No. 6 (2025) Economic Development and Analysis

This article provides a comparative analysis of the types of tax incentives in European and Asian countries, their economic efficiency and strategic impact. Based on scientific sources and empirical data, the role of tax incentives in investment, innovation and export policies is revealed. Specific proposals and recommendations for Uzbekistan are developed.

This article is devoted to the essence and necessity of developing the system of trade services, improving the organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of trade services, developing theoretical and methodological aspects of ensuring the strategic competitiveness of trade enterprises and forming competitive strategies, proposing ways to improve the service sector in trade, and taking into account the specifics of the service sector.

The article examines the role of insurance companies in the development of green investments as an important direction of sustainable financing. It analyzes the theoretical foundations, key principles, and main areas of green investments in the insurance sector. Special attention is given to the advantages and challenges faced by insurance companies when integrating ESG criteria into their investment practices. Recommendations are presented to improve green investment mechanisms, including standardization of reporting, implementation of digital technologies, and development of specialist competencies.

This article is dedicated to exploring the prospects of implementing digital technologies to develop pilgrimage sites in the Bukhara region. The use of modern digital technologies is essential for enhancing the region's tourism potential, preserving cultural heritage, and improving service quality for tourists. The article analyzes the positive outcomes and prospects of digitizing pilgrimage sites, mobile applications, virtual tours, and digital marketing. It also discusses the opportunities and potential risks associated with this process.

The article includes an in-depth study of the consumer services market, including an analysis of relevant and generalizing issues, taking into account the specialization of various types and forms of services. The paper examines the relationship between the current situation in this area, the level of demand for it, the need for household services and the level of income of the population in the regions, and also determines the main trends in the development of the industry.

The article shows the importance of scientific views on foreign experience of tax risk assessment and directions of its use in the national tax system, the importance of tax policy in shaping economic behavior and results in Uzbekistan. They are studied from the point of view of high tax rates, complex rules and low tax ethics as serious obstacles to entrepreneurial activity and development, and scientific conclusions and proposals are formulated, considering the economic essence of foreign experience of tax risk assessment and directions of its use in the national tax system and scientific views on it.

This article covers stages such as determining nonlinear trends of time series, mathematical modeling, finding trend equations using regression methods, and forecasting. In particular, taking into account the complex dynamics of economic processes, the advantages of exponential, logarithmic, and polynomial models were analyzed. The accuracy and error criteria of the forecast results are considered using practical examples.

The article focuses on assessing the level of development of agriculture and factors influencing the development of the industry, as well as the achieved results and prospects for the development of agriculture through the widespread use of existing opportunities, as well as issues of ensuring intensive development of the sphere through the implementation of scientific and innovative projects in agriculture. In particular, attention is paid to the problem of ensuring and strengthening the country's food security through the introduction of digital technologies and "smart agriculture".

The article examines the issues of development and improvement of the banking system, defines priority areas for the development of the banking services market. The directions for improving their elements and mechanisms of the banking services market are substantiated, the characteristic features of the development of banking activities and their impact on the social and economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan are identified and described.

This article examines, at the district level, the issue of improving the mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of managerial personnel in the administration of local executive authorities. Currently, the effectiveness of local executive authorities, which represent the lowest tier of state governance, plays an important role in the provision of public services to the population and in the socio-economic development of the territory.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of Uzbekistanʼs export structural diversification during 2017–2024. Horizontal diversification is measured by the number of exported products and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, while vertical diversification is evaluated through average unit export values. Regression results reveal that an increase in the number of exported products significantly boosts export volume, especially for trade with neighboring countries. For distant markets, both product variety and higher value-added goods play an important role, emphasizing the need to promote vertical diversification. The study also finds a high dependency on a limited number of export items, particularly gold. Given Uzbekistanʼs landlocked position and high transport costs, shifting toward processed, value-added, and technologically advanced exports is essential for sustainable growth.

In this article, taking into account the identified problems in the development of cities of different administrative ranks, special measures of urban policy are proposed for cities of different ranks. These include: the formation of agglomerations; the transfer of administrative, educational, production facilities outside the city and the transfer of management functions to other structures; the creation of innovative, science-intensive and high-tech activities, innovation-technology clusters; the interaction of nearby territories with cities based on innovative forms of management; the creation of satellite cities; the development of industrial, social, transport, engineering service functions and sectors based on specialization; the development of mechanisms for transferring investments, labor and production resources.

In this article, based on the analysis of industry sources, definitions of the concepts "production costs", "product cost", "cost of convertion" were developed, and a system of production costs and cost indicators was developed. It was recommended to include working accounts related to the cost of production in the working accounts plan in the organizations transitioning to IFRS and accounting developments related to the connections of these accounts. Based on the requirements of international standards, it was proposed to include other overhead costs, i.e. sales costs, in the cost of finished goods if they are related to the movement of inventories (in cases not related to the sales process).

The article analyzes the category of regional competitiveness, which is one of the main economic categories in market relations. The article also identifies the need to study structural changes in the territorial and sectoral structure of the economy, factors affecting the competitiveness of the regional economy.

The article reveals the essence of the service sector, studies its main indicators and development prospects. The role and importance of the service sector in the national economy, its share in GDP and main indicators are also statistically analyzed.

This article explores the role and significance of railway transport in the national economy, highlighting its positive impact on industry, trade, logistics, and the labor market. It also discusses strategies for achieving economic growth through the modernization of railway services.

This article discusses in detail the concept of economic efficiency of the railway transport system and its theoretical foundations. The economic efficiency of transport services represents the rational use of transport resources and the ability to have a positive impact on national economic growth. This article reviews important aspects of international and local experience. It also identifies the main indicators and criteria used to assess economic efficiency. The results of the study serve as an important scientific basis for developing strategies aimed at developing the railway transport system. The article analyzes the concept of economic efficiency and modern approaches to its assessment.

This article explores South Korea’s advanced experience in developing tourism infrastructure and analyzes its potential sustainable applications in the context of Uzbekistan. The research focuses on key aspects such as public-private partnerships, the implementation of digital technologies, ensuring environmental sustainability, and systematic development of tourist destinations in South Korea. It is argued that adapting these practices to Uzbekistan’s conditions could lead to long-term and sustainable growth in the national tourism sector. The article concludes with practical recommendations and modern infrastructural approaches for Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the development of gastronomic tourism in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, exploring its potential, current conditions for the tourism sector, Karakalpak gastronomic tourism resources, as well as the development of gastronomic tours and creation of tourist programs for the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The main focus is on promoting national dishes related to Karakalpak gastronomic tourism resources, incorporating them into tourism programs, and attracting tourists. Additionally, factors influencing the development of Karakalpak gastronomic tourism and some recommendations are discussed. Furthermore, based on research, the author has designed a 4-night, 5-day tour titled "Kingdom of Fortresses-Karakalpakstan" along with its cost calculation.

This article explores the importance of information support in analyzing the economic potential of agricultural enterprises. The author emphasizes the role of information technologies and statistical data in economic analysis, as well as their significance in effective planning of agricultural operations. The paper analyzes methods of utilizing information resources to assess economic potential, identifies current challenges, and suggests possible solutions.

Attention is paid to the initial investment and capital level of banks as an important issue, because the global financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 proved once again that increasing their capitalization level is one of the most important economic issues in ensuring the stability of the banking system. In our analysis, the level of our capitalization, its effect on credit efficiency and indicators of effective use of credit by consumers (clients) were analyzed on the example of Uzbek banks, and the author developed ideas as a solution to the problems. Data on credit rates of ATB "Agrobanki" and HSBC Holdings Bank of Great Britain were used.

The impact of foreign trade liberalization on the competitive environment in the country's economy is theoretically studied, and the effect of changes in import tariffs on the development of competition in the economy and the positive change in foreign trade are analyzed by using the OECD product market regulation indicator.

Due to its efforts since 2017 to liberalize foreign trade, enhance diplomatic relations, and attract foreign investment, the Republic of Uzbekistan has become an active participant in the global economy. Notably, there has been significant growth in cooperation with economically developed partners such as the European Union and the Federal Republic of Germany in the areas of trade, investment, and social development. This article analyzes the foreign economic relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as the level of trade and economic integration between the two countries. The study explores existing opportunities for deepening bilateral cooperation. In addition, the article provides detailed information on new initiatives and projects, and discusses the potential outcomes that could be achieved in the future.

This аrticlе discussеs thе imрortаncе of рromoting comреtition, thе nеgаtivе еffеcts of comреtition аnd рrеcаutions, thе sociаl imраct of comреtition, combаting monoрoliеs аnd cаrtеls, thе imраct of comреtition on digitаl trаnsformаtion, рublic рolicy in рromoting comреtition, аnd thе imрortаncе of thе comреtitivе еnvironmеnt in WTO mеmbеrshiр.

This article presents a scientific analysis of the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into assessment systems in higher education. It examines the challenges of traditional assessment, such as subjectivity, rigidity, and dependence on the human factor. The potential of artificial intelligence tools to automate assessment, increase transparency and accuracy, and analyze student performance in real time is substantiated. The article also provides proposals for developing assessment models based on advanced international practices.