in nuns [4,8,9,16]. Virgins of the cervix
have been confirmed histopathologically and cancer is extremely rare. Many epidemiological
studies have focused on the role of cervical cancer, early sexual debut, early pregnancy, frequent
change of sexual partners, and sexually transmitted infections.

Research objective.

To study the emergence and development of precancerous diseases of

the cervix and to generalize data on the etiopathogenetic mechanism of their occurrence.

Patients with cervical cancer, in comparison with the control group, started sexual life earlier

[2, 7, 12]. Often, change of sexual partners and first childbirth at a young age play a negative role in
the emergence of cervical cancer [12,14,16].

A number of epidemiological and clinical and statistical studies demonstrate the role of poor

socioeconomic status and low educational attainment [8,11,13]. On the contrary, other authors
believe that cervical cancer, education and economic situation are not important [6,14,15,16].

The carcinogenic effect of abortion is the mechanical trauma of endocervix with subsequent

infection. The trauma of the cervix and its further deformation is the cause of damage to the
physiological barrier. Cervical mucus is not trapped in the channel, which is accompanied by a
decrease in local immunity and further infection [7,9,10,14]. Lesions with a high risk of cervical
cancer often form tension and ectropionics against the background of the cervical scar. Disruption
of innervation, reception and cervical tropism leads to birth trauma (abortion) [8].

Oral contraception, especially in the presence of cervical infection, correlates with cervical

ectopy [6,7,10,11]. This increases the risk of adenocarcinoma in drugs and metaplasia is detected.

The infection process after an injury is very important in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer

[5,6,12]. Appleby P. and others believe that the use of hormonal contraceptives does not affect the


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

31

development of dysplastic processes and cervical cancer. There is a correlation between hormonal,
immunosuppressive therapy and cervical cancer [13,15,16].

The impact of tobacco smoking on the risk of malignancies has been carefully studied. The

results of epidemiological and experimental studies have recognized that tobacco smoking is a
carcinogenic factor for humans and is a risk factor for cancer of any localization [10].

The dependence of cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia on smoking has been

revealed.

Smoking plays the role of carcinogenesis promoter in cervical epithelium infected with

HPV, especially in flat cell cancer [11]. Intensive smoking reduces immune protection, and nicotine
plays a co-carcinogenic role in promoting the carcinogenic effects of viral infection in CIN and
cervical cancer. Studies have found nicotine and its derivatives in the cervical mucosa, and
smoking-related damage to the DNA of the cervical epithelium has been found [11,12,14,16] by
Appleby P. et al. (2006), Gadducci A. et al. (2011) believe that nicotine acts as an accompanying
carcinogenic factor [11,14]. In urogenital chlamydia occurs flat cell desquamation of the cervical
epithelium with the formation of right or pseudo-erosion, marked edema, swelling of the mucous
membrane abundant blood supply, tissue looseness, which creates favorable conditions for infection
with HPV, associated dysplasia and cervical cancer [1,5,8,9,10]. Chl. Trachomatis is an obligate
intracellular parasite, has tropism to the cylindrical epithelium, forming a primary lesion of the
mucous membrane of the cervix, where it can persist for a long time, causing various pathological
changes in the endocervical. International studies have found that women with similar risk factors
for cervical dysplasia are often found in people infected with the immunodeficiency virus. Cervical
injuries are an etiological factor in the metaplastic process of the cervix. Cervical injury is not an
etiological factor of carcinoma but is itself a subsequent chronic infection. 83% of cervical lesions
accompanied by inflammatory processes. Urogenital trichomoniasis causes a slow inflammatory
process on the mucous membrane of the cervix. Toxic effect of trichomoniasis on the cells of the
epithelium, provoking disruption of epithelial maturation and its partial destruction.

Chronic cervical erosion by trichomonade and their etiology in the presence of additional

risk factors capable of malignant transformation [12].

Role of HPV as a carcinogenic factor in intraepithelial neoplastic processes. Viral etiology

of neoplasia is the most complicated issue of modern oncology. In most cases, neoplasia cannot be
associated with carcinogenic factors. The viral etiology of cervical cancer is closely related to
studies of different localizations. The first time Rigoni-Stern suggested the theory of the infectious
origin of cervical cancer in 1842. For the first time in 1903, Borrel and Bosk proposed a theory of
the viral origin of tumors, Rous, Kidd (1938), Friedewald (1941) believe that viruses increase the
effect of carcinogenic factors.

Data from experimental studies of virileology first obtained by L.A. Silber (1945) and then

by Horsfall (1963) and Southam (1964) suggested that viruses act on the gene of normal cells and
affect the conversion of cells into cancers. The role of viruses in cancer transformation is different
from that of viruses when an infection occurs. After the transformation of normal cells into a tumor,
viruses do not influence the reproduction and growth of the tumor (9, 12,13,16). The central
etiological factor for intraepithelial cancer and precancerous tumors of cervical lesions is HPV with
a high carcinogenic risk (6,7,8,9). HPV is a group of viruses that confirms their inducing role in
human tumor formation in vivo [11,16].

In dysplasia and cervical cancer, the genetic material HPV is detected in 90-95% of samples.

Currently, more than 79 types of HPV are known to possess their specific properties [13,14].

More than 30 types can infect reproductive tract [11, 12] All types of HPV associated with

neoplasia can be roughly divided into 2 groups: The "high risk" found in malignant tumors and the
"low risk" found in benign cervical lesions and rarely in invasive cancer. High-risk viruses are
HPV16,18,31,33 which increase the risk of cervical cancer by a factor of 20-150, and HPV-6,1
[13,14] and "low risk".

Persistent infection mediated by HPV-KR increases the risk of cervical cancer (cancer) by a

factor of 10-20 and the onset of severe intraepithelial cervical neoplasia by a factor of 100 in


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

32

uninfected women [6,8,14,15]. Studies show that women infected with oncogenic HPV types have a
risk of progression of pre-existing low-level intraepithelial dysplasia (LSIL) to severe (HSIL) [1,4,6
12,13]. According to Guan P. (2012), Daily L.R. (2014), LSIL and HSIL are significant markers for
oncogene infection and complete HPV [5,6,7]. At the same time, the validity of the diagnosis of
precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in HPV-infected patients requires additional extensive
examination [10, 11].

The lifetime risk of HPV infection ranges from 50-90% [9]. Infection occurs in most cases

soon after the sexual debut [1], the peak of which was recorded in women younger than 25 [4].
However, with the integration of episomal HPV patients of this age, the virus is eliminated in most
patients with HPV [7]. Progress of chronic infection to the condition of different localization. The
first time a malignant neoplasm passes through some intermediate stages usually takes 10 to 20
years [10,12]. In the primary role of HPV in the development of cervical neoplasia and the high
prevalence of this infection in the population, HPV screening is an essential area of early diagnosis
of socially significant cervical diseases [8, 9, 10, 13]. The widespread detection of HPV in the
population without regard to the nature of the course of infection leads to an erroneous diagnosis
and determines the overly aggressive therapeutic and surgical tactics of a gynecologist and
oncologist [4,5].

Of particular importance are various retrospective and prospective studies aimed at revealing

the importance and interrelation of new risk factors affecting the persistence of HPV [2,4,5].
According to M.S. Afanasyev (2004), papillomavirus infection in the form of mixed associations is
found in 71% of cases. Most often accompanied by bacterial vaginosis (26.6%), candidiasis
vulvovaginitis (32%), herpes virus (18.4%), mycoplasma (18.1%) and chlamydia (18%), which
affect the genital tract, cause a background of vaginal microflora changes, is characterized by a
decrease in the frequency and number of obligate representatives and excessive growth of
opportunistic vaginal biocenosis [10,12].

To establish the theory of "virus is an etiological factor", several factors must be combined:
1) a continuously integrated or episomal form of DNT virus is detected in tumor cells;
2) viral genes cloned in vitro may be capable of nascent malignant tumors;
3) a regular expression of the viral gene in tumor cells;
4) in nature, similar viruses that cause tumors should also be detected;
5) epidemiological studies must prove the relationship between the tumor process and the

identified genetic material of the virus [1,3,4,5].

In cervical cancer, cell transcriptions of the viral genome are very important, and

preservation of the viral genome plays an important role in the proliferation of cells of cervical
cancer [15].

The process of HPV replication and the subsequent transformation of cells induced by it are

in some way related to the process of epithelium differentiation. The production of cellular growth
factor stimulates the expression of E6 and E7 genes and the proliferation of the epithelium.
Differentiation and maturation of flat epithelial cells are absent due to the suppression of native
protein shell synthesis. Cellular renewal of the epithelial layer is also impaired in the subsequent
stage of infection, which is based on proliferation and structural reorganization of epithelial cells at
the beginning of basal and parabasal layers [2,5,9,14]. Modern molecular genetic studies using PCR
95-100% of cases of cervical cancer cells are detected by the virus genome [5,6,8,9]. At present,
more than 100 types of HPV have been detected; more than 70 of them have been studied and
described in detail. Some types of human papillomavirus were found to infect only certain types of
epithelium causing characteristic changes. There are many works devoted to the detection of
different variants of virus genotypes and malignant transformation of cervical warts [2,6].

Of all types of the virus, only 34 human papillomas affect the anogenital zone. HPV affects

the basal layer of the flat epithelium (mainly affects the transition zone of the flat epithelium into
the cylindrical epithelium).

Kurtz (1993) and Schiffman (1994), pathomorphological changes caused by the papilloma

virus and classified as 1) benign atypia; 2) LSIL (Low-grade - Flat intraepithelial lesions) or CIN-I


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

33

(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) - mild dysplasia of the flat epithelium without signs of
colocytosis; 3) HSIL - (High Degree Flat Intraepithelial Lesions) or CIN-II-Medium Dysplasia; 4)
Severe Dysplasia or Intraepithelial Cancer (in situ) - CIN-III (1,5,6,7)

The discussion on the classification of dysplastic and preinvasive cancers continues to this

day. Dysplasia by the degree of severity is divided into three degrees and intraepithelial cancers are
separated into a separate group [10]. The groups of dysplasia based on virological and
pathomorphological criteria are not homogeneous.

It is not certain that dysplasia of different degree is a sequential stage of carcinogenesis [16].
The oncogenic potential of different types of HPV in terms of ability to cause dysplastic

processes and cervical cancer in low and high risk groups. Depending on the power of
transformation, the types of HPV cancers are 6.11, 42, 43, 44 low, while 16, 18, 48, 56 types of
high-risk groups. Types HPV 6 and 11 contribute to the emergence of spiky condoms in mild to
moderate dysplasia is very rare in cervical cancer. In cervical cancer HPV types 16 and 18 are most
often detected, with HPV 16 50-70%, HPV18 10-20%, other types of HPV are extremely rare
[2,4,6,8] HPV 16 type 21% of cases are found with CIN-I, 57% of cases - with CIN-II-III. HPV 16
and 18 types 67-93% of cases are associated with cervical cancer type 18 occurs twice as often as
type 16 (11,13) HPV 18, associated with adenocarcinoma, has a high oncogenic potential, the tumor
is rapidly progressing, and usually, the differentiation of the tumor is low, the prognosis is usually
poor (11,13). HPV is widespread and has high oncogenic potential (11). The team of authors
believes that the single effect of the papillomavirus in cells is not sufficient for cancer development.
When HPV-dependent carcinogenesis requires additional cofactors. Factors such as immortality and
transformation, which ensure cell division and differentiation, are also involved in the process of
carcinogenesis [1,4,6] Some authors believe that HPV viruses increase cervical proliferative
activity, violate the apoptosis mechanism, change the genetic code of epithelium and are additional
carcinogenesis of the cervix [4,7,8] Risk factors are: not an etiological factor for cancer
development, together with some other factors increases the risk of cancer. For a carcinogenic
factor to work, it is necessary to influence additional exogenous and endogenous factors [2,6,7].

HPV infection and cervical dysplastic processes are related to sexual life, education and the

effectiveness of the screening program [1,11,16]. Thus, all risk factors can be divided into two
groups - controlled and uncontrolled risk factors [9,12].

Controlled risk factors include early onset of sexual activity (up to 17-18 years of age),

frequently changing sexual partners and multiple sexual partners (3 or more) [4,6] disorderly sexual
intercourse increases the risk of infection and dysplastic processes, thereby increasing the risk of
cervical cancer by a factor of 5-7.5 [11,12]. Dysplastic processes occur mainly in married women,
especially those born again. Uncontrolled risk factors include genetic changes.

Morphological foundations of cervical cancer pathologies. Numerous clinical studies

confirm that the transformation of the normal cervical epithelium into cancer can be diagnosed in
advance by special methods. Only 2-11% of cancer cases occur in intact epithelium [2, 6, 10].

In order to understand the pathological process of processes, it is necessary to know the

normal histological structure of endo and ectocervical. Normally, the mucous membrane of the
cervix consists of the cover epithelium and stroma. In the vaginal part of the cervix of women of
reproductive age, age consists of an unroot, highly differentiated flat epithelium with complex
functional features. The multi-layer covering flat cervical epithelium has 4 layers: superficial,
intermediate, parabasal and basal [1,5,7].

The surface layer cells are polygonal with clear contours. Cell diameter is 35-50 microns;

the edges of the cytoplasm are sometimes curved. The nuclei are small in size, laid out in the center,
with painted cytoplasm. Surface layer cells are easily peeled, intermediate layer cells are round and
oval, less surface layer of cells (20-35 microns), cytoplasm, on the contrary, more than surface layer
cells, more basic than their cells. The cell nucleus is larger than the surface layer cells. Cells are
mostly found one by one. Parabasal cells of 15-18 microns in size, with transparent borders, in
cytological preparations are revealed in pre- and postmenopausal period. Cell cytoplasm in the form


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

34

of a thin basophilic bezophile, strongly colored. The cell nucleus is located in the center. Cells are
mostly located alone, very rarely in groups.

Cells of the basal layer are 15-20 mm in size, mostly rounded, sometimes oval cells. Cell

nuclei are large, intensely colored, surrounded by a thin border of basophilic stained cytoplasm
[4,5,6,8]. The ratio of epithelium cells to layer change depending on age, the phase of the menstrual
cycle of a woman. Women in the pre-menstrual and post-menstrual periods are mainly found in
cells of the intermediate, parabasal and basal layers. Fragments of the flat epithelium, red blood
cells, leukocytes and single neutrophils can also be found in the smears. Sometimes epithelial cells
of the upper parts (endometrium, uterine tubes) of the genitals, epithelial cells, various bacterial
flora, sperm cells. In smears from the cervical canal cells of the cylindrical epithelium are found. In
pathocytological smears on cells of cylindrical form and epithelium of rounded shape and are
located in complexes. The appearance of the epithelium depends on the projection of the cell in
cytological smears. Epithelial cells of the cervical canal in the lateral projection of a rectangular
shape with uneven fields. Cell nuclei are round or oval, basophilic. Cell cytoplasm in the form of a
thin edging is located at the base of the cells. When the study of single-layer formation on the top or
bottom of the cells, tightly adjoining each other cells resemble honeycombs. The cell nucleus is in
the center of cells [6,7,9].

The type of invasive cancer is flat cell cancer with cornification, flat cell cancer without

cornification, adenocarcinoma, dimorphic flat cell carcinoma and undifferentiated cancer [4,5,7].

Background diseases that create a background for cancer development contribute to the

process. In many untreated cases, precancerous diseases develop into cancer [3,5,7].

According to many authors, the process of malignant transformation of the cervical

epithelium goes through several successive stages - dysplasia, in situ cancer, invasive cancer. In
some cases, in dysplasia without progressing to the stage of in situ cancer, invasive cancer develops.

Conclusions

: Summarizing the above, we can say that the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of

emergence and development of precancerous diseases of the cervix are not fully understood and
require further in-depth study.


Reference:

1.

Ferlay, J., F. Bray, P. Pisani, and D. M. Parkin. GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence,
Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 5, version 2.0. Lyon, France:
IARC; 2004.

2.

US Cancer Statistics Working Group. United States Cancer Statistics: 2004 Incidence and
Mortality. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute; 2007.

3.

Muñoz, N., F. X. Bosch, and S. de Sanjosé. et al. Epidemiologic classification of human
papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 20036;348(6):518–527.

4.

Robertson, J. H., B. Woodend, and H. Elliott. Cytological changes preceding cervical cancer.
J Clin Pathol, 1994. 47 (3):278–279.

5.

Schiffman, M. and D. Solomon. Findings to date from the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study
(ALTS). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003. 127 (8):946–949.

6.

Ismail, S. M., A. B. Colclough, and J. S. Dinnen. et al. Observer variation in histopathological
diagnosis and grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BMJ 1989. 298, (6675):707–710.

7.

Crum, C. P., K. Egawa, and Y. S. Fu. et al. Atypical immature metaplasia (AIM): a subset of
human papillomavirus virus infection of the cervix. Cancer in 1983. 51 (12):2214–2219.

8.

Duggan, M. A., M. Akbari, and A. M. Magliocco. Atypical immature cervical metaplasia:
immunoprofiling and longitudinal outcome. Hum Pathol, 2006. 37 (11):1473–1481.

9.

Iaconis, L., E. Hyjek, L. H. Ellenson, and E. C. Pirog. p16 and Ki-67 immunostaining in
atypical immature squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix: correlation with human
papillomavirus detection [published correction appears in Arch Pathol Lab Med.
2008;132(1):13]. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007. 131 (9):1343–1349.


background image

ЎЗБЕК ТИББИЁТ ЖУРНАЛИ | УЗБЕКСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ | UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL

№4 | 2020

35

10.

Geng, L., D. C. Connolly, C. Isacson, B. M. Ronnett, and K. R. Cho. Atypical immature
metaplasia (AIM) of the cervix: is it related to the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
(HSIL)? Hum Pathol, 1999. 30 (3):345–351.

11.

Ma, L., J. M. Fisk, R. R. Zhang, E. C. Ulukus, C. P. Crum, and W. Zheng. Eosinophilic
dysplasia of the cervix: a newly recognized variant of cervical squamous intraepithelial
neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 2004. 28 (11):1474–1484.

12.

Jaworski, R. C., N. F. Pacey, M. L. Greenberg, and R. A. Osborn. The histologic diagnosis of
adenocarcinoma in situ and related lesions of the cervix uteri: adenocarcinoma in situ. Cancer
1988. 61:1171–1181.

13.

Ostor, A. G., A. Duncan, M. Quinn, and R. Rome. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine
cervix: an experience with 100 cases. Gynecol Oncol 2000. 79:207–210.

14.

Denehy, T. R., C. A. Gregori, and J. L. Breen. Endocervical curettage, cone margins, and
residual adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1997. 90:1–6.

15.

Poynor, E. A., R. R. Barakat, and W. J. Hoskins. Management and follow-up of patients with
adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1995. 57:158–164.

16.

Andersen, E. S. and E. Arffmann. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: a
clinicopathologic study of 36 cases. Gynecol Oncol 1989. 35:1–7

17.

Bertrand, M., G. M. Lickrish, and T. J. Colgan. The anatomic distribution of cervical
adenocarcinoma in situ: implications for treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987. 157:21–25.

18.

Muntz, H. G., D. A. Bell, J. M. Lage, B. A. Goff, S. Feldman, and L. W. Rice.
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1992. 80:935–939.

19.

Ostor, A. G., R. Pagano, R. A. Davoren, D. W. Fortune, W. Chanen, and R. Rome.
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1984. 3:179–190.

20.

Qizilbash, A. H. In situ and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinical,
cytologic and histologic study of 14 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1975. 64:155–170.

21.

Shin, C. H., J. O. Schorge, K. R. Lee, and E. E. Sheets. Conservative management of
adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2000. 79:6–10.

22.

Tobon, H. and H. Dave. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix: clinicopathologic observations
of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1988. 7:139–151.

Библиографические ссылки

Ferlay, J., F. Bray, P. Pisani, and D. M. Parkin. GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. [ARC CancerBase No. 5, version 2.0. Lyon, France: 1ARC; 2004.

US Cancer Statistics Working Group. United States Cancer Statistics: 2004 Incidence and Mortality. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute; 2007.

Munoz, N., F. X. Bosch, and S. de Sanjosc. et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 20036;348(6):518-527.

Robertson, J. H., B. Woodend, and H. Elliott. Cytological changes preceding cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol, 1994. 47 (3):278-279.

Schiffman, M. and D. Solomon. Findings to date from the ASCUS-LS1L Triage Study (ALTS). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003. 127 (8):946-949.

Ismail, S. M., A. B. Colclough, and J. S. Dinncn. ct al. Observer variation in histopathological diagnosis and grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BMJ 1989. 298, (6675):707-710.

Crum, С. P., K.. Egawa, and Y. S. Fu. ct al. Atypical immature metaplasia (AIM): a subset of human papillomavirus virus infection of the cervix. Cancer in 1983. 51 (12):2214-2219.

Duggan, M. A., M. Akbari, and A. M. Magliocco. Atypical immature cervical metaplasia: immunoprofiling and longitudinal outcome. Hum Pathol, 2006. 37 (11): 1473-1481.

laconis, L., E. Hyjck, L. H. Ellenson, and E. C. Pirog. pl6 and Ki-67 immunostaining in atypical immature squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix: correlation with human papillomavirus detection [published correction appears in Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008; 132(1): 13]. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007. 131 (9): 1343-1349.

Geng, L., D. C. Connolly, C. Isacson, В. M. Ronnett, and K. R. Cho. Atypical immature metaplasia (AIM) of the cervix: is it related to the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)? Hum Pathol, 1999. 30 (3):345—351.

Ma, L., J. M. Fisk, R. R. Zhang, E. C. Ulukus, С. P. Crum, and W. Zheng. Eosinophilic dysplasia of the cervix: a newly recognized variant of cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 2004. 28 (11); 1474-1484.

Jaworski, R. C., N. F. Pacey, M. L. Greenberg, and R. A. Osborn. The histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ and related lesions of the cervix uteri: adenocarcinoma in situ. Cancer 1988. 61:1171-1181.

Ostor, A. G., A. Duncan, M. Quinn, and R. Rome. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: an experience with 100 cases. Gynecol Oncol 2000. 79:207-210.

Denehy, T. R., C. A. Gregori, and J. L. Breen. Endocervical curettage, cone margins, and residual adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1997. 90:1-6.

Poynor, E. A., R. R. Barakat, and W. J. Hoskins. Management and follow-up of patients with adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1995. 57:158-164.

Andersen, E. S. and E. Arffmann. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathologic study of 36 cases. Gynecol Oncol 1989. 35:1-7

Bertrand, M., G. M. Lickrish, and T. J. Colgan. The anatomic distribution of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ: implications for treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987. 157:21-25.

Muntz, H. G., D. A. Bell, J. M. Lage, B. A. Goff, S. Feldman, and L. W. Rice. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1992. 80:935-939.

Ostor, A. G., R. Pagano, R. A. Davoren, D. W. Fortune, W. Chanen, and R. Rome. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1984. 3:179-190.

Qizilbash, A. H. In situ and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a clinical, cytologic and histologic study of 14 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1975. 64:155-170.

Shin, С. H., J. O. Schorge, K. R. Lee, and E. E. Sheets. Conservative management of adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2000. 79:6-10.

Tobon, H. and H. Dave. Adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix: clinicopathologic observations of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1988. 7:139-151.

inLibrary — это научная электронная библиотека inConference - научно-практические конференции inScience - Журнал Общество и инновации UACD - Антикоррупционный дайджест Узбекистана UZDA - Ассоциации стоматологов Узбекистана АСТ - Архитектура, строительство, транспорт Open Journal System - Престиж вашего журнала в международных базах данных inDesigner - Разработка сайта - создание сайтов под ключ в веб студии Iqtisodiy taraqqiyot va tahlil - ilmiy elektron jurnali yuridik va jismoniy shaxslarning in-Academy - Innovative Academy RSC MENC LEGIS - Адвокатское бюро SPORT-SCIENCE - Актуальные проблемы спортивной науки GLOTEC - Внедрение цифровых технологий в организации MuviPoisk - Смотрите фильмы онлайн, большая коллекция, новинки кинопроката Megatorg - Доска объявлений Megatorg.net: сайт бесплатных частных объявлений Skinormil - Космецевтика активного действия Pils - Мультибрендовый онлайн шоп METAMED - Фармацевтическая компания с полным спектром услуг Dexaflu - от симптомов гриппа и простуды SMARTY - Увеличение продаж вашей компании ELECARS - Электромобили в Ташкенте, Узбекистане CHINA MOTORS - Купи автомобиль своей мечты! PROKAT24 - Прокат и аренда строительных инструментов