Vol. 25 No. 6 (2025)

This article explores various approaches to the classification of phraseological units, which are an essential component of any language. The study presents the most influential classification systems developed by Vinogradov, Arnold, Smirnitsky, and Koonin, highlighting their criteria such as semantic cohesion, structural composition, and functional usage. Each system reflects a unique linguistic perspective, contributing to a deeper understanding of idiomatic expressions and their role in language and communication. The paper emphasizes the importance of phraseological classifications for linguistic research, translation studies, and language teaching.

This article explores various approaches to the classification of phraseological units, which are an essential component of any language. The study presents the most influential classification systems developed by Vinogradov, Arnold, Smirnitsky, and Koonin, highlighting their criteria such as semantic cohesion, structural composition, and functional usage. Each system reflects a unique linguistic perspective, contributing to a deeper understanding of idiomatic expressions and their role in language and communication. The paper emphasizes the importance of phraseological classifications for linguistic research, translation studies, and language teaching.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek romanchiligi asoschisi Abdulla Qodiriyning “O‘tkan kunlar” asari tahlil qilinadi. Roman o‘zbek adabiyotida ilk badiiy roman sifatida tarixiy, milliy va ma’naviy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, unda fojiaviy sevgi qissasi, milliy qadriyatlar va ijtimoiy hayotdagi ziddiyatlar badiiy yoritilgan. Maqolada romanning yaratilish tarixi, adibning badiiy uslubi, asosiy obrazlar orqali ochilgan milliylik g‘oyasi va tarixiy muhit tahlil etiladi.

Ushbu maqolada buyuk mutafakkir Alisher Navoiyning ta’lim-tarbiyaga oid qarashlari, ustoz-murabbiy shaxsining jamiyatdagi o‘rni, uning kasbiy va axloqiy sifatlari yoritilgan. Asosiy manba sifatida “Mahbub ul-qulub” asari tanlangan bo‘lib, unda ilgari surilgan pedagogik g‘oyalar zamonaviy o‘qituvchilik faoliyati bilan solishtirilib tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada ustoz shaxsining komilligi, ma’naviy yetukligi, adolatparvarligi, muomala madaniyati va nutq sofligi yosh avlod tarbiyasidagi ahamiyati keng yoritilgan.

Gʻafur Gʻulomning “Shum bola” asari ilk nazarda bolalarga moʻljallangandek tuyulsa-da, unda Shoʻro davridagi mustamlakachilik siyosatining achchiq haqiqatlari, xalqning savodsizlik va qashshoqlikka yuz tutgani, ayollar va bolalarning ogʻir taqdirlari, xalq hayotidagi ijtimoiy tengsizliklar chuqur aks ettirilgan. Asarning bosh qahramoni Qoravoy timsolida butun bir xalqning fojiasi, chidamli xarakteri va hayotga bo‘lgan kurashi tasvirlangan. Ushbu maqolada asarning strukturasi, g‘oyaviy yo‘nalishi, badiiy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi.

Mazkur maqola o‘zbek adabiy tilining shakllanishi va taraqqiyotida ajralib turuvchi lahjalar va shevalarning o‘rni haqida batafsil ma'lumot beradi. O‘zbek tili ko‘p dialektli bo‘lib, uning taraqqiyotida qarluq-chigil-uyg‘ur, qipchoq va o‘g‘uz lahjalari o‘ziga xos ahamiyatga ega. Maqolada bu lahjalarning fonetik, morfologik va leksik xususiyatlari, ular o‘rtasidagi farqlar, shuningdek, o‘zbek adabiy tilining
shakllanishida har bir lahjaning rolini tahlil qilishga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan. O‘zbek tilining umumiy tizimi va uning sahifalaridagi muhim o‘zgarishlar hamda shevalar o‘rtasidagi aloqalar yoritilgan. Ushbu maqola o‘zbek tilining yagona adabiy til sifatida shakllanishi jarayonini yanada chuqurroq tushunishga yordam beradi. Tahlil qilingan lahjalarning tarixiy konteksti va ular orasidagi bir-birini to‘ldiruvchi
xususiyatlar maqolaga ilmiy nuqtai nazardan katta ahamiyat qo‘shadi.

Ushbu  o`quv – uslubiy  qo`llanmada “Informatika va  axborot texnologiyalari” fanidan  mustaqil  Phyton dasturlash tilini boshlang’ich kursini o’rganish bo`yicha uslubiy  tavsiyalar  va  ko`rsatmalar,  mustaqil  ishlarni  bajarish  usullari  yoritilgan.

Статья посвящена анализу правовых основ занятости населения в Республике Узбекистан, включая нормативно-правовые акты, регулирующие трудовые отношения, государственные программы по содействию занятости и механизмы социальной защиты работников. Рассматриваются ключевые аспекты законодательства, направленного на снижение безработицы, поддержание трудовых прав граждан и развитие рынка труда в условиях экономических реформ. Особое внимание уделено роли государственных органов, международным стандартам и перспективам совершенствования правовой базы в контексте цифровизации и модернизации экономики Узбекистана. Статья предназначена для специалистов в области трудового права, государственных служащих, а также студентов, изучающих вопросы занятости.

This article delves into the intricate realm of pragmatics within the educational context, specifically focusing on the nuanced aspects of teacher's speech in the classroom. It explores how teachers utilize language beyond its literal meaning to facilitate learning, manage classroom dynamics, and foster student engagement. The study examines various pragmatic phenomena such as speech acts, implicature, politeness strategies, and discourse markers as they manifest in teacher-student interactions. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of these pragmatic choices on student comprehension, participation, and overall learning outcomes. By analyzing authentic classroom discourse, this research aims to provide valuable insights into effective pedagogical communication and highlight the crucial role of pragmatic competence in successful teaching.

This study explores the structure, functions, and pedagogical implications of discourse between teachers and students within classroom settings. Drawing upon both theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, the research investigates how language functions as a tool for instructional delivery, feedback provision, and cognitive development. By analyzing authentic teacher-student interactions, the study reveals patterns of questioning, scaffolding, negotiation of meaning, and power relations embedded in educational discourse. The results highlight the importance of interactional competence in effective teaching and the necessity for teachers to adapt their discourse strategies to enhance student engagement and comprehension. The study also presents two tables: one illustrating common discourse moves used by teachers and another detailing student response types and their frequencies. Overall, this article contributes to the growing field of educational linguistics by offering practical insights for improving pedagogical discourse.

Ushbu maqolada CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) va CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) kirish usullari va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'qnashuv tizimlaridagi belgilarning roli atroflicha tahlil qilish. Maqolada ishlashning sohadagi jarayonlari, xatolari, muammolari, zamonaviy texnologik texnologiyalardagi qo'llanilishlari va rivojlanishi. Usulning samarali ishlab chiqarish istiqbollari va tarmoqqa ta'siri ko'rib chiqiladi.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern communication, abbreviations serve as crucial tools for efficiency across diverse fields such as science, technology, business, and digital interactions. This paper examines the linguistic phenomenon of abbreviation homonymy, where a single abbreviated form can represent multiple distinct full-form meanings depending on the context. It delves into the definition of homonymy as it applies to abbreviations, providing concrete examples like "ATM," "PC," and "US." The text explores the primary causes of this phenomenon, including the limited permutations of short alphabetic strings, the independent development of jargon in various disciplines, the proliferation of informal abbreviations in digital communication, and the influence of globalization. Furthermore, the paper discusses the inherent challenges and consequences of abbreviation homonymy, such as potential misunderstandings in cross-cultural or interdisciplinary settings, ambiguity in formal documentation, and complexities for natural language processing in automated systems. Finally, it begins to outline strategies to mitigate such ambiguity, highlighting the importance of defining abbreviations upon their first use.

This article explores the linguistic phenomena of emotive charge and stylistic reference as key components of expressive and communicative language use. It provides definitions, functions, and examples of each, examines how they interact in different communicative contexts, and outlines their importance in stylistics, rhetoric, translation studies, and discourse analysis.

This article explores the concepts of word cluster and word family, highlighting their distinctions, linguistic functions, and roles in vocabulary acquisition. Both play essential roles in language education, corpus linguistics, and computational linguistics. By understanding how words are morphologically or contextually grouped, language learners can enhance their lexical knowledge, reading comprehension, and overall fluency.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek romanchiligi asoschisi Abdulla Qodiriyning “O‘tkan kunlar” asari tahlil qilinadi. Roman o‘zbek adabiyotida ilk badiiy roman sifatida tarixiy, milliy va ma’naviy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, unda fojiaviy sevgi qissasi, milliy qadriyatlar va ijtimoiy hayotdagi ziddiyatlar badiiy yoritilgan. Maqolada romanning yaratilish tarixi, adibning badiiy uslubi, asosiy obrazlar orqali ochilgan milliylik g‘oyasi va tarixiy muhit tahlil etiladi.

Ushbu maqolada buyuk mutafakkir Alisher Navoiyning ta’lim-tarbiyaga oid qarashlari, ustoz-murabbiy shaxsining jamiyatdagi o‘rni, uning kasbiy va axloqiy sifatlari yoritilgan. Asosiy manba sifatida “Mahbub ul-qulub” asari tanlangan bo‘lib, unda ilgari surilgan pedagogik g‘oyalar zamonaviy o‘qituvchilik faoliyati bilan solishtirilib tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada ustoz shaxsining komilligi, ma’naviy yetukligi, adolatparvarligi, muomala madaniyati va nutq sofligi yosh avlod tarbiyasidagi ahamiyati keng yoritilgan.

Gʻafur Gʻulomning “Shum bola” asari ilk nazarda bolalarga moʻljallangandek tuyulsa-da, unda Shoʻro davridagi mustamlakachilik siyosatining achchiq haqiqatlari, xalqning savodsizlik va qashshoqlikka yuz tutgani, ayollar va bolalarning ogʻir taqdirlari, xalq hayotidagi ijtimoiy tengsizliklar chuqur aks ettirilgan. Asarning bosh qahramoni Qoravoy timsolida butun bir xalqning fojiasi, chidamli xarakteri va hayotga bo‘lgan kurashi tasvirlangan. Ushbu maqolada asarning strukturasi, g‘oyaviy yo‘nalishi, badiiy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi.

Mazkur maqola o‘zbek adabiy tilining shakllanishi va taraqqiyotida ajralib turuvchi lahjalar va shevalarning o‘rni haqida batafsil ma'lumot beradi. O‘zbek tili ko‘p dialektli bo‘lib, uning taraqqiyotida qarluq-chigil-uyg‘ur, qipchoq va o‘g‘uz lahjalari o‘ziga xos ahamiyatga ega. Maqolada bu lahjalarning fonetik, morfologik va leksik xususiyatlari, ular o‘rtasidagi farqlar, shuningdek, o‘zbek adabiy tilining
shakllanishida har bir lahjaning rolini tahlil qilishga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan. O‘zbek tilining umumiy tizimi va uning sahifalaridagi muhim o‘zgarishlar hamda shevalar o‘rtasidagi aloqalar yoritilgan. Ushbu maqola o‘zbek tilining yagona adabiy til sifatida shakllanishi jarayonini yanada chuqurroq tushunishga yordam beradi. Tahlil qilingan lahjalarning tarixiy konteksti va ular orasidagi bir-birini to‘ldiruvchi
xususiyatlar maqolaga ilmiy nuqtai nazardan katta ahamiyat qo‘shadi.

Ushbu  o`quv – uslubiy  qo`llanmada “Informatika va  axborot texnologiyalari” fanidan  mustaqil  Phyton dasturlash tilini boshlang’ich kursini o’rganish bo`yicha uslubiy  tavsiyalar  va  ko`rsatmalar,  mustaqil  ishlarni  bajarish  usullari  yoritilgan.

Статья посвящена анализу правовых основ занятости населения в Республике Узбекистан, включая нормативно-правовые акты, регулирующие трудовые отношения, государственные программы по содействию занятости и механизмы социальной защиты работников. Рассматриваются ключевые аспекты законодательства, направленного на снижение безработицы, поддержание трудовых прав граждан и развитие рынка труда в условиях экономических реформ. Особое внимание уделено роли государственных органов, международным стандартам и перспективам совершенствования правовой базы в контексте цифровизации и модернизации экономики Узбекистана. Статья предназначена для специалистов в области трудового права, государственных служащих, а также студентов, изучающих вопросы занятости.

This article delves into the intricate realm of pragmatics within the educational context, specifically focusing on the nuanced aspects of teacher's speech in the classroom. It explores how teachers utilize language beyond its literal meaning to facilitate learning, manage classroom dynamics, and foster student engagement. The study examines various pragmatic phenomena such as speech acts, implicature, politeness strategies, and discourse markers as they manifest in teacher-student interactions. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of these pragmatic choices on student comprehension, participation, and overall learning outcomes. By analyzing authentic classroom discourse, this research aims to provide valuable insights into effective pedagogical communication and highlight the crucial role of pragmatic competence in successful teaching.

This article delves into the multifaceted realm of teacher speech acts, exploring their diverse typologies and crucial functions within the educational landscape. Drawing upon established linguistic pragmatics and educational psychology frameworks, the study meticulously analyzes the various ways teachers utilize language to facilitate learning, manage classroom dynamics, and foster student development. Key speech act categories, such as directives, assertives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives, are examined in the specific context of pedagogical interactions. Furthermore, the research investigates the intended and perceived functions of these speech acts, including knowledge transmission, eliciting student participation, providing feedback, maintaining discipline, and building rapport. The analysis incorporates a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative observations of classroom discourse with quantitative assessments of student perceptions. The findings illuminate the intricate relationship between teacher language and educational outcomes, offering valuable insights for teacher training and curriculum design aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of classroom communication.

This study explores the structure, functions, and pedagogical implications of discourse between teachers and students within classroom settings. Drawing upon both theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, the research investigates how language functions as a tool for instructional delivery, feedback provision, and cognitive development. By analyzing authentic teacher-student interactions, the study reveals patterns of questioning, scaffolding, negotiation of meaning, and power relations embedded in educational discourse. The results highlight the importance of interactional competence in effective teaching and the necessity for teachers to adapt their discourse strategies to enhance student engagement and comprehension. The study also presents two tables: one illustrating common discourse moves used by teachers and another detailing student response types and their frequencies. Overall, this article contributes to the growing field of educational linguistics by offering practical insights for improving pedagogical discourse.

This study explores the structure, functions, and pedagogical implications of discourse between teachers and students within classroom settings. Drawing upon both theoretical frameworks and empirical observations, the research investigates how language functions as a tool for instructional delivery, feedback provision, and cognitive development. By analyzing authentic teacher-student interactions, the study reveals patterns of questioning, scaffolding, negotiation of meaning, and power relations embedded in educational discourse. The results highlight the importance of interactional competence in effective teaching and the necessity for teachers to adapt their discourse strategies to enhance student engagement and comprehension. The study also presents two tables: one illustrating common discourse moves used by teachers and another detailing student response types and their frequencies. Overall, this article contributes to the growing field of educational linguistics by offering practical insights for improving pedagogical discourse.

Ushbu maqolada CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) va CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) kirish usullari va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'qnashuv tizimlaridagi belgilarning roli atroflicha tahlil qilish. Maqolada ishlashning sohadagi jarayonlari, xatolari, muammolari, zamonaviy texnologik texnologiyalardagi qo'llanilishlari va rivojlanishi. Usulning samarali ishlab chiqarish istiqbollari va tarmoqqa ta'siri ko'rib chiqiladi.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of modern communication, abbreviations serve as crucial tools for efficiency across diverse fields such as science, technology, business, and digital interactions. This paper examines the linguistic phenomenon of abbreviation homonymy, where a single abbreviated form can represent multiple distinct full-form meanings depending on the context. It delves into the definition of homonymy as it applies to abbreviations, providing concrete examples like "ATM," "PC," and "US." The text explores the primary causes of this phenomenon, including the limited permutations of short alphabetic strings, the independent development of jargon in various disciplines, the proliferation of informal abbreviations in digital communication, and the influence of globalization. Furthermore, the paper discusses the inherent challenges and consequences of abbreviation homonymy, such as potential misunderstandings in cross-cultural or interdisciplinary settings, ambiguity in formal documentation, and complexities for natural language processing in automated systems. Finally, it begins to outline strategies to mitigate such ambiguity, highlighting the importance of defining abbreviations upon their first use.

This article explores the linguistic phenomena of emotive charge and stylistic reference as key components of expressive and communicative language use. It provides definitions, functions, and examples of each, examines how they interact in different communicative contexts, and outlines their importance in stylistics, rhetoric, translation studies, and discourse analysis.

This article explores the concepts of word cluster and word family, highlighting their distinctions, linguistic functions, and roles in vocabulary acquisition. Both play essential roles in language education, corpus linguistics, and computational linguistics. By understanding how words are morphologically or contextually grouped, language learners can enhance their lexical knowledge, reading comprehension, and overall fluency.