The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
1
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
‘
ABSTRACT
In the XXI century, the improvement of governance in the world, the effective organization of the
activities of public authorities are becoming increasingly important. As a result of effective and
transparent governance in developed countries, we can see that budget funds are spent wisely, the
level of corruption is low, bureaucratic barriers are reduced, and the relationship between citizens and
government agencies is systematic.
Crowdsourcing is a widely supported platform in the private sector and its security has been widely
used in public administration for decades. Assist in overcoming efficiency and problems that can help
people use crowdsourcing in other management.
KEYWORDS
Efficiency, Crowdsourcing, Public Administration, Transparency, Accountability, Internet,
Government, Corruption, Governance.
INTRODUCTION
The United Nations Development Program and
the World Bank evaluate the activities of about
200 countries and their public authorities
based on various criteria. There is also a system
of proposals for the introduction of new ways
to
increase
the
efficiency
of
public
administration. Democratization of public
administration in the world, the introduction of
new public administration was first established
in the 90s of the twentieth century in the
Anglo-Saxon states, but this new system is
used and is being implemented in many
countries around the world today.
Crowdsourcing In Improving The Efficiency Of Public
Administration
Azizhon Akhmedov Muhsinjon Ogli
Ph.D Student Of The National University Of Uzbekistan
Yoqubov Muhammadali Gofurjon Ogli
Researcher At The National University Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
2
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
In particular, modern methods of improving
the efficiency of public administration are
being widely introduced in Uzbekistan. In
particular, we can see from 2017 that the
authorities will begin to master the elements of
crowdsourcing in their activities - a modern
way of interacting with citizens. The use of
such tools in international practice on the basis
of
information
and
communication
technologies has a history of more than 20
years.
Launched
in
2001,
the
first
crowdsourcing project, InnoCentive, is a
platform that has been involved in solving 1,420
problems, attracting 250,000 people from
almost every country in the world. InnoCentive
has about 500,000 top professionals, more
than 60% of whom have master’s, doctoral or
other academic degrees. The unique feedback
from them has helped to solve problems in
various fields.
This effective method of interaction and
interaction of the population and expert
communities in Uzbekistan with the decisions,
decrees, orders, draft laws adopted by the
state is connected with the initiative of
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. President
Shavkat
Mirziyoyev's
speech
on
the
introduction
of
advanced
information
technologies in the work of the state
apparatus, as well as the active use of social
networks by senior civil servants, helped to
improve relations between the state and
citizens. Nevertheless, the principles of using
the concept of crowdsourcing require a
systematic analysis at the expert level and
formalization in regulatory documents. At
present, the systematic introduction of
crowdsourcing in public administration is
almost non-existent. However, we can see the
passive practice of crowdsourcing in the public
discussion of several interagency projects,
government programs. It is necessary to
implement this international experience, while
paying special attention to the development of
all elements of e-government in public
administration.
In my opinion, for the successful use of this
modern technology, it is important to
determine the meaning of the word
crowdsourcing and its role in improving public
administration. It is especially important to
assess its advantages and disadvantages in
terms of developing a reliable relationship
between the government and the population.
Crowdsourcing - ("crowdsourcing, crowd" - a
wide range and "sourcing" - the use of
resources) in order to solve the problems of
innovative production, using information and
communication technologies to use the
positive abilities, knowledge and experience of
a wide range of intellectuals is a form of
making. The term was first used by writer Jeff
Howe and magazine editor Mark Robinson.
One of the important practices in international
practice is to constantly address the public on
the necessary issues of public administration.
In 1714, the British Parliament established an
award for developing a reliable method of
determining longitude. Although the prize
itself was given to John Harrison, the creator of
the marine chronometer, half a century later,
this example is one of the most famous
historical precedents of its kind. The
publication of photographs of criminals, the
selection and holding of an Olympic emblem,
and finally a referendum, even the creation of
a new text of the Icelandic Constitution with
the help of crowdsourcing, all prove that this is
a long-standing practice to engage the general
public. In form, crowdsourcing is similar to
outsourcing. If such activity in outsourcing is
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
3
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
carried out by professional executors outside
the company at the expense of a certain salary,
crowdsourcing usually does not provide for the
idea expressed in the assignment, payment for
the project or only the most prestigious
proposals can be rewarded. In this case, the
task is performed by amateurs and
professionals who are willing to spend their
free time on a particular research or
development, not for a fee.
The use of information and communication
technologies, the implementation of projects
on specialized sites on the Internet are the
basis of modern crowdsourcing models. This
significantly expands the target range of
participants, increasing work efficiency.
A project that is traditionally entrusted to its
own staff or a narrow circle of experts will
become a form of innovation if it is introduced
in the form of an open appeal to the general
public of Internet users for suggestions and
feedback.
The most popular and useful crowdsourcing
project today is Wikipedia, which contains
more than 55 million articles in 309 languages1,
including more than 140,471,000 articles in
Uzbek and 62,907 articles by volunteers.
Depending on the expected outcome
(searching for ideas, searching for executors,
or getting the finished product), there are
three areas of interaction with the open
network
community:
crowdstorm,
crowdcasting, and crowd production.
An important and very popular aspect of the
use of crowsourcing in developed countries is
the
public
discussion
of
draft
laws,
management decisions and the development
of strategic programs of local government.
This practice is used in the preparation of draft
laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan and is
widely discussed on the Internet. For example,
the draft Action Strategy for the development
of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the law on the
formation and amendment of annual state
programs, amendments, draft resolutions
were held on official and unofficial platforms.
•
However, contacting the public may
not guarantee a definitive solution to
the problem, but in some cases finding
it increases the likelihood. Like any
technology, crowdsourcing has its
drawbacks and limitations that need to
be
taken
into
account.
The
implementation
of crowdsourcing
projects is based on involving a wide
range of participants in the debate,
who should spend their time and
generate ideas and suggestions to
participate in public discussions. In this
regard, the task of motivating project
participants
arises.
Traditionally,
several methods of motivation are
used:
•
Personal interest in solving the
problem or its great social significance,
the
ability
to
access
valuable
information for users;
•
Opportunity
for
self-awareness,
articulation of ideas and goals that are
of particular interest to creative and
active people;
•
Financial incentives.
Self-interest is inherent in public debate
initiated by the authorities. There may also be
public expertise of regulatory documents or
projects planned to be implemented with the
support of the authorities (e.g. area
development plans, construction of parking
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
4
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
lots, etc.). The Russian experience shows that
citizens are very active in discussing bills that
directly affect their interests (for example, the
law on fishing), as well as regulations aimed at
combating corruption and improving the
functioning of the state apparatus.
Basically, the experience of implementing
crowdsourcing projects in developed countries
provides another type of personal motivation
for participants in innovative projects:
recording the rewards received for successful
solutions to personal problems, good
advantages and attracting the attention of
employers.
Official websites on the Internet and social
media projects aimed at strengthening the
interaction of the government with citizens on
urban planning and beautification cause very
active discussions among the population, as
they directly affect the interests of the
population.
This
process
provides
an
opportunity to participate in improving the
functioning of government. These include
public discussion of urban planning programs
of each territorial unit, draft laws, public
opinion, responses, as well as "Tashkent
Roads", "Our City", "Tashkent Development
Program" and other projects supported by the
city and regional administrations. The Internet
offers a new opportunity - open public control
over the activities of the city government to
address existing problems, which significantly
increases the responsibility of officials.
Encouraging participation in crowdsourcing
projects is a traditional incentive, especially for
commercial projects. For example, by May
2020, $ 35 million had been paid for relevant
feedback on projects implemented on
InnoCentive.
Note
that
the
revenue
from
the
implementation of proposals received in
crowdsourcing projects often exceeds the
amount to be paid. In particular, the Canadian
company Coldcorp paid a premium of $
575,000 for the analysis of geological
prospecting data, which resulted in the
discovery of 110 gold deposits worth more than
$ 3 billion.
In the process of mass search for innovations,
it is necessary to ensure the allocation of
resources and identify ways to solve another
important problem specific to crowdsourcing:
there is a need to organize the analytical
processing of a large number of incoming
proposals. An underestimation of this problem
can lead to a real failure of the project. This is
exactly what happened in September 2007
when the New Zealand government was
discussing an online police law.
Crowdsourcing
on
electronic
platforms
designed for interaction between citizens and
government agencies (for example, on the
above-mentioned Internet portals developed
with the support of Berlin, Tokyo, London,
Moscow City or Tatarstan authorities) is a very
clear incentive to take concrete action on
issues raised by citizens. . The level of
application of information and communication
technologies in the activities of government
agencies allows combining such services with
electronic document management systems,
which helps to organize a rapid interoperability
and clear interagency control over responses
to citizens' requests.
It also builds the ability of officials to respond
quickly
to
citizens
’applications
and
suggestions. This allows those responsible for
budget planning to record some unknown,
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
5
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
necessary issues. At the same time, broad
public support with the participation of the
media will help to correct existing plans and
resolve the problem more quickly.
It is not necessary to create special platforms
in the early stages of implementing one-time
projects or introducing tools for public
discussion. It is more convenient and more
effective to turn to professional intermediaries
in the field of crowdsourcing - "knowledge
brokers". Intermediary companies use proven
technologies to organize and encourage public
discussion, build a knowledge base, evaluate
and sort incoming proposals.
Crowdsourcing projects are often criticized for
lack of consistency, which is the result of
appealing to a mass of unorganized and
unnecessary performers in practice. However,
here, too, there are opportunities to achieve
specific goals, to introduce special techniques
to resolve conflicts between members of
society. For example, during the public
discussion of the Law on Education, which was
held on a specially designed website with the
help of Wikivote, and the Social Opinion
Foundation took additional measures to
collectively design the articles of the law and
create a single final document. Participants
were given the opportunity to create individual
versions of small semantic blocks, from which
articles, chapters, and the entire text of the law
were collected. The personalized blocks were
discussed and evaluated on the site and
included in the final version of the revised bill
based on these assessments.
Social networks can be called one of the most
dynamic information systems today. In
particular, it provides a number of additional
advantages in the crowdsourcing process.
Social networks allow for faster dissemination
of information, identify many participants in
the discussion and draw additional conclusions
on this basis. For example, it helps to formulate
development programs for remote areas, to
receive proposals from experts in the field, as
well as representatives of the region, and to
identify target groups of consumers of goods
and services in certain regions based on the
geographical location of the authors.
It should be noted that crowdsourcing should
not limit its scope to ensure the openness of
the discussion. True, this will result in a large
flow of unnecessary feedback, but it is also
clear that solutions to the problem will be
shown. This excludes issues that contain trade
or
state
secrets,
including
classified
information.
The popularity of e-services among the
population and the activity of discussion
participants on Internet sites create another
simple but very important basis - ease of
participation. In order to make it easy for
people to volunteer for socially useful
activities, they should be able to make
suggestions without difficulty on their
computer or phone without leaving their
home. Crowdsourcing technologies may not
be helpful if you have to go through
complicated procedures to write a review or
complaint. At the same time, all this
encourages the transition of the Internet to the
real sector of social life.
In this regard, a direct transition to
representative democracy is possible by
realizing
modern
communication
opportunities to create mechanisms for public
relations. The next step is to increase the social
activity of all branches of government: the
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
6
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
legislature, the executive and the judiciary, by
taking e-government to a new level.
Active introduction of modern information and
communication technologies in the activities of
public administration is becoming one of the
important areas for improving the efficiency of
their activities. At present, there are attempts
to create specialized social networks to
provide intellectual support and improve the
quality of management decisions. We believe
that such technologies of interaction with the
active audience on the Internet are compatible
with the work of bodies such as the Public
Chamber at the regional level.
At the same time, it is necessary to use all sorts
of ways to stimulate participants in collective
intellectual activity in all areas. In particular, it
is possible to organize regular meetings of the
authors of the most interesting proposals with
the leadership of the relevant agencies, and
thus create the necessary conditions for the
creation of a system of "social elevators". The
proposed measures will allow directing youth
activism to a channel of constructive
interaction with the authorities, which is of
interest to all parties.
In conclusion, it can be said that in developed
countries today, crowdsourcing is called
“innovation for the user”. Therefore, the
widespread
use
of
crowdsourcing
technologies to increase the efficiency of
public administration in Uzbekistan also has
the following advantages:
Access to knowledge, skills and talents of
professionals in the country, region and
even around the world;
The ability to assign a job to one person to
a very large group of people;
To have the necessary ideas, innovations
and other important ideas at almost no
cost, and so on.
REFERENCES
1.
Terry MacDougal. Towards Political
inclusiveness: The changing role of local
government.
World
Bank
Institute,
Washington D.C. 2001, p-1.
2.
Local power in the Japanese state, by
Muramatsu Michio, 1997, University of
California press, p-35
3.
Crowdsourcing Government: Lessons from
Multiple
Disciplines
-
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1
111/puar.12808?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_
wiMBn29wdoqF8Guw4aZaMwss6eNnwaC
gFnPiNqcK3aw-1635267170-0-
gqNtZGzNAiWjcnBszQe9
4.
Daren C. Brabham, 2008. “Crowdsourcing
as a model for problem solving: An
introduction and cases,” Convergence,
volume 14, number 1, pp. 75-90
5.
Todd Davies and Seeta Peña Gangadharan
(editors), 2009. Online deliberation:
Design, research, and practice. Stanford,
Calif.: Center for the Study of Language
and Information, Stanford University.
6.
Christian Terwiesch and Yi Xu, 2008.
“Innovation contests, open innovation,
and
multiagent
problem
solving,”
Management Science, volume 54, number
9, pp. 1,529–1,543.
7.
Osborne D,. Gaebler T. Reinventing
government. Boston. Addison – Wesley
publ. 69. Co., 1992. -405 P.
8.
Considine M., Lewis.J.M. Bureaucracy?
Network or Enterprize? Comparing models
of Governnence in Australia, Britain, the
Netherlands, and New Zealend// Public
The USA Journals Volume 03 Issue 11-2021
7
The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
(ISSN
–
2693-0803)
Published:
November 21, 2021 |
Pages:
1-7
Doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume03Issue11-01
I
MPACT
F
ACTOR
2021:
5.
952
Administration Review, 2003 (Mar. – Apr.)
Vol. 63. No. 2. P. 131-140.
9.
Bourn M., Neely A., Mills J., Platts K.
Implementing performance measurement
system: a literature review Int.
10.
James Surowiecki, 2004. The wisdom of
crowds: Why the many are smarter than
the few and how collective wisdom shapes
business,
economies,
societies,
and
nations. New York: Doubleday.
11.
James W. Carey, 1989. Communication as
culture: Essays on media and society.
Boston: Unwin Hyman.
