Economics and Innovative Technologies. Vol. 2019, No. 5, september-october
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Theoretical and methodological basis of the nature study and
characteristics of craft work.
Ubaydullo V. Gafurov
1
D.Sc. professor, Tashkent State University of Economics Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, 100066, Tashkent, Islom Karimov street, 49
Zulfiya A. Khamidova
2
PhD student of the Tashkent State University of Economics
Uzbekistan, 100066, Tashkent, Islom Karimov street, 49
E-mail:
Abstract:
This article examines various controversial views on the increasing importance of
craftsmanship today. Due to the wide variety of types of craft activities, it is difficult to give a
single, precise and general description of the craft, so the opinions are compared and a detailed
explanation of the concept of craftsmanship and the factors influencing it.
Keywords:
crafts, craftsmanship, types of crafts, products, handicrafts, creativity.
Introduction
Historically, handicraft activities are one of the key factors in the socio-economic
development of society, and craftsmen play a significant role in society as a separate social
category. It is precisely the high level of development of craftsmanship that was important
in strengthening the socio-economic basis of the society and the development of both
domestic and foreign trade and economic relations.
Nowadays Bukhara, Samarkand, Khorezm, and Ferghana have a unique place among
the countries of the world with their historical monuments and products, which are
examples of craftsmanship. Various exhibitions are being held in these and other regions
of Uzbekistan, both locally and internationally as part of the inherited national crafts. It
should be noted that the Association "Hunarmand" of the Republic of Uzbekistan became
a member of the World Craft Council [1]. This organization was founded in Belgium in 1964
as a non-profit organization and supports workshops around the world through seminars,
conferences, and exhibitions to preserve and enhance the rich cultural heritage. WCC
membership opens up great opportunities for Uzbek artisans to develop international
cooperation and exhibitions abroad. [2]
In September of this year, under the auspices of UNESCO, the first International
Handicraft Festival was held in Kokand, Uzbekistan, attended by more than 370 skilled
artisans, prominent scientists, art historians, media workers from 78 countries. The city of
Kokand was the first WCC Commonwealth of Independent States to be awarded the title
"City of World Craftsmen". In other words, the city of Kokand has a worthy place on the
world crafts map.
The involvement of community members in the cultural field is quite common and
takes place at different intensities and between different countries. It depends on the role
of the state in society and the economy, as well as the institutional framework and
priorities for the implementation of cultural policy [4]. At present, in the age of
globalization and high technology, craftsmanship is simply a relic of the past, but the study
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of its historical fundamentals, the widespread support of the state and society is one of the
pressing issues.
Literature review
Different studies have raised controversial views on the history of handicraft
development and its increasing relevance today. Due to the wide variety of types of craft
activities, it is difficult to give a unified, accurate and general description and description of
craft and crafts [5].
According to Ya. Abalkin, craftsmanship is the production of high quality, often high
artistic products by skilled craftsmen with the use of simple machines.
Brockuz refers to craftsmanship as "a production system whereby a manufacturer
produces a limited number of products for the local market with the same social class" [8].
Here, the author is limited to a description that is common to other industries, not to
mention individual crafts.
In his book "The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith talks
about the role of handicraft in the development of society and its peculiarities and engages
in all European craftsmanship and production. He divided the labor to two types: skilled
labor which requires special skills and unskilled labor which does not require special skills.
It is also believed that the proper distribution of labor, regardless of the type and extent of
any craftsmanship, will result in increased labor productivity and the emergence of various
new occupations due to this advantage [9].
In his research, S. Battye put forward some points. "Craft is an art, but we need to
do more to understand the nature of the subject. Perhaps if we look at history, our
thoughts will become clearer. Craft comes from two main sources:
First, public service handicraft;
Secondly, there are relatively little artistic crafts based on the innate, creative
desires of mankind.
The basic needs of a person, I want to emphasize the word "basic," are food,
clothing, and shelter. However, these basic needs are not enough for either a primitive or
civilized society, so there has been a conception of art, crafts, or, more specifically, design
and crafts. These aspects cannot be ignored. I want to summarize these points simply:
craftsmanship is the ability to practice individual skills" [10].
Also, many foreign researchers have tried to analyze the current trend of craft
development. Among them are researchers like Campanaa G., Cimattia B., Melosia F. Many
of the industrial companies, although industrialized, have come up with ideas about the
need to engage in production to increase the cost and quality of products. need skills. The
value of products can increase if hand labor is used to improve the quality and originality
of non-standard products. The production of specific products can be so complex that full
automation of the process is either technically impossible or cost-effective and can only be
done efficiently through the work of well-trained and experienced workers [11].
Although the quantity and quality of handicrafts affect the price of the final product
and contribute to its sales, most taxonomies of production systems are unfortunately
ignored, so a new taxonomy with the existing craftsmanship in production activities.
Several factors should be considered confidential:
- skill and creativity.
- culture, history, and traditions.
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- regional proportionality [12].
Richard Sennet believes that crafting skills should be rediscovered not only for
historical memory, but also for enhancing its autonomy, communicating with customers,
developing social aspects of the craft, and creating high-quality products. In his view,
craftsmanship can reverse the stagnation of the emergence of industrialized society, and
crafts are powerful, and most importantly, human endeavor to do its job skillfully" [13].
Chris Anderson, director of Wired magazine, argues that the next industrial
revolution will be led by a new generation of high-tech craft breweries capable of
delivering highly personalized products on a small scale [14].
Stefano Micelli focuses on handicraft as the key to a brighter future for Made in Italy
while identifying the rich history and traditions of handicraft as a key element in enhancing
the competitiveness of Italian businesses [15].
According to Tatyana Bichek, craftsmanship is the implementation of the production
and sale of goods, works, services, hand tools, and tools, which, unlike entrepreneurial
activity, can be carried out independently without labor and (or) civil law contracts. [16].
Today, leading examples of craft culture show that there is insufficient reform in the
area to attract more resources for the development of handicraft or to open a handicraft
school, to re-evaluate the skills of handmade and values such as the willingness to pay for
quality should be changed [17].
Also, the state's policy to support crafts varies with the actual definition of crafts.
On the one hand, handicraft is part of cultural heritage, and on the other hand, handicraft
is viewed as part of the CCI (Cultural and creative industries). In this case, the justification
for support is related to public goods, external factors, originality, and historical value, as
well as the preservation of handicrafts and their transfer to future generations [18].
In addition to examining the views of foreign scholars on handicraft and its features,
we can be sure that the practical and theoretical significance of this topic is widely studied
in many studies.
Besides, we can find information about crafts in local scientific literature and
research.
The National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan, a national-traditional handicraft industry,
is a type of industry that is based on individual and handicraft products; These are the
common names of the professions in which these products are made, and are divided into
three types, depending on the stages of community development and the division of labor:
1) homemade crafts;
2) handicraft making products;
3) craft production for the market [19].
The encyclopedia has a general approach to the concept of handicrafts, which
consists only of small goods and is viewed as an individual activity. However, as a result of
the research, not only small but timely, large-scale government needs have been
established in the collective, that is, in the production of craftsmanship at the enterprises.
We can in winter.
In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek language, a craftsman is considered to be
a person of art, a master, a man of skill, a gifted and able person, that is, the profession of
producing goods at home or in his shop. - The owner of art; He is a master of his
profession. Craftsmanship has been described as the production area of the profession of
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craftsmen [20]. As we know, the attitude to the essence of any socially important concept
changes over the years, depending on the stages of society's development. This definition
does not reveal the full essence of craftsmanship. This is because production cannot be
handcrafted by any type of professional and it has its distinctive features.
N. Kadyrov explains that "Craftsmanship activities are activities of individuals who
are not legal entities to produce crafts or goods (works, services)" [21] This idea is
somewhat controversial, and today there is also a production of goods or services in the
crafts sector using advanced technologies that are substituting for manual labor. What is
rhinestone?
As R.Abdullaeva explained: “Handicraft is a highly skilled work that combines
national traditions and individual creativity with constantly developing and new
professional orientations and It is a form of high-tech, even innovative, production of
forms [22]. The author believes that the unusual demand of buyers who are tired of buying
a wide range of consumer goods today and who want to buy original, environmentally
friendly products can be met by expanding entrepreneurship in the craft business, and
mistaking crafts as an area of entrepreneurship. Because craftsmanship and
entrepreneurship are different. For example, an important and essential feature of
entrepreneurial activity is a high level of risk and desire to make a profit. In craftsmanship,
creative approach and traditionality are at the forefront. True, the craftsman also tries to
make a profit by selling his results. However, this income is labor compensation. The profit
of the business is mainly the payment for the effective coordination and management of
the factors of production and the risk of liability.
Methodology
This article analyzes the ideas put forward by foreign and local scholars on the topic.
Methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific abstractions were also used.
Result and Analysis
The views expressed in the context of this topic are inextricably linked to the
researches of each researcher and the changes in the region and periodicity in which they
reside. Based on the present day and its role and features in our country, it is advisable to
rely on the following considerations when describing craftsmanship activities:
Craftsmanship is a creative activity that produces tangible goods or services that have
their distinctive features and characteristics;
Craftsmanship has historically been a pre-industrial and industrial activity and is one
of the main activities to meet the population's demand for various products and
services
While maintaining the national traditions of craftsmanship, it has made significant
advances in science and technology in the production and service processes
Many types of craftsmanship activities have been forgotten over the years by the loss of
demand, and some have continued and improved due to the persistent demand, and so on
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Graph 1. Theoretical Approach to Craftsmanship activities
Based on the above considerations, the work of crafts can be described as follows:
Craftsmanship –
is a creative and artistic-national approach, with its distinctive features
and features such as traditional, highly organized, individually or in small communities,
creative activity in the form of material goods or services that do not have the
characteristics of technological and mass industrial production.
Admittedly, in today's modern market economy and industrial society, new
technologies are also being used in the crafts industry, so modern artisans are trying to
automate their activities. In this way, he looks like an ordinary businessman, but he
produces products that meet the national customs and traditions while retaining national
symbols. It also has its distinctive features, unlike any other activity of crafts, and requires
the adherence to established production principles along with certain priorities in the
creation of products and services.
Graph 1. Characteristics of Craftsmanship activities.
Certainly, theoretical approaches to handicraft activities and their characteristics
are closely linked to the socio-economic needs of the population, their role in the
development stages of society, religion, national traditions, and living conditions. Crafts, as
well as other activities, change over the years, and some of its areas are missing and new
types of activities need to be developed. Although today the basic needs of the population
are satisfied on the basis of industrial production, the demand for craftsmanship is not
exhausted.
With a detailed analysis of the aforementioned ideas and considerations, a closer
look at the conditions for the development of handicrafts can be combined into a series of
influencing factors, irrespective of time or space.
CRAFTSMANSHIP
Based on national
traditions
Creativity
Master-
disciple
system was
established
Manual
labor is
superior
Historically
primitive
instruments are
used
Inheritance from
generation to
generation
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Graph 2. Factors influencing the formation and development of crafts.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted that the theoretical and methodological approach
to handicraft depends primarily on the peculiarities of its formation and development in
different countries. Handicrafts are very lively, unlike any other activity, and have been
preserved for centuries in any country with their cultural history. This is important in the
socio-economic life of the country. The development of national crafts based on
historically established traditions will not only glorify the history and rich heritage of the
country but also provide employment for the regions and expand tourism opportunities.
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