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Список использованной литературы:
(1). Бартольд В. История изучения Востока в Европе и в России. Спб., 1911, 282 с.
(2). Брагинский И.С. Западно-восточный синтез в «Диване» Гете классическая поэзия на фарси. XXVI
Междунар.конгресс востоковедов. Доклады делегации СССР, М., 1963, с. 1–11.
(3). Жирмунский В.М. Сравнительное литературоведение. Л., “Наука”, 1979, 492 с.
(4). Конрад Н.И. Литературы народов Востока и вопросы общего литературоведения. М., 1960, 6 с.
(5). Конрад Н.И. Запад и восток. М., Гл. ред. восточ. лит., 1972, 495 с.
(6). Михайлов А.В. Гете и поэзия Востока. Восток – Запад. М., 1985, c. 117.
(7). Панова О.Б., Белова А.Н. Гёте и мир востока: к вопросу о мировоззренческих универсалиях культу-
ры. Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2013, № 376, c. 64–75.
(8). Франк С.Л. Гносеология Гёте. О сущности художественного познания. Вопросы теории и психо-
логии творчества. Харьков, 1914, т. 5.
(9). Burdach K. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des West-östlichen Divans. Drei Akademievorträge. Herausgege-
ben von Ernst Grumach. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1955, 103 s.
(10). Mommsen К. Studien zum West-östlichen Divan. Berlin, Akademie –Verlag, 1962, 153 s.
(11). Mommsen К. Goethe und 1001 Nacht. Berlin, Akademie –Verlag, 1960, 331 s.
Akhmedov Oybek Saporbayevich (Doctor of Science in philology (DSc), professor of UzSWLU)
ENGLISH AND UZBEK ECONOMICAL TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM AS AN OBJECT OF
LINGUISTIC RESEARCH
Annotation. This article emphasizes the study of the economical terminological system in English
and Uzbek languages as an object of linguistic research. As well as, the processes of formation and impro-
vement of economic lexical units of English and Uzbek languages based on linguistic and extralinguistic
factors are highlighted. The author summarizes the new theoretical ideas and views expressed by a number
of linguists on the concept of “term” and “terminology” in the article, focusing on specific connotative
and denotative features of economic lexical units.
Key words: term, terminology, economic terms, lexical-semantic relations, formation of terms, trans-
lation and terminological features, structural-semantic, functional-semantic features.
Axmedov Oybek Saparbaevich (Oʻzbekiston davlat Jahon tillari universiteti professori, filologiya fanlari
doktori)
INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDAGI IQTISODIYOT TERMINOLOGIK TIZIMI LINGVISTIK
TADQIQOT OBYEKTI SIFATIDA
Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek tillaridagi iqtisodiyot terminologik tizimi lingvistik
tadqiqot obyekti sifatida o‘rganilishiga urg‘u berilgan. Shuningdek, ingliz va o‘zbek tillari iqtisodiyot lek-
sik birliklarining lingvistik va ekstralingvistik omillar asosida hosil bo‘lishi hamda takomillashuv jarayon-
lari yoritilgan. Maqolada muallif bir qator tilshunos olimlarning “termin” va “terminologiya” tushuncha-
siga bildirgan yangi nazariy fikr va qarashlarini umumlashtirgan holda, iqtisodiyot leksik birliklarining
o‘ziga xos konnotativ va denotativ xususiyatlariga alohida to‘xtalib o‘tadi.
Kalit so‘zlar: termin, terminologiya, iqtisodiyot terminlari, leksik-semantik munosabatlar, termin-
larning yasalishi, tarjima va terminologik xususiyat, struktur-semantik, funksional-semantik xususiyatlar.
Ахмедов Ойбек Сапорбаевич (доктор филологических наук, профессор Узбекского государственного
университета мировых языков)
АНГЛИЙСКАЯ И УЗБЕКСКАЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ
СИСТЕМА КАК ОБЪЕКТ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Аннотация. В данной статье особое внимание уделяется изучению экономической термино-
логической системы английского и узбекского языков как объекта лингвистического исследования.
Также выделены процессы формирования и совершенствования экономических лексических единиц
английского и узбекского языков на основе лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов. В
статье автор обобщает новые теоретические идеи и взгляды, высказанные рядом лингвистов по
поводу понятий «термин» и «терминология», акцентируя внимание на специфических кон-нота-
тивных и денотативных особенностях экономических лексических единиц.
Ключевые слова: термин, терминология, экономические термины, лексико-семантические
отношения, терминообразование, переводно и терминологические особенности, структурно-се-
мантические, функционально-семантические особенности.
Introduction.
It should be accentuated that every phenomenon in nature and society has its origin
and development history. Therefore, when a specific event is studied or surveyed as an object in a particular
study, it begins with the study of the history of that event, its origin. After all, the formation and develop-
ment of each terminological system is inextricably linked with the formation and development of this
182
particular field, and it acquires its specificity in the field. In this meaning, the composition, formation and
development of the economical terminology which is a structural layer of the physical lexicon of the English
and Uzbek languages has its own path of development and genetic basis.
It is known that economy is one of the main factors determining the financial influence, fiscal situa-
tion and social development of each country. Today, the history of the formation and composition of eco-
nomy and tax types, duties, levies and their types, how they were in the past. Life itself confirms the impor-
tance of scientific research through linguistic designations by studying the term names based on scientific
sources. Views on the types, forms, payment systems, and social-financial importance of economy in
Central Asia go back to the long periods of the history of countries such as ancient Egypt, Rome, China,
and India. If we look at the history and theory of statehood, we understand that the history of the formation
of economical terminology is also related to the fiscal system and duty collection activities of a person in
the state and its authorized structures.
Historical sources testify that the emergence of the concept of economy in one form or another dates
back to the first millennium BC. For example, it is well known from world history that 3,760 years ago, the
notion of finance and economy were introduced in the Babylonian state with the laws of Hamurapi. In
Central Asia, in particular, in Uzbekistan, the first political associations of tribes appeared at that time.
Therefore, the emergence, formation and development of the terminological system of economy is
directly connected with the history of ancient times, in particular, the Middle Ages. As S.P.Tolstov correctly
stated: "In ancient times, in the conditions of Central Asia, the improvement of socio-economical relations
in the society, the first land ownership, forms of ownership, the composition of the first farming and
production structures, the economical system and their structural structures, in general research, Undoub-
tedly, the role of archaeological, ethnographic, paleoanthropological, as well as linguistic data is incompa-
rable. Economy as fiscal notion and social category have attracted the attention of many foreign and local
scholars. This process is still the cause of many disputes and debates.
Literature review.
R.Campbell, K.McConnell, G.Menkiw, A.Laffer, Lorentz, D.Chernik, A.
Voznesensky, V.Glukhov, E.Tait, V.Tverdokhlebov, V.Galkin, S.Fisher, A.Shenk, Scientists such as Y.
Abdullaev, D.Gozibekov, E.Gadoev, J.R.Zaynalov, T.Malikov, H.Sobirov and Sh.Toshmatov studied eco-
nomy as fiscal category. H.Dadaboev, R.G.Mukminova, D.Shaulov, U.T.Kan, F.Tolipov, A.P.Grigorev, A.
A.Molchanov, B.G.Gafurov, R.Nuriev and other researchers like T.Islamov approach them as a social cate-
gory. Social field studies connect the emergence of economy and duties with the emergence of the state,
the division of society into classes (primitive, slavery, serfdom, feudalism). Already, as T.F. Yutkina rightly
noted, "Economy is an element of culture in society”. We also paid special attention to the social aspects
of economical terms in the research, particularly the linguistic aspect [1; 66-b.].
F.A.Sitkina who emphasized the importance of scientific study of the terms of two or more languages
in a comparative way, writes: “With the development of the linguistic theory of scientific and technical
translation, the role of comparative terminology will increase”. Despite the fact that there are many studies
on the study of the terminological systems of different languages in our country and abroad, there are
relatively few works on comparing them with other languages in a comparative-typological way. If Ch.S.
Abdullaeva studied financial terms in a monographic way using the Russian and Uzbek languages, A.A.
Abdullaeva’s candidate's dissertation was devoted to the comparative analysis of the lexicon of the field of
international relations based on the Russian and Uzbek languages, P.P.Nishonov's legal terminology of the
French and Uzbek languages There are scientific works on the subject of comparative-typological research.
H.Dadaboev is one of the scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of the lexicon
of socio-political spheres in our country. In almost all scientific works of the scientist, termi-nological
problems are being widely studied. The problems of translation of terms were thoroughly studied scientific-
cally in G.Terry’s doctoral work. In his dissertation, he tries to study the French and German examples of
legal terms. In the above studies, financial terms are given in a general way. International relations and
legal terms are mainly compared with Russian-Uzbek, French-Uzbek, French-German languages in a com-
parative-typological aspect. However, in none of these studies, economical terms have been specifically
studied in the aspect of translation studies based on English-Uzbek languages. In fact, these studies did not
set themselves the goal of studying the terminological system of economy.
Research Methodology.
This study differs from the above studies in that it analyzes the lexical-
semantic features of the economy and duty and taxes terms in two languages from a semantic-functional
and historical-genetic point of view in diachronic and synchronic aspects.
Therefore, the economical terms are explained by the fact that they arise due to intralinguistic and
extralinguistic factors. We will consider the extralinguistic factors of the emergence and development of
economical terms below. Today, it is observed that the fund of the terminological system is regularly
183
expanding and replenishing as a result of the emergence of new terms in the Uzbek economical terminology
which are not expressed through a purely Uzbek alternative and are being learned from foreign languages,
in particular, from English. In linguistics, the term “qalque” was introduced by Sh.Balli at the end of the
19th - beginning of the 20th century and he expressed his opinion as follows: “Words and phrases borrowed
from foreign languages are involuntarily used and expressed through “qalque” in our speech. The scientist
emphasizes that the process of “implantation in translation” is a process. D.S.Lotte writes that the creation
of terms in the calque method gives them the opportunity to motivate them nationally in form and interna-
tional in content.
As A.V.Superanskaya rightly stated: “From the point of view of modern scientific-theoretical prin-
ciples of terminology, the formation of terms and term combinations through the calque method is con-
sidered the “dominant” method, and its importance in terminology is incomparable”. Therefore, the termi-
nological composition of the language has a strong relationship with the ongoing socio- economical events
and processes [3;p.38]. Observations show that in the pre-independence period, the Uzbek language took
the “leadership” in terms of creating economical terminological units using the calque method, but now,
when the process of physical integration is accelerating, the English language is “seeking to take over” the
“leadership”.
As mentioned above, the view that the assimilation of terms from the English language into the
terminological system of the economy can be realized only through a certain intermediate language is no
longer justified. The traces of the policy of the former union can be clearly felt in the views of scientists
such as V.M.Leychik: “In the process of mastering words using the calque method, the Russian language
fulfills the task of a general “substrate” and shows its signs in the expression of concrete and abstract
concepts”. When the time comes, it should also be noted that already in the 60s of the last century, some
linguists understood the specifics of science in a non-political way. In particular, the views of D.S. Lotte
fully confirm our opinion. The scientist divides the definition of terms and terminological units into the
following three groups [1;p.89].
1) literal (exact) translation of acquired lexical units;
2) semantic mapping (in content). In this case, the lexical structure of the word is replaced by an
alternative existing in the national language, but the content of the acquired word is preserved.
3) phraseology. In this case, the interpretation of the phrase through unchanging (stable) word com-
binations is understood.
Analysis and results.
The ideas and views put forward above show that the dynamic of continuous
development of the lexicon is changing and improving. Most terminology is related to “transformationally
translated terms”, which are explained by the radical change of word order or the addition or omission of a
certain element to the words during the translation process using the calque method. In this sense, there are
certain tools in the formation and emergence of terms, which are important. In addition, it is observed that
the lexical units that have gone out of the scope of consumption as archaic lexemes in the field terminology
are currently undergoing the process of determination and at the same time some terms are being retermi-
nized. One of the main reasons for this is explained by the fact that the importance of dictionaries created
in different periods is incomparable.
The main complex aspect of this lexical layer is that they are structurally different and cover several
chronological stages. A diachronic study of economical terminology allows us to distinguish system-
specific features. The improvement of this terminological layer on the basis of socio-political changes,
extralinguistic and linguistic factors is a proof that it is characterized by a subjective temporal feature.
In our opinion, the modern economical terminology has not stopped forming, on the contrary, it is
systematically developing based on extralinguistic factors. Therefore, the process of activation is character-
ristic for the process of formation of financial – related terminological units. Any terminological system is
an integral part of the lexical layer of the universal language. The question of the role of the special lexicon
in the universal language has not been widely analyzed as a whole system in linguistics. According to most
linguists, there is a regular relationship between the general lexicon and the special lexicon of a language.
Sometimes it is observed that the term in the terminology is transferred to the universal language, and
sometimes, on the contrary, the lexeme from the universal language is transferred to the special lexical
layer. So, “they complement and enrich each other”. These two phenomena are referred to in linguistics
with the concepts of determinologization and terminologization.
The economical terminological system of the English language is composed of several complex
linguistic phenomena, it is a legal matter that terminological units require clarification of their definitions
and explanations in translation, and it is the main function of any term. This rule also applies to English
economical terms. As noted by I.V.Arnold, the unique aspect of word formation from terminological units
184
is that a word formation system is developed based on the internal system and functions of the elements of
the lexicon of the field. Therefore, it is observed that the morphological method is very productive in
English. The process of creating English economical terminological units relies on 4 main linguistic me-
thods:
1) morphological method;
2) syntactic method;
3) semantic method;
4) word acquisition.
English economical terms are structurally divided as follows:
1) single component terms;
2) compound terms:
a) terms consisting of many components;
b) terms with following components, consisting of many lexemes.
3) metaphorical terms;
4) terms in the form of abbreviations.
In the terminological system of economy, customs and duties, single-component terms do not con-
stitute a majority in terms of quantity. At the same time, they perform a semantic-functional function in
other sectors of the economy, outside the scope of specialization.
Therefore, as a result of the above-mentioned word formation methods, the lexical-semantic compo-
sition of the lexical units of a special field in English is transformed from a simple form to a complex form
through an evolutionary path.
Linguistically, the terminological system of economy is a) semantic; b) structural; c) is characterized
by signs of attachment to the general literary language and is formed under the influence of the lexical layer
of the general literary language and performs a specific task. It is an undeniable axiom that the majority of
terminological units are formed on the basis of extralinguistic factors. V.P.Danilenko writes: "The reflec-
tion of any process that takes place in society is first manifested in terminology or as a result of transfor-
mational changes of certain terms [4;p.98].
The semantic accuracy of emerging new terms is directly related to the acquired language source.
So, the degree to which England's economy has developed determines the level of semantic precision of
English fiscal system terms.
Terminology is an “affective” aspect of the general literary language, so it clearly and clearly reflects
that the terminological system of a particular language is “susceptible” to external socio-physical changes.
Economical terminology is characterized by a dynamic structure, as a result of the movement and change
of the dynamics of development, changes in the semantics of these terminological units occur in an
evolutionary form and are correlated with several terminological units.
The principle proposed by A.S.Gerd regarding the terms that should be included in the dictionaries
is more reasonable for the correct solution of this issue. According to it, first of all, the level of use of terms
in special texts then the semantic integrity of terms, and thirdly, the level of validity of terms is meant. The
Uzbek lexicographer A.Hojiev who emphasized that it is important to select the quality and quantity aspects
of the terms in order to include them in the explanatory dictionary, emphasizes that the main word and
related materials make up the dictionary article [10;p.56–57]. According to it, the components that make
up a dictionary article are as follows:
Vocabulary units:
1) Main word,
2) Stylized compounds,
3) Etymological information,
4) Determining and recording the meaning of vocabulary units,
5) Explanation,
6) Confirming example,
7) Grammatical and stylistic characteristics (signs that record it).
Conclusion/Recommendations.
Based on the above, it should be noted that the main word and the
explanation given to its meaning are a permanent component of any dictionary article. So, it must be. The
remaining components may or may not be present in the dictionary article. The terms do not necessarily
have a sign that records the grammatical characteristics, because the terms are nominative. They are mainly
represented by lexemes in the noun category or with nouns. Therefore, there is no need to record the
grammatical description marks in the dictionary article for the specific terms.
185
As a conclusion, the most optimal way to organize information contained in economical texts is to
achieve unification of economical terms in translation. Therefore, the development of scientifically based
criteria for achieving uniformity of field terms is considered a very urgent issue. It should be noted that the
terms confirmed in the dictionaries are directly transferred to the written speech, textbooks, training
manuals, press pages, as well as scientific and fiction literature. Therefore, any term requires a clear and
correct expression of this or that concept.
References:
(1). Akhmedov O.S. Ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida soliq-bojxona terminlarining linguistik tahlili va tarji-
ma muammolari. Filol. fan. dok (DSc) disser-si, Toshkent, 2016, 256-bet.
(2). Akhmedov O.S. English for Economists. Textbook. Tashkent, 2023, p. 369.
(3). Бархударов Л.С. О значении и задачах научных исследований в области терминологии.
Лингвистические проблемы научно-технической терминологии. М., 1970, 142 с.
(4). Даниеленко В.П. Русская терминология: опыт лингвистического описания. М., “Наука”, 1977, 234
c.
(5). Даниленко В.П. Лингвистические требования к стандартизуемой терминологии. Терминология и
норма. М., 1972, 128 с.
(6). Федорченко Е.А. Становление и развитие терминологической лексики таможенного дела в русском
языке. Дис... д-ра филол. наук, М., 2004, 278 с.
(7). Любимцева С.Н. Английский язык для студентов финансово-экономических специальностей ВУЗ-
ов. М., 2004, 328 с.
(8).
Циткина Ф.А
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Терминология и перевод. К основам сопоставительного терминоведения. Львов,
1988, 213 с.
(9). Царёв В.П. Продуктивное именное словообразование в современном английском языке. - М.: 1984.-
231 с.
(10). Мусаев Қ. Таржима назарияси асослари. Т., 2005, 361-бeт.
(11). Мусаев Қ.М., Қудратов М.Ш. Инглизча-русча-ўзбекча иқтисодий луғат. Т., 2001, 762-бeт.
(12). Мусаев Қ.М., Эрдонаев А.Ҳ., Қудратовлар М.Ш. Economics-Finance-Banking-Commerce (Иқтисо-
диёт-молия-банк-тижорат). Беш жилдлик инглизча-ўзбекча луғат. Т., 1998, 529-бет.
(13). Мэнькю Г.Н. Макроэкономика (пер.с анг.). Изд-во МГУ, 1994, 326 с.
Gafurov Bakhtiyor Zakirovich (PhD, docent of BSMI department)
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF SUBSTANDARD SUFFIXATION IN
COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH
Annotation. This scientific article aims to structurize and classify the English substandard word-for-
mation process, namely affixation. We all know that a large amount of educational material has been writ-
ten on this issue, but this scientific research places special emphasis on the informal, or rather colloquial
system of language in its grammatical space.
Key words: vocabulary, substandard, lexical, affixation, derivatives, producing stems, adjective, va-
lence.
Гафуров Бахтиёр Закирович (PhD, доцент кафедры БухГосМИ)
ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СУБСТАНДАРТНОЙ СУФФИКСАЦИИ
В РАЗГОВОРНОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Аннотация. Данная научная статья нацелена на структуризацию и классификацию английс-
кого субстандартного словообразовательного процесса, а именно аффиксации. Мы все знаем, что
написано большое количество учебного материала по данной проблеме, однако данное научное ис-
следование делает особый акцент на неформальную, а точнее коллоквиальную систему языка в её
грамматическом пространстве.
Ключевые слова: словарный состав, субстандарт, лексический, аффиксация, дериваты, про-
изводящие основы, прилагательное, валентность.
Gafurov Baxtiyor Zakirovich (PhD, BDTI kafedrasi dotsenti)
OG‘ZAKI INGLIZ TILIDA NOSTANDART SUFFIKSATSIYANING LEKSIK-SEMANTIK
XUSUSIYATLARI
Annotation. Ushbu ilmiy maqola ingliz tilidagi nostandart so‘z yasalish jarayonini, ya’ni affiksat-
siyani tuzish va tasniflashga qaratilgan. Hammamizga ma’lumki, bu masala bo‘yicha katta hajmdagi o‘quv
materiallari yozilgan, ammo bu ilmiy tadqiqot tilning grammatik makonida norasmiy, to‘g‘rirog‘i, so‘zla-
shuv tizimiga alohida urg‘u beradi.
Kalit so‘zlar: lug‘at, nostandart, leksik, affiksatsiya, hosilalar, hosil qiluvchi o‘zak, sifatdosh, valent-
lik.
