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zulm o’chog’iga aylanadi.), huzuri muborak (xon qabuli), gulxan (yigit bag’ri) kabi
perifrazalar ham asar nutqini bezash uchun xizmat qilgan.
Bundan ko’rinadiki, Abdulla Qodiriy badiiy asar matnida perifrazalarni qo’llash
estetik qimmat kasb etib, nutqning ekspressivlik darajasini yuksaltirishini ko’rsatib
bergan.
Adabiyotlar:
1. Abdulla Qodiriy “Mehrobdan chayon”. Sharq, 2015.-288 bet.
2. Ma’rufjon Yo’ldoshev Badiiy matn lingvopoetikasi. Fan, 2008.-159 bet.
CONTEXTUAL AND COMMUNICATIVE - PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF
ENGLISH MILITARY TERMS IN TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO
UZBEK
Oybek Akhmedov Saporbayevich
Doctor of science in philology, Professor of Uzbekistan State World Languages
University
Annotation:
The article deals with analyzing some lexical-semantical and
contextual peculiarities features of English military terms in translation and in special
discourse. As well as touched upon some misconceptions associated with translation of
military and military-related discourse, analyzed specific peculiarities and
characteristics concerning military vocabulary. The main characteristics based on
detailed analysis of the examples that ought to be considered while translating texts of
military discourse in given situation.
Key words:
military term, military discourse, lexical-semantically peculiarities,
category, translation, international military organizations, borrowed words, documents,
military forces, terminological unit, abbreviations, word-formation.
Аннотация:
В статье анализируются некторые лексико-семантические и
контекстуальные особенности перевода военной терминологии в специальных
дискурсах. Наряду с этим расматриваются некторые трудности перевода
военного и военно – ориентированного дискурса, а также анализируются
специфические
особенности
и
характеристки,
касающиеся
военной
терминологии.Здесь представлены особенные характеристики, основанные на
детальном анализе примеров, которые должны быть приняты во внимание при
переводе военного дискурса.
Ключ:
военный термин, военный дискурс, лексико-семантические
особенности, категория, международные военные организации, заимствования,
военная документация, вооружённые силы, терминологическая единица,
аббревиация, словообразование
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Аннотация:
Мақолада инглиз тилидаги ҳарбий терминларнинг таржимада
ва дикурсдаги лексик-семантик ва контекстуал хусусиятлари таҳлил қилинган.
Ҳарбий терминларнинг матнда тўғри қўлланилишига, уларнинг семантик
доирасига, ҳарбий ва ҳарбийлашган соҳа терминларининг бошқа соҳалар
доирасида қандай маъно-мазмун англатишига ҳамда тўғри қўлланилишига
тўхталиб ўтилган. Мақолада инглиз тили ҳарбий лексикаси (терминологияси) бир
қанча лексик-семантик гурҳларга ажратилиб, таржима муаммолари ўрганилган.
Калит сўзлар:
ҳарбий термин, ҳарбий дискурс, лексик-семантик хусусият,
категория, таржима, халқаро ҳарбий ташкилотлар, ўзлашган сўзлар, ҳарбий
ҳужжатлар, қуролли кучлар, терминологик бирлик, аббревиация, сўз ясаш.
The demand of English has been increased for effective military communication
in current globalization and turbulent time. Particularly, between members of
international forces involved in peacekeeping operations in the world’s trouble spots, but
also between peacekeepers and local community leaders.
It is great opportunity for foreign languages teachers to accept the Decree of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD-№1875 “On Measures for Further
Improvement of Foreign Languages Learning System” on 10
th
of December 2012.
According to this Decree, the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan
approved special direction №711 “On Increasing of Foreign Languages Learning System
in Military Sphere” on ninth of September 2013. At the result of adopting above-
mentioned legal norms a great deal of positive and effective reforms are being carried out
nowadays in Defense system of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
From this point, one question may be chiefly arisen. Why is it necessary to
teach/acquire foreign languages, especially, English in military system, perfectly?
The resolution of international and interethnic problems, conflicts and subsequent
peacekeeping duties require organizations such as the United Nations and NATO as well
as individual nations to supply military support and personnel. Army, navy and air forces
from many nations need to work together effectively, using English as the
lingua franca
.
As well as the language of the military and of warfare in particular has greatly
influenced the English language. In recent years, numerous dictionaries have been
compiled in the attempt to ascertain and record the often-ephemeral vocabulary
associated with specific wars not only weapons terminology and technical jargon, but
also the colorful slang that inevitably characterizes every war. As Stubbs remarks in his
discussion of military discourse analysis, “The study of English in XX century has shown
that members of the armed services…are especially prone to linguistic creativity”,
whether soldiers, sailors, or flyers [8]. Wayne Silkett adds, “Few specialized vocabularies
have been as similarly borrowed, copied, and altered as has the military vocabulary [7]”.
That military language is exceptionally productive is not, perhaps, surprising; it makes
sense that “each crisis creates its own vocabulary [7]”. Moreover, since the armed forces
and its component units constitute definitive “subcultures or social groups” that “daily
share a common set of experiences and, perhaps, even a world view,” they “can be
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expected to share a common lingo [9]”. Military English is a specific genre of the
language, mostly expressed by military slang that contains emotively. Military
vocabulary appears because of some processes and has much in common. Firstly, we
should differ words and collocations that are widely used and well known and then
unfamiliar and less popular word-stock. Actually, current and well-known part of English
emotive military vocabulary consists of words and expressions used for determining
military concepts. For example: due to the verb,
“to move”
has a great deal of synonyms
as following.
To push; to dash; to drive; to forge ahead; to pour; to thrust; to surge;
to sweep; to steamroll; to race; to roll; to spear-head
and etc
.
Touching upon the
characteristic features of the military vocabulary may be shown as follows: words and
expressions containing emotively can be found mainly among military staff of England
and USA then borrowed by other countries, as well. This vocabulary is used both in
spoken and written form. Nevertheless, most of them appear in spoken English and are
being fixed in military literature that causes their popularity and application on a large
scale.
This category of terms/words frequently can be unclear and confusing for non-
military people or people having no specific knowledge connecting with soldiering, army
or military surrounding. As a result, we can distinguish
3 types
of military vocabulary:
1)
literary; 2) colloquial; 3) military slangs
. However, the third type is characterized by
repletion of emotively.
Military slang, according to its usualness, may be divided into two categories.
The first, less numerous, is widely used and it belongs to low colloquial English.
For example:
“leatherneck” means “marine”
,
in Uzbek,
“dengizga oid/dengiz
floti/harbiy dengizchi.
Pay attention to the translation of the fragment of the text:
When
the
leathernecks
went ashore they were greeted by an exultant bunch of native girls[1] -
Harbiy dengizchilar
qirg’oqqa chishganida bir guruh mahalliy qizlarning olqishlari
bilan kutib olindi - Когда
морские пехотинцы
сошли на берег, их восторженно
приветствовала кучка девушек-туземок.
“Brass hat”
means
“heads in military system
,
like a
general, colonel,
lieutenant colonel major, officer”.
They are referred
into Uzbek or Russian
“harbiy
tizimdagi boshliqlar,
ya’ni,
general, polkovnik, podpolkovnik, mayor, ofitser”
va b.
Let us pay attention to the translation of the following sentence:
When are the
brass hats
going to start paying attention to the important things[8]? —
Rahbariyat
qachon muhim masalalar bilan shug’ullanishni boshlashadi? - Когда
начальство
собирается заняться насущными проблемами?
As well as
“GI”
denotes the word
“soldier”,
in Uzbek “askar/soldat” (shartnoma
asosida xizmat qiluvchi askar) especially a private soldier in the US army, soldiers who
are serving due to the contract in army.
“Flat top”
means
“aircraft-carrier”
–
“harbiy/qiruvchi samolyotlarni tashuvchi havo layneri”.
The second category has very narrow usage, by the armed forces of the USA and
Great Britain. This category mainly consists of specific common military vocabulary.
Nevertheless, we found/discovered their polysemantic peculiarities in Uzbek translation.
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For example:
“loot”
means “lieutenant”, in Uzbek – “leytenat/o’lja /kafanduzd/
spekulyant/talonchi”;
“boondocks”
means “jungles”- “changalzor/xilvat joy/chalkash
(biror bir narsaning mujmual joylari)/markazdan uzoq.
Pay attention to the use of this slang in the following context:
She was not exactly pleased with the idea of living in the
boondocks
[3] – Unga
chahgalzorda yashash g’oyasi umuman yoqmadi - Ей совсем не нравилась идея жить
в глуши;
One more example:
I don't want to be stuck out in the
boondocks
– Men bu
chakalakzorda/оdam oyog’i yetmaydigan joyda uzoq qolib ketishimni xohlamagan edim -
Я не хотел бы застрять в этой глуши.
“Behavior report”
– a letter written by brass hats about soldier’s attitude and
behavior which is sent to soldier’s home;
“side arms”
– “tableware” – “askarlarning
kamariga bog’langan qurol/aslaha, xanjar, to’pponcha/revolver va b.
Besides limited sphere of usage military slang differs from colloquial languages
by following characteristic features: use of strictly specialized military terminology as in
direct, so figurative meaning; wide use of abbreviations; intense use of borrowings from
gangland cant; borrowings from foreign languages; use of emotively denotation with
negative and extremely unceremonious tint. In addition to vernacular language, military
slang contains plenty of vulgar and jargon expressions that do not correspond to certain
terms but representatives of armed forces of the USA and Great Britain than in other
spheres use them.
As it is obvious, military discourse includes scientific discourse scientific-
technical materials and military documents straight away. A number of texts linked with
the structure and work of military technique are also included into the scientific-technical
documents. Military documents are texts and graphic sketches intended to rule over the
military bodies to dispatch information on the issues of vast circle, in the period of Peace
and War:
-
military documents
: order to flight, fight command;
-
service documents
, order, instruction, report;
-
regulation documents
; regulation, advice, instructions and orders.
Besides this, for the use of service as to the grade of confidentiality, documents
are divided into confidential
“completely confidential”
also
“especially important”
documents. Military technical materials and military documents have a number of
common features. This is first as to the much usage of military terminology. Military
lexemes are usually divided into the following major groups: direct military work,
military forces, and military terminology stating the ways of carrying out armed struggle:
military technical terminology uniting emotional coloring of military lexemes (slangs)
used in the oral speech of the militants actually being stylistic synonyms of proper
military terms. As far as military and military technologies are concerned, their
compositions are not stable. They are steadily changing as to the drop of some of the
words from communication, as to the change of meanings, as to the reconstruction of the
armed forces, as to the creation of new terms associated with the appearance of new types
of weapons and military technique and on the account of preparation of new methods of
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waging war. For example by the end of the 90-ies of the 20th century, the discovery and
usage of new technologies caused the creation and widely usage of the term NOTAR (no
tail rotor). New military terms as a whole are created on the rules characteristic for the
English terminology. The following means of morphological word-formation can be
indicated as follows:
1) Affixation (maneuverability, survivability, rotary, missilery, aerial)
2) Word junctions (mine hunter, warhead, firepower, target seeking and airbase)
3) Shortening (copter helicopter, chute parachute, cap captain).
Besides the way of shortening, the means of change of spelling and suffixation
are used: shrap (shrapnel –
shrapnel
consists of small pieces of metal bullets which are
scattered from exploding bombs and shells.
Example:
He was hit by shrapnel from a
grenade.
), torp (torpedo –
torpedo
a cigar-shaped self-propelled underwater missile
designed to be fired from a ship or submarine or dropped into the water from an aircraft
and to explode on reaching a target.
Example:
She gave the stoolie a torpedo that
wrecked him
), vet (veteran -
a veteran
is someone who has served in the armed forces of
their country, especially during a war.
Example:
Tom’s father is a veteran of the Second
World War
), insy (incendiary bomb –
an incendiary bombs
or attacks are ones that
cause large fires.
Example:
A great deal of innocent people were protected/saved
because of decontaminating an incendiary bomb
).
Distinctive feature of military materials on the lexical layer is that of
abbreviation. In linguistic abbreviations as to the amount of the components in their
composition may have
one, two, three, four and five
components.
For example
: -Ju
(July), the S2 system (the command and control system);
two-component
abbreviations
RJ (Road Junction), SA (Secretary of the Army), CP (Command Post);
three-component
abbreviations SОD (Secretary of Defense), AAM (Air-to-air missile), MFR
(Memorandum for record); DAS (Director of the Army Staff);
-four-componen
t
abbreviations TADS (Target Acquisition and Designation System), PNVS (Pilot Night
Vision Sensor), VCSA (Vice Chief of Staff Army);
- five-component
abbreviation
ADECC (Assistant to the Director of Executive Communication and Control), PAAMS
(the Principal Anti-Air Missile System). Abbreviations having more than five
components are rarely met for ex. (TRADOS USA Army Training and Doctrine
Command).
So, we may come to the conclusion that despite the common features in technical
and businesslike documents that the military documents possess, they have still specific
features to be explained by the general characteristics of military institutional discourse.
Clearness of structure, certainty of conceptions, permanentness of phraseological units all
of them make the military lexical materials structuralized and easy enough to understand.
At the same time plurality of special military lexemes, a number of reductions and
abbreviations make the military documents complicated for understanding. In the
introduction of military materials, two inclinations show themselves either in the usage of
new constructions or in the introduction of new compound constructions (for service and
regulation documents) and elliptic constructions.
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Translating military terms or military-related texts, translators should develop not
only advanced linguistic, but also comprehensive thematic competence to be able to deal
with translation challenges, e.g. lack of equivalent terms. Direct and indirect borrowing
of non-equivalent pieces of vocabulary should be used with extreme caution as a solution
to this problem. Excessive literariness may result in producing texts that are difficult to
perceive, are not reader-friendly and accurate. Transcribed and calqued terms often
appear as false friends in the target language, thus the main requirement set forth military
and military-related texts, namely, content precision, is not met. Moreover, borrowing by
transcription should be avoided if there is an appropriate lexical unit in the target
language to foreclose opportunities for double reading of terminological units.
Used literatures:
1. ABBY Lingvo X5. Electronic Dictionary.2011.
2.Bowyer, R. (ed.) (2004) Campaign Dictionary of Military Terms. Bloomsbury:
Macmillan.
3. DOD – Dictionary of Military Terms. Retrieved 5 March, 2016 from
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/
4. Mammadli Y. History of Military terms in the Azerbaijani Republic, thesis for doctor
philosophy/Mammadli Y. Baku, 1996.
5. Chambers, J. Wh. (1999). The Oxford companion to American military history (2nd
ed.). USA: Oxford University Press.
6. Qasimov I.Z. Military lexics in the Azerbaijani language, thesis for the doctor of
sciences/Qasimov I.Z. Baku, 2003.
7. Silkett, Wayne A. Words of War. Military Affairs.1995.
8. Stubbs M. Military Discourse Analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural
Language. – Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
9.Thomas E. “The language of Naval Fighter Pilots”. American Speech. 2006.
10.Winship S, Richard(ed.) (2005) American Military History: The United States Army
in a Global Era, 1917-2003. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military
History.
ИНГЛИЗ, ЎЗБЕК ВА РУС ТИЛЛАРИДА ГАП ҚУРИЛИШИ
Навоий давлат кончилик институти
“Ўзбек ва чет тиллар” кафедраси
катта ўқитувчилари: Н.А. Эргашева, З. Р. Шомуродова, Д.Й.Ҳакимова
Ассистент: Х.Б.Очилов
Аннотация:
Ушбу мақолада чет тилларни, айниқса инглиз тилини ўзбек ва
рус тиллари билан қиёслаб ўрганишнинг ахамияти, афзалликлари ва ушбу
тиллардаги гап қурилиши, уларнинг ўхшаш ва фарқи томонлари ҳақида фикр
юритилган.
