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2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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CULTURE AND ARTS
Nurmatov Islambek Kyzilbekovich
Teacher of the department of general education of
Jizzakh region legal technical school
Abstract.
This article describes in detail the relationship between culture and art, the role
of culture and art in society, as well as the fact that it is one of the most important links for the
development of a country to the world.
Key words:
The festivals, culture of Uzbekistan, literature in Uzbekistan, music of
Uzbekistan, danse of Uzbekistan.
КУЛЬТУРА И ИСКУССТВО
Аннотация.
В этой статье подробно описывается взаимосвязь между культурой
и искусством, роль культуры и искусства в обществе, а также тот факт, что это одно
из важнейших звеньев развития страны в мире.
Ключевые слова:
фестивали, культура Узбекистана, литература Узбекистана,
музыка Узбекистана, танец Узбекистана.
INTRODUCTION
The culture of Uzbekistan is vibrant and unique—it was formed over thousands of years,
incorporating the traditions and customs of the peoples who at various times inhabited the
territory of modern Uzbekistan.
The ancient Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Chinese, Russians, and nomadic Turkic tribes have
all contributed to Uzbek culture, which is considered the epitome of Central Asian, crossroads
cultures. The traditions reflecting the multinational nature of Uzbekistan are omnipresent in its
music, dance, painting, applied arts, language, cuisine, and clothing. Each region of Uzbekistan
has its own unique shades as well, which are most clearly manifested in national dress and local
dialects.
To get acquainted with such richness and diversity, one must travel around the whole
country, but the festivals of Uzbekistan are a great events for those who want to see the whole
palette of culture in this country in one place. The festivals attract creative souls from all regions
of the country, and here that you can see the full assortment of Uzbek dances, music, applied arts,
etc.
Art in Uzbekistan reflects the distinctive history of this country on the canvases of its
masters. The wall painting at Afrosiab, for example, is one of the best examples of pre-Mongol
art in the region. With the advent of Islam, however, the image of a man was banned, and the use
of abstract painting grew. The art of miniatures appeared later and reached perfection over time,
becoming one of the most recognizable trends in the visual arts of Uzbekistan today. Kamoliddin
Behzod (16th century), Ahmad Donish (19th century), and Abdulkhalik-Mahmum (20th century)
are rightly considered to be Uzbekistan’s masters of miniatures. In the 20th century, there was a
dramatic shift in artistic style borne out of the influence of Russian ascetics, among whom Igor
Savitsky was particularly famous for creating a unique museum of painting in Nukus. In the 21st
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
783
century, the painting of Uzbekistan joined global trends, while also maintaining its unique
features.
The history of literature in Uzbekistan originates from oral traditions and folklore–
legends, epics and fairy tales. The tales of the bogatyr (knight-errant) Alpamysh and the
inventive Nasreddin Afandi are an integral part of Uzbek culture. In the Middle Ages poets and
writers whose names are now known to every inhabitant of the country appeared in Uzbekistan:
Ahmad Yugnaki, Alisher Navoi, Babur, Jami, and others. The literary heritage of Uzbekistan
from that era is full of poetry and most works explore the themes of love, happiness, and wisdom.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, satirical and more serious, dramatic works became popular in
Uzbekistan. The most famous Uzbek writers of the 20th century are Furkat, Gafur Ghulam,
Mukimi, Hamid Alimzhan, Zulfiya, Abdullah Kahhar, and several dozen others. The modern
literature of Uzbekistan is very diverse, but unfortunately not as popular as the classical canon.
The music of Uzbekistan, with its close ties to folklore and Uzbek poetry, is a unique
manifestation of the ancient culture of the Uzbek people. Shashmak, a special genre of music in
Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, which was included by UNESCO in the list of masterpieces of oral
and intangible cultural heritage of mankind, is especially noteworthy. Classical and modern
popular music have some similarities with generally accepted world music but maintain their
own unique flavor due to the special sound of Uzbek musical instruments. The most famous
musical instruments of Uzbekistan are karnay, surnay, dutar and doira. Today, Uzbek folk music
can be heard at weddings, gala events, concerts, as well as at the famous Sharq Taronalari
Festival, which is held every two years in Samarkand.
Uzbek dances are the personification of the beauty of the Uzbek people and culture in
Uzbekistan. Uzbek folk dances differ from other regional dances in that they have a special focus
on hand movements and facial expressions. Each part of Uzbekistan has its own dance schools—
in some, sharp movements prevail, while others are smooth and graceful; likewise, some prefer
to use a short step, while others go for something like running. Today, there are three main
schools of Uzbek dance: Khorezm, Bukhara and Fergana. It is quite easy to observe Uzbek
dances–not a single celebration is complete without them and everyone loves to dance! The
flavor of Uzbek dance can also be appreciated at the folklore show, which is held daily during
the tourist season in the building of the Nadir Divan-Begi Madrasah in Bukhara.
Uzbek crafts are one of the most popular parts of culture, giving tourists a lot of options
when choosing souvenirs. Uzbek artisans pass on the secrets of craftsmanship from generation to
generation, and their works are of high quality and extraordinary elegance. Blacksmiths, potters,
weavers, carvers, and many others create works of art from silk, clay, wood, and metal that are
recognizable throughout the world thanks to their smooth lines, geometrically perfect patterns,
and harmony of form. The most famous masters of Uzbekistan are the ceramists of Gijduvan and
Rishtan, the blacksmiths of Bukhara and Chust, the weavers of Margilan, and the winemakers of
Samarkand. Artisans often arrange master classes in their workshops and show collections of
their works in which you can get acquainted with the best creations of their fathers and
grandfathers
Authentic cultural and historical monuments of Uzbekistan, along with folk art, traditions,
and customs, are inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Thousands of tourists from
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2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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different countries come to look at the medieval buildings of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, and
Shakhrisabz.
Even if you have never been to Uzbekistan, you must have heard about some of the
intangible cultural heritage that was born in this country. For example, the traditional dish Palov
and fabrics - satin and adras, which world-famous fashion designers such as Oscar de la Renta,
Nicolas Ghesquière, and John Galliano used to create their famous collections.
The UNESCO list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity from Uzbekistan
includes 12 elements:
The cultural space of the Boysun region was recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of
intangible cultural heritage in 2001, and in 2008 it was included in the UNESCO representative
list.
Shashmaqom is a style that combines singing and playing musical instruments. It was
named an intangible cultural heritage of mankind in 2003, and in 2008 entered the representative
list.
Navruz is an ancient Zoroastrian holiday dedicated to the coming of spring. It has been
on the UNESCO list since September 30, 2009, and in 2016 it was replenished with other
countries, including Uzbekistan.
Katta Ashula is a singing genre of the inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley. It was listed in
2009.
The art of wit Askiya, was listed in 2014.
Plov: tradition and culture of cooking (was included in 2016).
The practice of the Margilan Handicraft Center for the production of atlas and adras in
the traditional way (included in 2017).
Lazgi (lyazgi) - Khorazm dance (included in 2019).
The Art of Miniature (listed in 2020).
Bakhshi art - national stories with traditional music (included in 2021).
Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving (included in 2022).
Traditional stories and anecdotes about Hodja/ Molla Nesreddin (included in 2022).
The cultural space of the Boysun region is located in the Surkhandarya region one of the
most ancient places in Central Asia, where the trade caravans of the Great
Silk Road to India passed. In the Boysun region, there are unique archeological
monuments: the Teshik-Tash cave, the Payonkurgan fortress of the Kushans, the Kurganzol
fortress of the era of Alexander the Great, rock paintings in the Kugitang mountains, Surkhi
gorge, dinosaur footprints and much more.
Shashmaqom is a combination of poetry and music, which demonstrates the rich cultural
heritage of the Uzbeks. Shashmaqom was created no later than the 11th century (according to
some sources before the beginning of the 7th century). In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Shashmaqom
was the main musical direction in Samarkand, Bukhara, and other large cities of modern
Uzbekistan. Shashmaqom is also included in the UNESCO list of Tajikistan.
Navruz was included in the list of intangible heritage of mankind from Uzbekistan and 11
other countries. It is an ancient Zoroastrian holiday. Navruz is the celebration of the New Year,
which begins on March 21. On this day, it is customary to treat loved ones with delicious food
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 12 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
785
and exchange gifts. Folk festivals with fairs and national games are held in the cities of
Uzbekistan. During the Navruz holiday, it is customary to cook sumalak, a sweet festive dish
made from germinated wheat germ.
Katta Ashula, which literally means “big song”, is a genre of a traditional song that is
typical for the inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley. It is a combination of oriental poetry, singing,
playing musical instruments, as well as sacred rites. An integral element of the performance is a
small tray or porcelain plate, which directs the sound toward the audience.
Askiya, the art of wit is a unique genre of oral art, during which the participants conduct a
dialogue and argue on a given topic without affecting the honor of opponents. The genre was
born in the Fergana region not later than the 15th century. The participants must master the art of
improvisation, demonstrate the richness of the Uzbek language, and skillfully use humor.
The culture and traditions of making Palov - with this name, a favorite dish of Uzbek
people was inscribed on the list of UNESCO. Palov is a necessary part of weddings,
commemorations, holidays, and folk festivals. During religious holidays, it is customary to treat
Palov to the needy and the poor. The list of ingredients for Palov is simple: rice, meat, vegetables,
and spices, combined in the correct sequence. But to cook a delicious dish out of them, worthy of
being included in the UNESCO list, you need to have great skill and, of course, put a piece of
your soul into the cooking process.
The Margilan center for the development of crafts – the local atlas and adras is highly
appreciated by the world community. Atlas and adras fabrics began to be made many centuries
ago in Margilan, which today is located on the territory of the Fergana region. Over the past 100
years, the practice of skillfully handcrafting fabrics has begun to be lost. That is why in 2007 a
Center for the Development of Crafts was created in Margilan, the main goal of which is to
preserve and revive the traditions of making atlas and adras.
Khorezm dance Lazgi (lyazgi) is an ancient form of art of the Khorezm region. In the
ancient settlement of Toprak-kala, which existed in the 1st-6th centuries on the territory of
modern Karakalpakstan, scientists discovered images of this dance. Lazgi is often performed
while singing national songs that contain words about love and friendship.
The art of miniature is a special kind of Uzbek art, which is expressed in the creation of
small paintings. Uzbekistan entered the UNESCO World Heritage List with this site along with
Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. Usually, the miniatures depict people, as well as national
ornaments. Today miniatures can be seen on textiles, books, ceramics, papier-mache, walls, and
carpets.
The art of Bakhshi is epic poetry, which is read to the accompaniment of national Uzbek
musical instruments: dombra and kobuz. Stories originate from folk tales, legends, and fairy tales.
The art of Bakhshi is passed down from generation to generation and is also taught in specialized
schools.
Sericulture and traditional production of silk for weaving - Uzbekistan shares this
element of cultural heritage with Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Tajikistan, and
Turkmenistan. Silk has been grown in Central Asia since the 5th-6th centuries, although some
historians have earlier evidence. In Uzbekistan, a full cycle of silk production is carried out, from
growing mulberry trees to dyeing silk threads and making fabrics, carpets, and curtains.
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Uzbekistan shares the value of traditional stories and anecdotes about Khoja Nasreddin
with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Khoja
Nasreddin is a folk hero who finds himself in funny and instructive situations. Many stories
related to this character are known to both adults and children.
We recommend learning about the non-material culture of Uzbekistan during a visit to
this country. Be sure to try the traditional Uzbek Palov, get acquainted with the oriental culture,
and take a piece of Uzbekistan’s intangible heritage with you.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say that in the developing Uzbekistan, art and culture have existed
since ancient times, hundreds of years ago. The art of Uzbekistan has been surprising the whole
world for centuries. Over the years, the Uzbek people have brought art to its highest level. It
would not be wrong to say that there are unforgettable creations in all fields of music, painting,
weaving, pottery, painting. The works of Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva and other masters
have been historically notable outside the country and still continue to stir interest of lovers of
the beautiful from all over the world. Many schools of suzané embroidery and ceramics,
skullcaps of different type and purpose, national pichak-knives for every occasion, silk and
woolen carpets, silk and chasing – the wonderful works, produced by local masters for centuries,
make a unique exoticism of Uzbekistan.
Sui generis centers and schools of folk arts and crafts were formed in the territory of
Uzbekistan for centuries. Each region has its own direction. Chust, Namangan region, is widely
known for its skullcaps and knives; Rishtan, Fergana region, turquoise ceramics; ancient
Margilan, satin with iridescent play of colors; sacred Bukhara, gold embroidery.
Uzbekistan has been developing arts and crafts from century to century, handing down
the unique works of famous and unknown artists, which strike with the wealth of artistic
imagination and perfection of shapes.
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