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As we can see most new words are not as new as we tend to think. They are just readjustments
within the same language, like additions to existing items or recombination of elements. This is where the
field of action of conversion may be placed, and that is why this type of morphological studies reveals
interesting aspects in the diachronic evolution of the English language.
REFERENCES:
1.
The Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary. – UK, 2003.
2.
Wells J. C. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Essex: Longman. 2003.
3.
Казакова Т. А. Практические основы перевода. учебное пособие. СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во
«Союз». 2002.
4.
Муругова Е.В. К проблеме конверсии частей речи // Е.В. Муругова. Гуманитарные и
социально-экономические науки. Ростов н/Д. СКНЦ. 2005. №2.
LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES AND THEIR NEW WAYS
OF COMPILING
Maksetova N.M.
Master's student, KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Uteshova Z.Kh.
PhD, docent, KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Annotation
: The main trends in the development of English lexicography are described, British,
American and Russian dictionaries are singled out, which are the most important in the history of English
lexicography. Much attention is paid to the classification of dictionaries and the characteristics of the
main types of dictionaries in the English language. The structure of dictionaries and dictionary entries is
analyzed on the material of English dictionaries.
Key words
: dictionary, lexicology, linguistic meanings of words, characteristics, classification, articles.
The present sorts of English dictionaries are very diverse. This diversity is explained, first of all,
by means of the complexity of the item of the lexicographic description itself, this is, the language. in
addition, the numerous desires of society obtaining the most numerous data about the language also
complicate and amplify the repertoire of dictionaries. There is nearly no manner to offer in a single
dictionary all, to a point, comprehensive records about the language, that is why in any country wide
lexicography, we discover masses of dictionaries of various types. Depending on what the dictionaries
describe, what's the situation in their description, they're divided into encyclopedic and linguistic. The
primary, as you know, do now not explain words as such, but objects, matters, occasions, phenomena.
Encyclopedic dictionaries monitor the extent and content of principles about those gadgets,
matters, activities, phenomena.
In linguistic dictionaries, in contrast to encyclopedic dictionaries, it isn't always the object or idea
denoted via the given phrase this is defined, but the word itself, that is, the word is characterized as a unit
of language, which means of the phrase, its grammatical, spelling, orthoepy features are given, its stylistic
associations indicated. The linguistic dictionary offers the spelling and pronunciation of the phrase. Then
he lists the primary grammatical varieties of the word, then offers a grammatical description of the
phrase. That is followed by means of the disclosure of the semantic structure of the phrase, displaying
what meanings it has and the way and when those meanings are found out in speech.
Encyclopedic dictionaries are compiled not via philologists, but by means of professionals in
various fields of expertise. Most often, encyclopedias are the collective work of many scientists,
specialists of their field of information.
Linguistic dictionaries are created by means of philologists or lexicographers, that is, linguists
who're mainly engaged in compiling dictionaries.
The most effective department of dictionaries is carried out in step with the quantity of
vocabulary supplied in them. Relying on the volume of the dictionary, it is normal to differentiate large,
medium, small and very small dictionaries. L. Zgusta proposes to single out a brilliant-large dictionary
and (over four hundred thousand phrases) [1; p. 65].
Probably, large dictionaries of lexicography encompass dictionaries containing over one hundred
thousand words. Medium dictionaries encompass dictionaries containing from 40 to 100 thousand
phrases. Dictionaries containing from 10 to 40 thousand phrases can be attributed to small ones. Very
small dictionaries are dictionaries containing less than 10,000 phrases. There's no consensus among
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lexicographers as to which class to encompass dictionaries with more than a hundred thousand phrases.
As an example SV Grime adheres to the above-cited classification [2; p. 65]. L.P. Stupid believed that
even a dictionary containing one hundred fifty thousand dictionary entries can hardly ever be labeled as
large. He classifies them as dictionaries of the center kind [3; p. 65].
It's far typically standard that entire dictionaries of the English language comprise extra than four
hundred thousand words. The trouble of dividing dictionaries into linguistic and encyclopedic ones is of
first rate theoretical and realistic importance. A few linguists believe that terminological dictionaries also
integrate the functions of encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Due to the linguistic nature of the
information about the lexical unit contained in them, from the factor of view of the general literary
language, the information contained in them is rather extra linguistic.
High-quality Czech lexicographer L. Gusto divides all linguistic dictionaries into several
corporations in step with unique criteria one of the maximum vital divisions into synchronous and
diachronic.
Diachronic dictionaries recall the history of the improvement of lexical devices. Those consist of
etymological and ancient dictionaries. Historic dictionaries describe the improvement of the vocabulary
of the English language for a certain duration of development. Etymological dictionaries pursue the
intention of explaining the origin of the phrase, organizing its authentic form and original which means.
Synchronous dictionaries replicate the lexical composition of the language handiest at this degree
of its improvement. Similarly, Gusto distinguishes between trendy, explanatory and constrained special
dictionaries [4; p. 200-204]. L.Zgusta brought cognizance on a positive layer of vocabulary [5; p. 218].
Inside the destiny, different orientations to sure authors, addressing to sure organizations of users had
been delivered to these parameters, as outstanding by using S.V. such parameters [6; p. 16].
Professor I.V. Arnold proposed her original category of dictionaries, based at the precept of
competition of the one of a kind of capabilities of the dictionary [7; p. 274].
As you already know, any national language is a kind of arch-gadget, due to the fact it's far
composed of many systems, a popular literary language, a systematic and technical language, a language
of territorial, professional and social dialects, and so on.
For this reason, dictionaries of the literary language are well known to every person, looking to
most completely reflect the language of fiction, the click, radio, cinema, television, and so on.
Of fantastic significance within the look at overseas language are translation dictionaries, this is,
such reference books in which the means of words is revealed thru some other language or numerous
overseas languages. Depending in this, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are distinguished. The
scope of multilingual dictionaries is pretty restricted. While analyzing or operating with a foreign
language, we are able to maximum in all likelihood flip to a bilingual dictionary. The information in its
miles extra entire, less difficult to apply, facts about several languages u200bu200bis given at once.
A massive range of bilingual (English-Russian and Russian-English) dictionaries are posted
yearly in our u. s. Galleria‘s dictionaries are contemporary in terms of material. The huge English-
Russian Dictionary in volumes, 1972, containing a hundred and fifty thousand words, and A.I. Smolinsky
's dictionaries, Russian-English Dictionary, 1948, containing 50 thousand phrases. All different
translation dictionaries are fairly outdated and inferior in volume. As an example: Muller Okay and
Bayan‘s Suk. English-Russian Dictionary forty thousand words, Muller Okay. 1943 60 thousand words,
E.Wilson seventy-five thousand phrases and expressions, English-Russian instructional dictionary for
English audio system 1982 Folomkina S., Weiser G.M. English-Russian academic dictionary. Five
thousand words, Lepidus B.A., Shevtsova S.V. Russian-English instructional dictionary thirteen thousand
words, Valsalva Z.N. English-Russian dictionary with illustrations 3400 words. Such dictionaries are the
maximum not unusual and maximum useful reference books for overseas language inexperienced
persons. however, no less crucial are bilingual dictionaries for various specialties: engineering,
economics, agriculture, etc. For example: A.E. Chernukhin 's English-Russian polytechnic dictionary
eighty thousand phrases, Russian-English polytechnic dictionary 90 thousand phrases , R.S. dictionary of
25 thousand phrases.
Multilingual dictionaries are not continually devoted to handiest one location of knowledge. As
an example: A dictionary of 26 languages has been published within the United Kingdom, which lists the
one hundred most common words in 26 languages. Bergman P.M. The Concise dictionary of 26
languages in Simultaneous Translations of Signet (1968).
The most commonplace phrases also are accrued in another multilingual dictionary: Ousted H. _
L21Language _ Dictionary, Oven 1962.
Monolingual dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries, they provide all of the facts approximately
the word, provide characteristics of all its sides (spelling, orthopedics, grammatical, semantic, stylistic,
etymological). In English there is no time period "explanatory" in region of this dictionaries of this kind
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are known as "trendy" (trendy dictionaries) or "monolingual" (monolingual) or "explanatory"
(explanatory).
There are also dialect and local dictionaries; those dictionaries describe the vocabulary of one
dialect or a collection of associated dialects. For example: dictionary of Wright J. ―The English dialect
dictionary‖ (Oxford 1898-1905) is taken into consideration the maximum whole dictionary of dialectal
phrases in use for the final two hundred years. The dictionary consists of dialectisms of England, Scotland
and Wales.
Compilers of dictionaries use the achievements of lexicology of their works, and lexicologists
very often talk to the data of dictionaries in their research.
The first English dictionaries had been Anglo-Latin and Latin-English. The authors of the first
English dictionaries have been more often than not teachers. In 1570 the English schoolteacher Peter
Levies posted the Mani ulus dictionary. Vocabularum of about 9 thousand phrases, ordered not by means
of preliminary letters, however by means of ultimate syllables, was a dictionary of rhymes.
Like Levies, instructors had been John Barret, creator of the Averie dictionary in 1573, and
Robert Audrey, who posted a dictionary to explain difficult English phrases. Chaudhry's dictionary
become published in London in 1604 and is referred to as A Desk Alphabetical The listing is alphabetical.
His dictionary described the alphabetical order of words from Hebrew, Greek and other languages. In
1623 _ released vocabulary Henry Korean the English Dictionary or a new Interpreter of difficult English
phrases. The primary explanatory dictionary of the English language in which the word dictionary
became used.
Many of the dictionaries of tough phrases referring to this period is the 1656 Glossography by
using Thomas Blount. He became the primary English lexicographer to systematically suggest the
etymologies of the phrases included in his dictionary. Edward Philips compiler dictionary the brand new
global of English phrases in 1658. Elisha Cole launched 1676 An English Dictionary explaining the tough
phrases which are used in divinity, husbandry, physic, philosophy, law, navigation arithmetic and
different arts and sciences. An exclusive feature of her vocabulary is the content of words from the
jargons of the underworld and their definitions. The dictionary offers an interpretation of over 414
thousand lexical units, which are illustrated by using nearly 1827306 quotations selected from 6 million
quotations gathered over many years of work on the dictionary.
The dictionary ambitions to present all the phrases of the English language from 1150 till
recently, to describe the exchange inside the meanings and styles of these phrases, to the quantity viable,
to provide an in depth etymology, to indicate the ideal pronunciation of phrases and to demonstrate all
this with examples inside the shape of quotations from texts of various man or woman.
Whilst choosing a dictionary, one has to take note of the illustration of derivative words,
compound phrases and homonyms in it. a few dictionaries include compound phrases inside the
dictionary access, others take them out of the dictionary access. Some dictionaries combine homonyms
into one entry, but maximum gift them in separate entries.
The ability to analyze dictionaries, verify the adequacy of the composition of a dictionary and a
dictionary access, independently determine their first-class will increase the efficiency of the use of a
dictionary of one kind or another for solving professional problems.
REFERENCES
:
1.
L.P. Stupid Dictionaries of modern English. 1973 p. 65
2.
L.P. Stupid Lexicography of the English language. 1985 p. 65
3.
L.P. Stupid Theory and practice of English lexicography. 1982 p 65
4.
M.V. Moises Lexicography of the English language. M.V. Moises Lexicography 2015 p.218
5.
M.V. Moises Comparative lexicography 2006 p. 16
6.
Elsassian A.V. Linguistic foundations for creating a bilingual dictionary. Publishing house 2019
p. 274
