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8.
Eshonkulov S.Yu. Civil law problems of the loan agreement in the
conditions of market relations: Dissertation abstract for the degree of
candidate of legal sciences. – Тashkent, 2012. – p. 9-10.
Khurshid Khodjamberdiev, Senior teacher at the department “Theory of
civil society” of Andizhan State University, Andizhan, Uzbekistan
FROM THE HISTORY “RECONSTRUCTION” POLICY AND ITS PECULIARITIES
IN UZBEKISTAN
K. Khodjamberdiev
Abstract: This article illuminated that the early 1980s, the social and
political development of the Soviet Union began to show signs of decline.
Therefore, a period of rapid decline in economic and social life began and
also extensive development of the economy has resulted in more costs, and
this has already begun to manifest itself in the political and social spheres
were opened by the helping scientific literatures and archive documents as
well.
Keywords: policy, Uzbekistan, culture, ecology, education, industry,
reconstruction, import, export.
INTRODUCTION
By the early 1980s, the social and political development of the Soviet
Union began to show signs of decline. A period of rapid decline in economic
and social life began. Extensive development of the economy has caused
more costs, and this has already begun to manifest itself in political and
social spheres.
Since Uzbekistan was a part of the USSR during the reconstruction
period, there were realities inherent in the socio-political situation in other
Soviet republics. By the mid-1980s, all the ministries and departments of
culture, health, education, social services and all the plants and factories in
Uzbekistan were headed by the Union Ministries. The Communist Party of
Uzbekistan, the main political institution that governs the state of
Uzbekistan, was a political organization within the regional jurisdiction of
the RSFSR. Decisions of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of Uzbekistan were considered in the plenum of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, and its decisions
were considered in the plenums of regional, district and city party
organizations. Political, economic, social and other spheres were directly
headed by district and city party organizations. The prospective
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50
development indicators of all five republics, including Uzbekistan, were
approved by the State Planning Committee of the USSR, and no state
organization could change it in Uzbekistan. The republic had to fulfill its
annual and five-year plan, whatever its potential or capabilities. That is why
in all of the Union republics, the implementation of plans was at the height
of [1], [92].
METHODS
The new colonial plan for the deployment of productive forces was
foreseen for the economy of the republic to be unilaterally oriented only on
raw materials. As a result, industries in the country related to primary
processing of raw materials have more developed. The share of finished
goods in the industry was only 25% of the total output, and consumer goods
production was only 40% of the average union level. Errors in the economy
and specialization of production have led to an increase in the resource
potential and environmental disadvantages of Uzbekistan, worsening of
material and financial conditions [2], [625], [626].
In the 1980s, the social orientation of the economy was ineffective, and
the neglect of the social interests and needs of the people became one of the
characteristic features of this period. The Great Red Empire failed to create
the country's ability to raise real incomes, improve living conditions, regular
food, health care and health care, and the social policy in this area was driven
not by the people's interests but by the will of the conservative party.
Whereas during this period, the US spent $ 3,386 per pupil per year, $ 258
in the USSR, spending $ 2,885 in England, and $ 3,33 per child in the US $
533. The USSR was the average of the Union, and the situation in Uzbekistan
was lower than the average.
By the mid-1980s, Uzbekistan was ranked one of the last in the union in
terms of socio-economic indicators. In particular, the gross national income
throughout the country was twice lower than the Union average. Also, the
food and social security of the population of the Republic declined. At the
same time, Uzbekistan was forced to import food, agricultural machinery
and even textile products. As a result, imports more than doubled exports,
and estimates that milk, meat, eggs and fish and other key consumer goods
accounted for more than half of the average EU per capita. The black market
accounted for about 20% of Uzbekistan's total trade turnover as a result of
the Center's failure to meet its basic consumer needs. Whereas the black
market traded at a much higher price. This was one of the factors
contributing to the decline in living standards [4], [31].
The center was mainly exporting raw materials from Uzbekistan.
Equipment from the Center and other republics was supplied from
Uzbekistan. This led to the growth of industry in the European Union, and
forced the Uzbek industry to be in a state of recession.
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51
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The adaptation of almost all cultivated fields to cotton fields has grown
at an unprecedented rate. Only about 45-50% of the nitrogen fertilizers
applied to cotton in the past have a beneficial effect, while the remaining 50-
55% have been washed away from the soil, blown into the air and polluted
the environment [5]. With the use of many toxic fertilizers, the pollution of
the air, water, food, fruits and melons has threatened human health and
created new diseases. During the medical examination of the population
living in the Aral Sea region, 54% to 72% of the total population was
identified. Of these, 50-63% were children [6], [51] the infant mortality rate
increased significantly and the Republic rose to one of the highest rates in
the world. In Uzbekistan, the under-five mortality rate is 37.7 per 1,000, and
52 in Karakalpakstan. The prevalence of handicapped children is 35-36% of
the total number of sick children in Uzbekistan [7], [170].
Child and maternal mortality in cotton-growing districts have more
than tripled in non-cotton areas. Oncological diseases were ten times more
than the Union average [8], [52]. The number of suicides among women has
increased as a result of hard life. The standard of living of our people has
fallen several times lower than those of third world countries. The
unpredictable and inappropriate use of water has led to the Aral catastrophe
[9].
During this time, the same old policy continued to be more cultured and
more thoroughly masked. In order to meet the ever-growing demand for
raw materials in the European Union, Uzbekistan has also used the latest
cotton production opportunities. As a result, the environmental situation
worsened and labor became even harder. The standard of living of the
population has become more difficult, and socio-economic problems have
become more acute.
The Center’s economic development programs, party and government
decisions did not take into account the interests of allied republics. Even
during the reconstruction period, the center was able to address the causes
of the economic crisis in the Union to the allied republics and to ensure the
consumption of consumer goods. In the republics, which have been
accustomed to the distribution of the center’s extensive consumer goods for
70 years, disruptions in the provision of basic foodstuffs have begun. Reform
and democratization of the political system and the participation of the
general public in political and historical processes have resulted in
unexpected consequences for the Center [10].
Partial democratic freedoms, openness, and guarantees of self-
government of the people during the “reconstruction” failed to radically
improve the welfare of the population. Because the old methods of
management, production and ownership were abolished and the new ones
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
52
were broken, economic ties between the union republics were broken, the
center's intention to reign again, the internal political struggles, the power
struggle between the RSFSR and the union and its structures. aggravated the
financial situation of the people. The shortage of consumer goods and
foodstuffs has exacerbated, and prices have steadily increased.
During these difficult times, attempts by a group of members of the
Central Authority - the Political Bureau of the Communist Party to attempt a
coup on 19-21 August 1991 - showed that Uzbekistan could no longer be the
vassal of the center. Some actions of the political forces that won the center,
attempts to occupy the union structures without any agreement with other
republics, the participation of some of the top leadership of the Communist
Party in the coup, the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party of
the republic have called into question the development of our republic. In
addition, there was still a central position in the center that sought to
maintain the old imperial relations with the republics.
At the same time, economic ties with the allied republics were severed,
and economic ties formed over half a century were disrupted. The value of
the ruble issued by the center has dwindled, and economic ties have sought
to obtain economic resources through the exchange of natural goods, and
have resisted the expropriation of their wealth. As a result, since 1991 all
republics, including Uzbekistan, have begun to disobey the center and
pursue their own national interests. The republic’s “parade of sovereignty”
has begun.
There were also peculiarities of Uzbekistan’s dependence on the center.
The economy of the republic during the Soviet period was viewed as part of
a unified centralized economic system. The interests of Uzbekistan were
rarely taken into account in the administration of the Center and its
economic policy. The republic was developed as a favorable market for the
finished product, supplying cheap raw materials and strategic mineral
resources to the former Soviet Union. This condition required the republic
to become an agro-economic entity.
Any attempt to alleviate the economic and environmental tension in
Uzbekistan, national self-consciousness, the Center’s efforts to break down
the pressure, the most appropriate and specific paths to the republic were
considered “localism”, “nationalism” and severely eradicated, even
centralized. funding and resource constraints [11], [626].
Many industrial enterprises based in Uzbekistan were directly
subordinated to the center and were not managed by the government. The
country manages more economic activities, such as mining and primary
processing of raw materials, semi-finished products, defense products, but
all products manufactured in this area are exported. Most industrial
enterprises produced their own goods not for the domestic market but for
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
53
the center's exportation. Nodiv knew about the statistics. In other words,
the center is responsible for the income of national products [12].
The main purpose of the Union leadership was to create a unified
national economic system. As part of this policy, industrial enterprises in
Uzbekistan were established in terms of the transportation of natural
resources from the Republic. The range of industrial products is limited,
mainly for the production of construction materials, light industry goods
and cotton fiber. During the period 1980-1990, cotton, light and textile
enterprises accounted for 57.3% of total industrial production in
Uzbekistan. In Andijan, Namangan, Ferghana, Tashkent, Samarkand,
Khorezm and Bukhara regions, the number of unemployed increased due to
the relatively small number of industrial enterprises relative to population
growth [13].
Social life in Uzbekistan depended on cotton production, on the one
hand, and industrial development on the other. Of the 1,267 large industrial
enterprises operating in Uzbekistan in 1988, only 320 (ie 25.3 percent) were
fully self-financing. These enterprises accounted for 55.7% of the total
industrial output in the country. The rest of the enterprises (947, or 74.7%)
delivered the remaining 44.3%, which is 0.7% less than the previous year.
In 1988, 39.2% of the country's output was produced on the state order. The
state orders for agricultural machine-building enterprises accounted for
more than 90% of the total production output and 85% in the machine-
building industry [14], [428].
In the late 1980s, the country was in crisis as a result of population
growth, ie the integration of demographic and economic problems. The
standard of living of the population was steadily declining. By 1988, income
of the Central Asian population, in particular Tajikistan's 59%, Uzbekistan
45%, and Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan 37%, was below the subsistence
minimum. Most surprisingly, the Union did not have a meAndijan State
University named after Z.M.Boburre of poverty in the population [15], [4] by
1990, about 70% of the country’s total income had fallen below the
subsistence minimum. Also, unemployment has been increasing year by
year [16], [26].
The report of the German Institute for Socio-Economic Development in
Central Asia evaluates the situation as follows: “By 1990, Central Asia was
already in an unbearable social situation - widespread poverty and
unemployment, housing shortages, education. As a result of the reforms of
the early 1990s, we can say that the communist ideology was completely
alien to our people and could not be reflected in the totalitarian society for
more than 70 years. Because Marxism-Leninism, as an idea or ideology, was
a complete doctrine of the national heritage, traditions and historical
memory of our people. Communist doctrines are completely alien to the
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
54
mentality of the Uzbek people. There were no social, political, economic or
ideological conditions in Uzbekistan for the proletarian revolution and
dictatorship [17].
The politics of pride, poverty, equality of all dependence on the power
of the poor, the use of pressure, fear, and use of force among the people are
in crisis. By dividing society into polarized classes based on the criteria of
wealth and poverty, the idea, ideology and worldview of forcibly mobilizing
millions of people to build a fantastic communist society through artificial
ways and means, such as creating artificial enemy images, has never really
penetrated the nature of the Uzbek people. Although the people obeyed the
party, the authorities and its bodies only as factors of organization and way
of life, they were deeply aware of the socio-political and ideological goals of
this system, both in their own life and in their own thinking processes.
CONCLUSION
In sum, the consequences of the reconstruction were as follows:
- The totalitarian regime in the USSR was abolished, the hegemony of
KPSS in political life was eliminated;
- The USSR collapsed. On its territory independent states were
established;
- The planned economic system is abolished, the conditions for market
relations formation have been created;
- Pluralism in social and political life has been formed, a multi-party
system has emerged;
- The Cold War policy has been abolished, and changes have been made
in the deployment of world powers;
- The “socialist system of the world” was abolished.
All in all, in the late 1980s, the Republic inherited from the former Soviet
Union the ideological monarchy, economic crises, people’s distrust of the
state and the system, and the disintegration of the nation. In such a difficult
and dangerous environment, the goals of development, such as solving the
existing problems and mobilizing the people for national independence,
were the priorities of the development agenda.In this difficult period of
history, Islam Karimov’s election as president, his early work, and his early
reforms to change social and economic life have given the nation a sense of
hope for the future.
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