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Publisher:
The USA Journals
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the current situation in Uzbekistan in the field of external and internal migration, the ongoing
work on the coordination of population migration, in particular, the use of modern information technologies in the
regulation of population migration. In order to further increase the effectiveness of work in this area, the general
aspects of the experience of Germany, Spain and Sweden, which are members of the European Union, are analyzed,
and the most important aspects to be considered in the application of digital technologies in regulating migration.
KEYWORDS
Migration, labor migrants, digital technologies, EU, foreign experience, integration.
INTRODUCTION
Labor migration is a special type of migration at the
current stage of development of human society, aimed
at finding decent work and high incomes, and has
become one of the main tools to address the problems
of employment and low wages in economically
underdeveloped countries.
Research Article
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE REGULATION OF POPULATION
MIGRATION
Submission Date:
January 09, 2022,
Accepted Date:
January 20, 2022,
Published Date:
January 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume04Issue01-02
Sultanov Abdulla Azamatovich
Researcher of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Volume 04 Issue 01-2022
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Naturally, Uzbekistan is not left out of the
phenomenon of the twentieth century - the process of
labor migration. Our country, which is experiencing
significant demographic growth, is one of the
countries with large labor resources. Between 2010
and 2020, Uzbekistan's permanent population
increased by 6.4 million or 23 percent. UNICEF
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It is estimated that by 2030 the country’s population is
expected to reach 37 million.
According to the World Bank, the average
unemployment rate in Uzbekistan over the past 10
years has been 5-6 percent. According to the State
Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
the unemployment rate in the country from 2009 to
2020
Shows an increase of 4 percentage points.
Therefore, it can be said that the issue of labor
migration is of great importance for Uzbekistan.
According to the Ministry of Employment and Labor
Relations, more than 1.3 million Uzbeks work in the
Russian Federation and about 200,000 in the Republic
of Kazakhstan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the Central Bank of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, in recent years there has been an increase
in the volume of cross-border remittances sent to
Uzbekistan. In particular, the volume of transfers in
2017 - 4.8 billion US dollars, in 2018 - 5.1 billion. USD, in
2019 - 6.0 bln. USD, and in 2020 - 6.0 bln. USD. The fact
that the share of EOII countries in the transfers is more
than 85% [1], further increases the need to regulate
migration issues related to the region and to create the
necessary conditions for citizens. On this basis, labor
migrants are trained in the profession and foreign
languages in accordance with today's demand. Also, in
order to ensure social protection of migrants, taking
into account the length of service of citizens working
abroad, a system of registration of self-employed
persons and calculation of length of service is applied
to them. Low-interest loans of up to 10 million soums
are provided to migrant workers for travel, patents and
insurance costs. An online platform and call center
have been set up to provide full legal protection to our
citizens abroad, and a service of qualified lawyers has
been set up [2].
At the same time, special attention is paid to the
creation of a new system for the effective organization
of labor activity of citizens engaged in seasonal and
one-time work (temporary work) on the regulation of
internal migration. It includes expanding the range of
services provided to citizens engaged in temporary
work, providing employment services to individuals
and legal entities to employers, providing advice and
methodological assistance in compliance with labor
and labor protection legislation, employment of
citizens in temporary employment. protection of their
rights and protection of labor, the provision of services
to them to provide them with tools, personal
protective equipment and special clothing.
On the basis of the principle of "work for all" in our
country, attention is paid to the widespread use of
modern information technology in the organization of
temporary work, the introduction of a system of
remote services to employers and employees. The
software and hardware complex "Unified electronic
information-analytical system of the civil service" is a
unique system in the country for the widespread
introduction of information and communication
technologies in the field of personnel management
and human resource development in government
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agencies and organizations. The national database of
vacancies created on its basis, electronic search
engines
(http://ish.mehnat.uz/,
https://vacancy.argos.uz/), today allows many of our
citizens to find suitable jobs. It is obvious that the
development of any industry today is unimaginable
without digital technologies. In turn, in order to
increase the effectiveness of work in this area, it is
necessary to study the best practices used in
developed countries, to apply their effective methods
in the national legal system and practice.
It is known that the European Union is one of the
regions most often faced with problems related to
migration processes. In particular, in 2018, about 2.4
million migrants visited the territory of the Union. As of
January 1, 2019, 21.8 million of the 446.8 million people
residing in EU-27 countries are not Union citizens. Or,
based on data from December 2021, it was found that
more than 7,000 migrants from Iraq, Syria and other
countries, who had gathered on the border of Poland
and Belarus alone, were trying to enter the union
territory. Of course, these figures are mainly based on
official statistics, in fact, these figures may be higher.
Due to this need, the EU pays special attention to the
use of innovative methods for working with data on
migration processes, including the rapid collection and
processing of information, ie digital technologies. This
is because large amounts of migration data require a
great deal of effort and means to record, process, and
monitor the registrants quickly. With this in mind, and
in order to provide politicians, statisticians, journalists,
and the public interested in migration information with
the necessary information, in 2017 the Global Migration
Data Portal (Migration Data Portal) was launched. .
According to statistics, about 60% of the world's
population and 82.5% of the population of the
European Union are actively using the global Internet
[6]. 3/2 of the users use the Internet through mobile
devices [7]. These figures naturally increase the
advantages of using digital technologies in the study
and coordination of the migration process.
The experience of Germany, Spain and Sweden in this
regard should be especially noted. Because these
countries: place in the world rankings on digitization;
EU rating for the use of digital technologies; is one of
the most advanced countries in Europe in terms of
criteria such as the flow of migrants [8].
In particular, the National Strategy for the Introduction
of e-Government (NEGS) was approved in Germany on
September 24, 2010, and this platform is constantly
updated due to the development of science [9]. The
Law on e-Government of June 17, 2013 is also important
in this regard. Its goals are to provide simple,
convenient and efficient e-government services for
federal, state and local governments, and to facilitate
e-communications. In addition, this document
strengthens the right of access to the database under
the current legislation of Germany, regulates the
principles of working with open data and provides for
the introduction of an electronic identity card (eID).
This eID card allows individuals to use German e-
government services that meet the highest level of
security requirements [10].
In the summer of 2015, another important decision was
made by the German federal government to
modernize the digital government IT infrastructure. It
is based on strategic directions developed by the
German Ministry of Education and Science aimed at
increasing the attractiveness of the country's
economic and scientific potential and the introduction
of high technologies, as well as finding rational
solutions to international and national problems.
These priorities include:
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1)
Focusing on issues related to the welfare and
quality of life of the people;
2)
Combining existing capabilities, forces and means;
3)
Strengthening the dynamics of innovative
approaches in industry;
4)
Creation of the most favorable conditions for the
implementation of innovations in practice; 5)
special attention is paid to strengthening social
cooperation and activism [11].
Effective July 1, 2016, the eIDAS regulation came into
force as the sole legal basis for the provision of
electronic trust services throughout the European
Union [12]. In Germany, the law on the introduction of
the eIDAS system came into force on July 29, 2017. It is
based on the Law on Trusted Services (VDG), which
contains the rules and explanations necessary for the
effective implementation of the regulation of the
eIDAS system. In addition, given the leadership of
Germany in international migration policy, the
International Data Analysis Center of the International
Organization for Migration was opened in Berlin [13].
Spain. As a result of the country's migration reforms,
which began in 2000, Law No. 4/2000 on the Rights and
Freedoms of Foreigners and Their Social Integration in
Spain came into force on 11 January [14] and with a
number of amendments and additions made during
2000, 2003 and 2009. further improved. Spain's state
policy in the field of migration, ie the procedure for
granting the right to reside and work in the country for
migrants, can be divided into two main principles:
registration - a residence permit issued to immigrants
who meet the administrative and legal requirements
established by law; the principle of social activism - a
special permit issued to foreign citizens who are
economically and socially active, who can contribute to
the national interests of the country.
In general, Spanish migration policy differs from the
German model in that it incorporates elements of the
Northern European approach. The country ranks 10th
in the European Union in the use of digital
technologies.
In accordance with the Intellectual Spain Strategic
Plan, developed in 2013, since 2017, digital technologies
have been widely used in areas such as energy and
tourism.
At the same time, when analyzing the level of digital
literacy of the Spanish population according to the
indicators of active use of servers, it is found that about
45% of citizens aged 16 to 74 do not have basic skills in
Internet use [15]. It is natural that the work of
government agencies on the formation of the
necessary knowledge on the use of digital data in the
population, including migration policy, in particular,
will have an impact on the level of adaptation of
migrants to digital technologies.
In addition, the late start of the application of digital
technologies in the Spanish economy compared to
other European countries has led to the widespread
introduction of ICT in both the public and business
sectors. Due to these factors, it is undeniable that
some problems remain in the use of electronic services
by migrants in the country, the protection of their
rights and freedoms. With this in mind, today special
attention is paid to programs aimed at training and
assisting young professionals working in the digital
economy and technology.
Sweden. The country, which has a long history of
migration, has a period of active development in the
post-World War II period. In particular, the influx of
migrants into the country in 1939 was 7,178, while in
1946 it was 31,422. The growing number of migrants
and the need to adapt to the demands of the 21st
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century, which is described as the information age,
have led the Swedish government to implement large-
scale digital projects in the field of migration.
On this basis, the official electronic ID-cards,
introduced in Sweden on October 1, 2005, contained
biometric data, among other things. The procedure for
using the national identification card (nationellt
identitetskort) with a special chip for the use of e-
government services as a transport document in the
Schengen area for the identification of citizens has also
been established.
Most citizens use unofficial electronic identifiers from
various providers such as BankID, Telia, Freja eID + to
access e-services. In Sweden, the eIDAS infrastructure
has also been introduced, so about 100 agencies
provide integrated electronic services with cross-
border authentication [17]. In October 2005, Sweden
became the second EU country to start issuing
biometric passports (ePassport) with an RFID (Radio
Frequency
Identification)
microchip
containing
personal data and a digital photograph. The country
also
conducts
electronic
data
processing
(eProcurement), invoices (eInvoicing) and payments
(ePayment) in electronic form, which allows to
implement joint projects for the provision of electronic
services.
Due to the wide range of cross-border interactions,
Sweden participates in EUCARIS (vehicle information),
EULIS (part of e-litigation), BRIS (business registry
system) projects, as well as e-projects such as e-SENS
and PEPPOL. The implementation of these programs
has also affected the use of the Electronic Exchange of
Social Security Information (EESSI) system, which is
capable of cross-border transmission of social security
information. These services are also the Swedish
Migration Agency - a div that specializes in reviewing
applications from those who have visited the country,
applied for residence or asylum, as well as those
seeking citizenship. Through them, migrant workers
can submit and track their work permits and citizenship
applications online. The portal has a service that allows
you to make an appointment with the Migration
Agency.
It should be noted that the high level of development
of the digital economy in Sweden and the conditions
created by the state for the use of digital technologies
for citizens, as well as foreigners in the country, in turn,
the widespread introduction of digital communication
and information technologies in migration policy and
offered a wide range of customization options.
However, Sweden is still not recognized as one of the
most favorable countries for labor migrants. Because
the majority of labor migrants coming to the country
are not literate enough in digital technologies. This
creates for them the advantages of digitalization and
inconsistencies in the exercise of their rights and
freedoms through the use of appropriate resources.
CONCLUSION
In general, the focus of digital technologies on
addressing migration issues includes the processing of
personal data of individuals, which in turn requires a
positive solution to issues related to information
security in the field of digital migration. Therefore, it is
necessary to pay special attention to the following
aspects of working with labor migrants and the use of
IT-technologies in the development of a digital visa
platform for migration:
1)
The presence of a high level of digitization in the
economy of the host country;
2)
Sufficient level of literacy (not lower than the basic
level) for the use of digital services;
3)
Increase the literacy of migrant workers in the
necessary languages and digital technologies;
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4)
Reliable integration of electronic identification of
migrants and remittances;
5)
Formation of a high-level security system aimed at
the protection of personal data.
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SJIF
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