Vol. 2 No. 04 (2022)

The article provides insights into the innovative processes of teaching students to embroider by hand and machine, which is one of the types of folk crafts.

During the years of independence, the attention to Uzbek women has risen to the level of state policy. President Shavkat Mirziyoyev said that further strengthening the role and place of women in public administration is one of the priorities of our reforms. Under her leadership, the problems of more than 6 million women have been thoroughly studied by door-to-door visits by officials, banks and local governments. Although it is bitter, we must admit the truth: as a result of our studies, for the first time, the real situation on the ground has emerged. On this basis, the "Women's Book" is being formed, practical solutions are being found to many socio-economic problems that afflict women. The newly established "Women's Advisory Councils" in the mahallas are also closely assisting in this work. But this is just the beginning of what we need to do to solve women's problems.

Soil salinity i.e. the presence of a solution of salts in the soil solution above the alternative level for plants, leads to a decrease in productivity, which has a negative impact on the growth and development of wheat plants. Complex environmental conditions lead to a decrease in product quality, which is important for the economy, while reducing the yield of wheat. Improving the salinity resistance of wheat remains one of the most pressing issues today. The most effective environmentally friendly way to increase the resistance of plants to salinity is to create varieties that are resistant to these extreme conditions and to accelerate their introduction into production.                                                                                                                

The comprehensive development of physical culture and sports is a complex and difficult, multifaceted task that plays a special role in the development of society. Physical education is inextricably linked with moral education. During sports competitions, the athlete develops honesty, dignity, respect for his opponent and other moral qualities. Regular physical activity and sports have a strong positive effect on mental development. The relationship of mental labor with exercise and sports training is directly interrelated.

This article examines the development of physical education in higher education institutions.

This article discusses the current topic of cybersecurity in the modern process of globalization, the need to study and teach the correct use of digital technologies used in pedagogy, in what areas it is used, the dangers posed by viruses, and measures to eliminate them. outlined.

This paper describes the possibilities of further enhancing the developmental, critical thinking skills of students by making changes to the form and content of the chemical experiment in the general secondary education system. The organization of chemical experiments in accordance with real industrial processes is another tool to ensure that chemistry education is linked to practice.

Consistent measures are being taken in our country to modernize national medical and pharmaceutical education, introduce international educational standards in this field, conduct comprehensive research on current issues of public health, as well as create an effective system of spiritual and moral education of young people.

The article discusses the duality of approaches to the role of monopolies in the market. The historical periodization of the development of monopolies, systemic risks and contradictions of monopolies are also considered.   

This article analyzes the problem of professional responsibility of students, the specific aspects of achieving the formation of professional culture and pedagogical responsibility in the training of future teachers in the process of qualification and pedagogical practice. It also reveals the importance of the process by which future teachers realize the importance of social responsibilities and develop a sense of direct responsibility for their implementation.

Language is the basis of the human communication used to exchange meanings between persons and even between generations; therefore it allows us to communicate with each other in a meaningful way.

Creative mechanisms for developing students' organizational skills in the process of independent learning in higher education institutions around the world are applied to the educational process. In this regard, to implement large-scale projects to develop students' organizational skills in higher education, modeling the independent learning process, saving students' time and using it effectively, creating electronic information educational resources, using modern pedagogical and information and communication technologies, developing students' creative thinking and practical skills Systematic work is underway.

As in any process, the digitization of the education system requires a thorough theoretical and methodological justification. Among the methodological foundations of creating a digital learning environment, principles also take precedence. Consequently, the principles determine the organizational and methodological correctness of the activity, the rational definition of directions, the relationship between the goal and the result. The article discusses the description of the priority principles of creating a digital learning environment.

The maximum effectiveness of the process of preparation for the e-learning environment can be achieved only through the coordinated development of psychological, technical, technological, information, legal, methodological and other components of the process. The introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the educational process has led to the creation of a new form of teaching - distance learning - in addition to traditional teaching methods.

This article discusses the issues of legal regulation of part-time work and its types. The legal features of the types of working time analyzed in the article are an urgent subject of research, which is of great importance for the regulation of relations between employer and hired and subordinate employee. The scientific publication analyzes the problems of establishing part-time work. Based on the analysis of the current legislation in the sphere of labor, the author formulates the criteria that allow distinguishing between these types of working time.

Educational processes in the pedagogical activity of future teachers, the development of a harmonious personality, the requirements for the personality of the teacher, the importance of personal development to ensure the development of the individual, the positive skills of each person's lessons and intellectual potential is the process of giving to others.

Currently, a lot of attention is paid to the wide use of samples of our culture, values, National Art, samples of fine art created by our ancestors and famous all over the world in the education of young people. The reflection of the image of our great compatriots and great scientists living in the past in the works of Fine Art also imposes responsible duties on the people of creativity. Famous artist Rahim Akhmedov is a people's artist who left a bright mark in the fine art of Uzbekistan. His works are distinguished by their own fertility, compositional solution. In this article, opinions and comments will be made about the scientific interpretation of the creativity of Rakhim Akhmedov in the art of painting of Uzbekistan.

In this article you will be aware of  many aspects of STEM education, that is  the article provides a historical perspective regarding the roots of STEM and then follows up with the contemporary aspects of STEM education. The “T & E” of STEM education are also explored. The article culminates with the roles teaches play in STEM education.

The paper involves the construction of chemical tasks in chemistry in the general secondary education system and the use of systematic methods of analysis in their solution. Approaching combined tasks on the basis of systematic analysis and interpreting them on the basis of illustrative tools has a significant impact on increasing the level of mastery and interest of students.

This article describes the conduct of practical training in manufacturing enterprises, taking into account the rapid development and change of the market economy, integrating the educational process of students with traditional educational standards from students to competitive, mature cadres upon graduation. At the same time, the formation of students' culture in the process of practical training with corporations is highlighted.

The content of the stages of development of the theory and methodology of physical education in a special school is analyzed. Students with hearing impairments are examined as a subject of physical education research.

To make proposals for rational use of irrigated lands by studying the characteristics of the Collector-trench waters of the region using Physico-Chemical and statistical methods.

This article analyzes the experimental program for running specific study in medical universities on improving quality of study. The main aim is to develop of communicative competence of  future medical specialists in their professional activity. It focuses on concrete experiment held in 3 medical universities of Uzbekistan, with the description of program of pilot testing. In order to disseminate and generalize pedagogical experience, the article considers the relevance, theoretical foundations and methodology for conducting and implementing a pedagogical experiment in educational activities.

The article reveals the essence of factors such as worldview. value orientations and life goals, life path influencing the formation of a life strategy for students.

This article analyzes the use of concepts associated with educating secondary schools students in the spirit of anti-ignorance enlightenment.

The article discusses the temporal category where the temporal means of expression are analyzed in the English and Russian languages. While analysis the universal and cultural elements   are discovered in two languages.

In this article, any electrical circuit consists of one or more sources and consumers of electrical energy connected by interconnected wires and is therefore called an electrical circuit, which generates an electric current and ensures its flow They are selected out of power kekb, which is said to be a set of devices that form a closed path.

Style is a reference language that has its own vocabulary, fixed combinations, sentences, and syntactic devices, and is a linguistic system that differs from other types in its internal elements, mainly expressive features.  Elements of a particular style are easier to identify when they differ from other style elements. For example, the style of parables, the style of folk epics, the style of speech, the style of newspaper language, the style of office, the book style, the style of literature, the style of science, the style of science and technology, the style of publicism, the style of speech, the style of written speech style, etc.  Style is a set of basic, typical ideological and artistic features of a writer's work that are repeated in his works.  All of these must have their own alternatives in the translation.  One cannot be replaced or substituted for another. In this article we discuss about information colloquial style in English and it's translation problems into Uzbek.

The article focuses on the issue of achieving high-quality education on the basis of the current “development strategy of New Uzbekistan”.

The higher the intergenerational transmission of the signs of movement knowledge, the higher the advantage of the individual in realizing his motor potential in the context of specialized exercises. A young athlete may not be able to compensate for his or her genotypically limited capabilities under the same conditions or even after intense exercise with moderate hereditary performance and may not achieve great results in sports, but may show great ability in other areas of activity.

This article describes the application of blended learning technologies based on the Rotation model to increase student learning effectiveness in PIMA schools, the advantages and disadvantages of the application process.

The continuous increase in oil production and refining around the world requires the improvement and intensification of the processes of dehydration and desalting through the use of non-traditional methods of external influence, incl. electrophysical. This is dictated by the fact that in recent years oil-water emulsions with high stability, which are difficult to destroy even at the high costs of expensive imported demulsifiers, have often been supplied to oil treatment plants (OTPs).

This article describes the analysis of the technology of teaching deaf pedagogical disciplines in higher education. The essence of the principles of scientific, conscious and active, comprehensible, visual, thorough, individual approach, consistency and regularity, the relevance of theory to practice and other principles used in the process of special education is revealed.

Interactive technologies approaches to communicative competence formation in future teachers, just psycho-pedagogical aspects of such phenomenon becoming are covered in this article.

After the independence of Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, the system of social protection of children has undergone profound reforms and changes. In the process of development of Uzbekistan as a state governed by the rule of law, the President has identified the rule of law as a key factor in protecting the interests of every citizen, regardless of gender, nationality, race or age.

Every day we have more information about the effects of COVID-19 on pregnant women, the data is updated. So far, evidence suggests that the risk of miscarriage in pregnant women with COVID-19 is not high. To date, existing scientific studies have reported some cases of intrauterine or perinatal infection, but this is very rare and COVID-19 infection is unlikely to cause fetal malformation. The few cases known in infants infected with a coronavirus infection in the early days are mild. There are no serious cases in our observations. In terms of maternal complications, the most complex pneumonias occur in this period in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the postpartum period, i.e., a few weeks after birth, in unvaccinated pregnant women. COVID-19 infection in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is associated with several complications. However, due to complications in the mother (especially in the third trimester of pregnancy), the frequency of preterm births has increased.

This article describes the content of ideas and approaches that play an important role in the formation and development of correctional and pedagogical assistance. The experience of past deaf educators, ie the history of the development of deaf pedagogy, is given in detail.

This article mainly discusses the methods used in assessing the financial condition of the enterprise and their effectiveness. as well as you will be aware of marketing development methods and their analysis.

The article provides clear information about the correct organization of football competitions in  higher educational institutions, the correct execution of regulatory documents on the organization of competitions, the system of competitions and the importance of competitions.

This article aims to improve the quality of education by creating new opportunities for higher education institutions to support innovative forms of education based on a corporate approach to education

In this article, the volume of production, services and their growth in the national economy is determined and analyzed at the macroeconomic level through a system of indicators.  Macroeconomic indicators are used to analyze the state of the economy as a whole, its growth or decline, and draw conclusions.  They help the state determine its economic policy.  The system of macroeconomic indicators allows you to visualize the gross domestic product and all stages of its movement, ie the stages of production, distribution, redistribution and consequent use.  One of the key macroeconomic indicators is GDP.  Gross domestic product is the market value of all final goods and services created in the territory of the country, regardless of who created them for a certain period (one year), on which these topics are discussed.

This article describes the analysis of didactic principles in the school of deaf children. The essence of the principles of scientific, conscious and active, comprehensible, visual, thorough, individual approach, consistency and regularity, the relevance of theory to practice and other principles used in the process of special education is revealed.

Butadiene - typical diene hydrocarbon with the interfaced double communications, will easily be polymerized and copolymerizing with styrene, nitriles or air of acrylic or methacrylic acids, blamed - and methylvinylpyridine, blamed - and vinylidene chloride, isobutylene, an isoprene, etc. Butadiene is the main monomer applied in modern industrial production of synthetic rubbers. One of decisive factors at determination of prospects of this or that method of synthesis of butadiene is existence of resources and cost of used raw materials. The method of two-phasic dehydrogenation of butadiene, despite simplicity of the basis of chemical transformations, demands creation of very difficult and powerintensive technology. It induced many researchers to search of conditions of reaction of dehydrogenation of butadiene under which the exit of butadiene would be maximum. Process of vacuum dehydrogenation of butadiene is developed in the USA by Gudri's firm.

This article covers rotational motion, angular velocity, instantaneous angular velocity, angular acceleration, mechanical motion, material point. 

The article under discussion depicts the pedagogical ideas of the great thinkers of the East on problems of upbringing and education of the young generation. The authors of the article consider that the pedagogical ideas of the great thinkers of the East are a significant contribution to the world pedagogy. A retrospective analysis of the history of pedagogical thought in the East shows that human self-value, ascent to the values formed in childhood, caring attitude to children are an integral part of historical and cultural pedagogical tradition.

Properly organized independent work creates the basis for students to acquire learning experience, life skills, social and professional attractiveness, opportunities for personal and self-esteem. Independent education forms professional competencies.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, their aggressive policies intensified in local territories. During the 20-30s of the past century, the Soviet government carried on the cruel policy, which was intended to make the local population irreligious. This article serves to illuminate those processes via periodical sources.

This article focuses on pedagogical didactics in the process of improving the technology of training pedagogical staff in a digitalized learning environment, based on the application of distance learning and blended learning technologies and models in the process of improving the effectiveness of distance learning.

This scientific work was prepared as part of the preparation of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The author has consistently reviewed the legal acts adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which have become fundamental in the field of anti-corruption expertise, as well as contributing to the further reform of this institution. Also, proposals were put forward to improve the mechanisms for conducting anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The article describes the history of naming ancient Egyptian papyri, which played an important role in the history of traditional medicine, records of their treatment of various diseases, recommendations and suggestions for the prevention and prognosis of diseases.

E-showcasing, Internet promoting, Online advertising they alludes to publicizing and promoting endeavors which they use messages and web as their technique for business. This article depicts about how fire up firms use networks has zeroed in on direct impacts of either the individual organization around the business person or the proper coordinated effort network around the firm and incorporates various types of brands fostering their items utilizing e-promoting. The new e-business improvement is fostering a record; developing the business and extending your administrations whenever you've laid out a client relationship The ability and readiness to create oversee and put together an undertaking alongside any of its dangers to create a gain. Which is most clear illustration of business venture is the beginning of new e-organizations.

India is probably the most extravagant country on the planet regarding ecological and regular assets. This regular variety in life is additionally reflected in the demography of the land. Albeit the purpose for the segment variety and ecological are unique, the taking advantage of human populace of the land has relied upon the ecological in numerous ways since quite a while. It is turned into a danger to the ecological now a days and the endurance of greenery. Hence, it is essential to know and like the varieties of greenery alongside the human ecological. As per the appraisal of IUCN in 1994, Indian topographical regions contained 172, or 2.9% of IUCN-assigned undermined species. These incorporate the Bengal Asiatic lion, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which experienced a close elimination ingesting the dead assortments of diclofenac-treated cows. In late many years, human infringement has represented a danger to India's untamed life. Considering the earnestness of the matter new public stops and safeguarded regions are made in 1935.

A variety of high technologies for the organization of accommodation allow you to build a house that combines original decoration and high functionality. Modern cottages in a high-tech style are distinguished by strict and unique geometry, laconic decor and an abundance of sunlight.

Classic high-tech summer house: a combination of solid geometric shapes and large windows with a flat roof. High-tech style house - this opportunity allows you to create a comfortable and economical home.

One of the pathogenetic factors of bronchial metaplasia in smokers, susceptibility to poor-quality transforming diseases and measures to prevent early formation were examined by the authors. In smokers, a predisposition to bronchial metapilation is observed in 15% of patients, with long-term exposure to the airways, flat multilayered metaplasia of the columnar epithelium is observed. Accordingly, mitigation measures have been taken and early prevention investigated.

The main direction of the neonatology service is medical and diagnostic assistance. The training of highly qualified specialists, the effective organization of neonatal services and the availability of modern equipment make it possible to qualitatively help critically ill newborn children. The purpose of the study: to analyze the work of the department of intensive care and neonatal resuscitation of the Samarkand regional multidisciplinary Center for the period from 2017 to 2021. The research material was the annual reporting data of this department for 2017-2021. For the period from 2017 to 2021. 3666 newborns were admitted to the department, of which 589 (16%) and 3074 (84%) were admitted to the surgical department for somatic diseases, 3123 (85%) newborns were admitted from the districts of the Samarkand region, 537 (15%) from the city of Samarkand and 635 (17.3%) from other regions. High qualification of doctors, good diagnostics ensured timely resuscitation, respiratory support for newborns, correction of hemodynamic disorders, infusion therapy of newborns.

But despite the intensive therapy carried out, neonatal mortality averages 10%, which poses new challenges for improving neonatal care. Thus, intensive care in neonatal intensive care is one of the main links in the provision of medical care to newborns, which requires a high level of knowledge from our doctors, the use of modern diagnostic methods, treatment that comply with state protocols.

Intrauterine infections are caused mainly by bacterial and viral pathogens that have penetrated to the fetus from the mother before or during childbirth. Intrauterine infection (IUI) has numerous manifestations, such as conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pyoderma, pneumonia, hepatitis, otitis, meningoencephalitis, up to the development of sepsis. However, intrauterine infection does not always lead to generalized IUI, in some cases infected children do not have any clinical symptoms of the disease. The aim of the study was to study the most common variants of IUI in newborns and to determine their relationship with infectious urogenital and extragenital diseases of the mother. The analysis of the birth histories and the development histories of newborns, including the somatic and obstetric-gynecological anamnesis of the pregnant woman, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the results of clinical and laboratory studies, as well as the assessment of the child's condition after childbirth, was carried out.

This article describes the saffron plant and its medicinal properties, chemical properties, application in medicine and examples from experiments conducted by scientists on it.

in our country, the number of pregnant women with rhesus sensibility every year remains unchanged and does not have a downward trend. This is due to insufficient prophylaxis after the termination of pregnancy (spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, the birth of a rhesus-positive fetus) with the use of immunoglobulin against antiretroviruses. Previously effective methods of treatment, such as desensitization of antigens, plasmapheresis, hemosorption and intravenous administration of immunoglobulins, have only historical significance.

Objective: to study and analyze the literature data of foreign and local authors on the diagnosis of hemolytic disease of the fetus, the use of non-invasive methods of Prevention of Rh-immunization.

Search strategy: the search for information contained information such as regulatory documents, diagnostic protocols, and the conduct of RH-controversial pregnancy. Also in the databases Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Library full-text scientific articles were used.

Inclusion criteria: randomized, cohort study data, systematic reviews, diagnostic protocols, and Rh-conflict pregnancy.

Exception criteria: practice, report, newspaper publications, articles describing theses.

Results: studies have shown that the prophylactic purpose and administration of anti-D-immunoglobulin, which is used during 28-30 weeks of pregnancy, significantly reduces the development of immunization after childbirth. Conclusion: due to the wide application of anti-D-immunoglobulin in pregnant women and family planning, it will be possible to reduce the frequency of immunization, but the goal will be achieved only if a clear сomplex prevention of Rh-immunization is developed, in which the appearance of hemolytic disease of the fetus occurs. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and treatment of hemolytic disease remains an urgent problem and requires the use of new possibilities of modern medicine in the field of genetics, ultrasound diagnostics, invasive and non-invasive methods.

In this article you will learn about chamomile and its beneficial properties, its application in folk medicine and the preparation of medicinal tinctures from it.

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) (Family Ranunculaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant throughout the world. It is very popular in various traditional systems of medicine like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda and Siddha. Seeds and oil have a long history of folklore usage in various systems of medicines and food. The seeds of N. sativa have been widely used in the treatment of different diseases and ailments. In Islamic literature, it is considered as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine. N. sativa has got the place among the top ranked evidence based herbal medicines. The present article is an effort to provide a detailed survey of the literature on scientific researches of pharmacognostical characteristics, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the seeds of this plant.     

In the present article, antibacterial properties of four different extracts from Linum usitatissimum L. seeds were screened against four types of Gram-positive and negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar-well diffusion method and comparing their antibacterial activities with the antibiotics Ampicillin, Cefalexin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline.    

the modern approach of antenatal care in pregnant women with rhesus-immunization means a timely diagnosis of the mutability of the rhesus (Rh) of the fetus through the blood of the mother, the detection of the anaemic syndrome and weight level of the fetus, the use of minimally invasive methods (diagnostic, therapeutic), as well as prevention of the development of immunization in pregnant women. The problem of rhesus-sensibilization in developed countries is rare, and only in immigrants.

Objective: to examine and analyze the literature data of foreign and local authors on the relevance, prevalence, use of non-invasive methods of Rh-sensibilization prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus.

Search strategy: the search for information contained information such as regulatory documents, diagnostic protocols, and the conduct of RH-controversial pregnancy. Also in the databases Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Library ru full-text scientific articles were used.

Inclusion criteria: randomized, cohort study data, systematic reviews, diagnostic protocols, and Rh-conflict pregnancy.

Exception criteria: practice, report, newspaper publications, articles describing theses.

Results: studies have shown that the prophylactic purpose and administration of anti-D-immunoglobulin, which is used during 28-30 weeks of pregnancy, significantly reduces the development of immunization after childbirth. Conclusion: due to the wide application of anti-D-immunoglobulin in pregnant women and family planning, it will be possible to reduce the frequency of immunization, but the goal will be achieved only if a clear Complex prevention of Rh-immunization is developed, in which the appearance of hemolytic disease of the fetus occurs. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and treatment of hemolytic disease remains an urgent problem and requires the use of new possibilities of modern medicine in the field of genetics, ultrasound diagnostics, invasive and non-invasive methods.

In this article, in order to protect our people from various ideological and ideological threats, to create ideological immunity in society, it must first be armed with a healthy, humane idea and ideology that deeply reflects the laws of development. It is possible to protect ourselves, our morals, our heritage, our values and our national spirit from the influence of harmful ideas and ideologies, to protect the nation from the aggression of ideological immunity in the hearts of our citizens and young people against them. In Uzbekistan, thoughts and comments are made about the ideological and ideological foundations of creating a new spiritual space.

The article summarizes the struggles of the Great Akbar to ascend the throne of the Baburi Empire in India, as well as his military campaigns to expand the borders of the Baburi Empire and their place in Indian history and Akbar Shah's military potential.    

Gadding clan is perhaps the earliest pioneer of the region of Nueva Vizcaya, which involved the union of its ethnic gatherings. The vast majority of the relatives of the said identity are currently homed in the northern Vizcaya part especially incorporates the towns of Bayombong, Solano, Bagabag, and other adjoining networks. This study was planned to have an indepth expressive investigation based on some chosen straying conditions in light of the information gathered from the distinguished Gaddang key sources, who are on the whole inhabitants of Bagabag - going the ages of 30 to 75 years old. In light of the morphological elements of the specified terms, they were ordered by their capacities as Noun, Adjective, Verb, while some are interpositions. In the interim, their phonological translations recommended that a portion of these words are anxious in agreement to their morphologic capacities, while some others are obviously founded on the feelings conveyed in each term.

In the beyond thirty years, honesty employment, which is one of significant approach measures expected to battle with past common liberties infringement in temporary and post-struggle social orders, has drawn in wide interest among social researchers and moral, lawful, and political logicians. Regardless of the gigantic nevertheless developing writing regarding the matter, there has been no concurred meaning of honesty employment. To cure this issue, the current paper attempts to give another definition. I start with the assessment of a much of the time referred to definition given by Priscilla Hayner and recognize its temperance’s and impediments. Then, I go to the examination of Mark Freeman's definition and contend that it is too prohibitive to even think about covering a portion of the investigatory bodies numerous analysts consider as honesty employments. In view of these contemplations, I propose the third definition that covers the cases which are broadly taken as honesty employments and rejects those which are not. I additionally partition the historical backdrop of honesty-chasing bodies into three periods and sketch them sequentially.

The formation of national consciousness and a sense of national solidarity in preschool children is of great importance for the development and adherence of each nation to its values. This article discusses the content of educating preschool children based on national values.

In many cases a borrowed word especially one borrowed long ago is practically indistinguishable from a native word without a thorough etymological analysis (street, school, face). The number of borrowings in the vocabulary of a language and the role played by them is determined by the historical development of the nation speaking the language. The most effective way of borrowing is direct borrowing from another language as the result of contacts with the people of another country or with their literature.