ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
31
SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES IN TERMS OF WORDS FORMATION
IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES.
Saidova Zokiraxon Tolibovna
Teacher of Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute
Zakiryayeva Malika Azizovna
Student of Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7799555
Abstract.
This article is about how words are formed in Uzbek as well as English languages.
In this article we try to analyze the dissimilarities of the construction of words in both languages.
Key words:
morphology, lexicology, affixes, conversion, abbreviation, composition,
compound words, nominal subject.
СХОДСТВА И РАЗЛИЧИЯ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В УЗБЕКСКОМ И
АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ.
Аннотация.
Эта статья о том, как образуются слова в узбекском и английском
языках. В этой статье мы попытаемся проанализировать несхожесть построения слов в
обоих языках.
Ключевые слова:
морфология, лексикология, аффиксы, конверсия, аббревиатура,
состав, сложные слова, именное подлежащее
.
Introduction
Morphology and lexicology are two main branches in linguistics and in these two spheres
we learn words formation. When people communicate with each other, they utilize words in order
to express their thoughts as well as ideas. We can make our speeches more colorful by adding
compounds to our dialect. Due to the fact that the popularity of English language in terms of
communication in developed as well as developing countries is increasing at an alarm rate,
individuals are struggling to learn words formation of this language. And they also try to compare
it with their native language`s words formation.
Methods
In this work method of comparative typological analysis is used.
Literature reviews
If we look to the history, there are so many arguments about how to compare the construction
of words in two different languages in order to find the differences. Additionally, scholars`
classification was distinctive and in some cases it became the foundation knowledge to find out
the new one.
In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, David Crystal writes about
word formations:
"Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones —
either by adding an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them
to produce compounds. These processes of construction are of interest to grammarians as well as
lexicologists, but the importance of word-formation to the development of the lexicon is second
to none. ... After all, almost any lexeme, whether Anglo-Saxon or foreign, can be given an affix,
change its word class, or help make a compound. Alongside the Anglo-Saxon root in kingly, for
example, we have the French root in royally and the Latin root in regally. There is no elitism here.
The processes of affixation, conversion, and compounding are all great levelers."
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
32
Ingo Plag explains the process of word formation in Word-Formation in English:
"Apart
from the processes that attach something to a base (affixation) and processes that do not alter the
base (conversion), there are processes involving the deletion of material. English Christian names,
for example, can be shortened by deleting parts of the base word, a process also occasionally
encountered with words that are not personal names. This type of word formation is called
truncation, with the term clipping also being used."
If we talk about word formation, we will try to clarify its meaning, function as well. Word
formation is the branch of lexicology that studies two main things. The former is to study the
derivative structure of existing words. As for the latter, it studies the patterns on which a language
builds new words. And it is also a certain principle of classification of the lexicon. Furthermore, it
gives an opportunity to enrich the vocabulary. Mostly, there are two main types of word
construction in English language. The first type of them is known as productive which is still used
among languages. It is divided into four categories.
1)
Affixes.
2)
Conversion
3)
Abbreviation
4)
Composition
Prefix as well as suffix are two types of affixes. To be more precise, the former is added to
front part of words, while the latter joints end of words. In English prefixes are used regarding to
verbs. They always connect to base as they are linked to the independent part of the speech, for
instance: “-im” (imbalance), “-mid” (midday). If prefix is used in the objective part of speech, it
will be half linked (-over, overprotective). The principal purpose of prefixes is to change the lexical
meanings of words, while the focus of suffixes in English language is to make imaginative content.
The second type of word construction is conversion. A conversion is an identifier of word
formation in the English language. In addition, it is also known as word making without suffixes.
Throughout the history there were many scholars who had many ideas about conversion. For
example: Professor A.I. Smirntitsky considered conversion as a morphological method of the word
formation. In this case, the word of any fragment moves to another part of speech by exchanging
its place with its paradigm. For example, the noun "a dial" refers to the verb "to dial" altering its
own paradigm. Conversion can also be morphological-syntactic. Because, in this case, we do not
only convert the origin paradigm of word but also exchange its syntactic function too. For instance:
“ The name of this girl is Anna (in this sentence the noun name`s function is subject). George
named his child yesterday (in this sentences the verb to name`s function is predicate). Verbs can
be originated with the help of various semantic groups` nouns, that is why, they have different
meanings. If it is made by noun which represents part of div, the verb announces the instrument:
to eye, to finger and etc. when it is organized through equipment, instruments and descriptive
nouns, the verb weapons have the meaning of a tool: to hammer, to nail.
Verbs refer to the actions of living things, which means that nouns are formed by: to mass,
to wolf, to monkey. As it is done by the nominal subject, it conveys the meaning of personalization,
contributing or devoicing: to fish, to dust, to shell, to paper. Additionally, when verb is made by
the noun which expresses place, then the verb will also mean the place: to park, to pocket. If the
conversion is counted as the things mentioned above, it will be one of the important word-building
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
33
styles. Besides being one of the major way of word-building styles, it also has a huge impact on
this effective procedure.
Another type of word formation is abbreviation. It is known as a shortened form of words in
sentences. Abbreviation comes from the Latin word `brevis` which means `short`. There are many
scientific thoughts about it. One of them is noted by the Linguist
David Crystal. He said that
abbreviation is not a marginal feature, it is a fundamental component of the English writing system.
The largest dictionaries of abbreviation have more than half a million entries and are constantly
growing. `Jan` for January can be example of abbreviation. The purpose for reducing some letters
of words has both linguistic and extra linguistic hue. It can be used in the purpose of changing the
life of people in extra linguistic. There are two main types of abbreviation. They are differentiated
with graphic and lexis sides from each other. In graphic way, they are used due to owning less
place in the text. They are also divided into several semantic groups. For example: days of weeks
(Sun- Sunday), names of month (Jan-January), names of countries (the USA). In lexical way, they
are organized by reducing one part of words, for instance: intro- introduction.
With the appearance of composite words, so many syllables appeared in EL undergoes
phonetic changes.
Compound words can be formed with formulas that belong to a specific period,
but with the passage of time the formulas lose their validity. For example, the verb + adverb
formula was very effective and numerous words were formed from it: grow up, overturned, but
today this structure is not taken into account, in this way productive and word-making ceased.
Compound words can be the consequential addition of empty phrases or can happen slowly. It is
a semantic isolation. For example: blackboard, daydream, weekend and others. In fact, these words
were free phrases and then separated structurally. As a result, these words have lost their meaning
before they relate to which part of the sentence separated from the total phrase, specialization of
meaning and formed in the form of inseparable word combinations.
In comparison to word formation, word stems help to organize material in word addition.
New compound words are made with the help of the combination of word formation and word
attachment. If we add affixes to a whole compound word, new compound word will form (for ex:
blue-eyed, dress-maker). But, nevertheless, the process of making such words is carried out
primarily by adding core. (blue + eye = blue-eyed, dress + make= dressmaker). So, in this case,
the main word-forming element of the compound word is the core. In some cases, determining the
origin of the construction of words is difficult task. There are some structures for constructing new
words. a) core + base; b) core + core + base; c) stem + stem.
Therefore, in terms of morphological structure, not all of compound words are formed by
adding word addition. Modern English words formation consists of three the most common
structures.
Structures
Examples
New words
1.
adjective+noun+ed Loud+voice+ed
Loud-voiced
2.
noun+verb+ing
Hand+clap+ing
Hand clapping
3.
noun+verb_er
Party-give-er
partygiver
If the process of differentiating the properties of an object or event is taken into account
when forming a compound word, the compound word determines whether words such as a
compound word belong to a certain semantic group. Defining the meaning of the word covered is
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
34
the second component. For example: mist-covered(town), stone-covered(street), napkin-
covered(table).
In these examples, the first component of the compound words defines the word covered by
the noun, and in passing to the compound adjective, it clarifies the nature of the whole word.
When forming a compound word, its definition may be specific not only to the second
component, but also to the first component, for example, in some compound nouns of the n+n
type, the first component can define the second.
English
Uzbek
Russian
Flower-bed
Gulzor
Цветочная клумба
Flower-bud
Gulg`uncha
Цветочная почка
Flower- cup
Gulkosa
Чашечка цветка
Flower- show
Gul ko`rgazma
Выставка цветов
Flower garden
Gulxona
Цветник
Flower pot
Gultuvak
Цветочный горшок
Flower girl
Gul qiz
Цветочница
Flower shop
Gul do`kon
Цветочный магазин
It is clear from the table that the first component “flower” explains the exhibition, pot, shop
and etc. in the second component.
To sum up, Therefore, some of the definitions given above cannot fully express the concept
of a compound word. In addition, the idea that complex words consist of components with
independent meaning cannot be applied to complex words in the Uzbek language. This is related
to one or all components of double and repeating words such as nest-nobud, meva-cheva, apak-
chapak, and one or more of compound words such as hardamxayol, harkim, sharsharak in the
Uzbek language consists of a metaphor or elements that cannot be used independently.
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ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
35
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