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The Fraunhofer Institute for the study of solar energy systems, Soitec,
CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz center in Berlin announced that they have
achieved a new world record for the efficiency of converting Solar energy
into electrical energy by using a new structure of solar cells with four layers.
Like some other multilayer solar cells, this chip is designed to work with a
concentrator that concentrates the flow of sunlight in 297.3 times, that is,
the area of the lens of the concentrator is about 300 times the area of the
solar cell. The efficiency of 44.7% applies to a wide range of solar radiation:
from ultraviolet to infrared. The energy of waves with a length of 200-1800
nm is taken by four layers of the cell. This is an important step towards
reducing the cost of using solar electricity and approaching an important
milestone of 50% efficiency.
Conclusions. The article analyzes the latest information about solar cells
and notes the prospects for using optimal solar energy converters based on
graphene.
References:
1.
Fahrenbruch A., Bob R. Solar cells: Theory and experiment; translated
from English. Ed. by M. M. Koltun. - Moscow: 1987. - 312 p.
2.
Zhores I. Alferov, Andreev, E. M., Rumyantsev V. D. Trends and
prospects of development of solar photovoltaics. Physics and technology of
semiconductors, - 2004. - T 36, - Issue 8, - pp. 937-946.
3.
http://onnes.ph.man.ac.uk/nano/index.html
Nargiza Karimova, Samarkand State Institute of foreign languages. Teacher
of the department of pedagogy and psychology
REQUIREMENTS FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
N. Karimova
Abstract: Teaching has been an essential process in pedagogy
demanding great effort and responsibility. Essentially teaching process
becomes more difficult in teaching a foreign language to learners a language
as a second language. My below written article is devoted to requirements
for foreign language teaching
Keywords: Secondary special vocational education, the goal of academic
lyceums, teaching foreign languages. the communicative approach, practical
trainings.
The first law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" adopted in
1992 and the basis of the "National Program of Personnel Training" adopted
on August 29, 1997, the economic, social, scientific-technical and cultural
formation of a needy, creative, socially active, spiritually rich person and
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training of highly qualified competitive personnel. [2] Secondary special
vocational education plays an important role in the system of continuing
education of our country. Academic lyceums and vocational colleges directly
contribute to the fact that our students are not indifferent to the future and
choose a career in the future. While the goal of academic lyceums is to
provide students with in-depth knowledge of disciplines and to raise a
younger generation in higher education, the current goal of vocational
colleges is to ensure that young people acquire one or more specialties in
their chosen profession. [1]
The goal of the current attention and demands on foreign languages is
to plan the process of teaching a foreign language. In the process of teaching
foreign languages, special attention is paid to the development of the
student's personality and abilities.
This can be clearly seen in vocational education institutions. The
requirement for teachers is to ensure that every student in an educational
institution learns a foreign language not as a science but as a profession. Of
course, not every swimmer is good enough to be a linguist, and it is certain
that he or she will have a profession. As an example, in this rapidly
developing country, the instructions for use of imported equipment are
written in a foreign language, which is not used by a foreign specialist or
worker, it is used by our young professionals. And if the personnel trained
by our professional colleges do not know their rules and manage, it means
that the level of education in our country is in the background. After all, the
strength of any state is determined by its spiritual maturity, the intellectual
potential of its citizens. [3-13]
Therefore, the planning of lessons should create favorable conditions
for the development of the learner, taking into account his natural
intellectual potential, the teacher should take into account the goals,
emotions, interests, views of the student, take into account the psychological
and physiological characteristics of the student:
Teaching foreign languages is carried out through student interaction:
[4-88]
-
The teacher should be able to independently research, analyze,
compare, modify, apply knowledge in the process of communication, in
which the teacher should be the organizer, consultant and supervisor of the
learning process;
-
The organization of education in pairs and groups ensures high
activity of students;
The communicative approach, which is recognized as a priority in
modern foreign language teaching methods, is organized and controlled in
the practical training aimed at teaching communication in foreign languages.
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Practical trainings on the basics of foreign language teaching are
organized in a planned interactive way, where students learn not as passive
listeners, but in-depth understanding of the material studied, comparing
them with the criteria in the native language, independent research and
correct conclusions.
The technologicalization of the educational process in practical classes
aimed at teaching communication in foreign languages is carried out
through the conceptual principles of communicative approach, which is
recognized as a priority in modern methods of teaching foreign languages.
Thanks to the positive attitude to foreign languages and fruitful work,
these days young people studying in academic lyceums and professional
colleges "Yangi Avlod" or "English B1" for first-year, second-year and third-
year students "Student's book" and "Work book" ”Is increasing its
knowledge on the basis of textbooks. The advantage of the new generation
of textbooks is that they are designed for our young language learners to use
both on a daily basis and in a branched order.
References:
1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IA Karimov
dated December 10, 2012 No 1875 "On measures to further improve the
system of learning foreign languages."
2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and "National
Training Program" of August 29, 1997.
3. "Handbook on CEFR for foreign language teachers" L. Kirkham, A.
Iriskulov, F. Rashidova, 2013.
4. Kochibaev AK Practical methods of teaching foreign languages
(Textbook). Samarkand, 2012.