Иқтисодиётни рақамлаштириш
шароитида қулай ишбилармонлик
муҳитини ривожлантириш йўналишлари
50
EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN IMPROVING
THE MECHANISM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF SMALL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Gaibnazarova Zumrat Talatovna,
DSc, Professor,
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov,
Farkhodov Bobir Utkirovich,
Trainee researcher,
Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov
Abstract.
The article deals with the development of small business based on
the experience of foreign countries, given offers and recommendations for
improving the mechanism of sustainable small business in our country using the
latest technologies and economic development strategies.
Keywords:
sustainable development, small entrepreneurship, foreign
experience, innovation, investment.
In 21st century, the approaches and principles to support sustainable
development of small business by states have significantly changed. It creates and
implements economic mechanisms depending on sustainable development of
small business in the countries, general situation, as well as international,
economic, regional and other conditions. Successful tasks in France, Sweden,
Brazil, China, USA, Germany, Italy, Finland and Japan have been studied according
to the main and international experience in sustainable development of economic
activity in small business.
Brazilian government support for sustainable development of small
businesses was formed and this strategy was based on introduction of import
substitution plans. If the imported products are not produced in Brazil, the right
to bring these industrial products into state territory was provided. These
measures, which were actively used in the 1960s and 1980s, helped prevent many
Brazilian manufacturers from going into crisis and created the basis for the
development of scientific research and experimental design work.
In the early 2000s, Brazil sustainable development strategy focused on
ensuring competitiveness in key industrial sectors, the growth of emerging
industrial technologies, and promoting the export of value-added products. The
country implemented projects on the basis of state program
“
Innovative Brazil
and strong industry
”
in priority directions: medicine, industrial and technical
products, nanotechnology, development of biotechnology projects, use of
renewable energy sources.
Иқтисодиётни рақамлаштириш
шароитида қулай ишбилармонлик
муҳитини ривожлантириш йўналишлари
51
In 2008, Brazil approved
“
Manufacturing Development Policy
”
for
investment projects aimed at sustainable development of small businesses. The
program included the following areas covering strategic sectors: health care,
nuclear energy, defense, nanotechnology and biotechnology. In order to
strengthen its position in the world market, the funds of National Bank of
Economic and Social Development were directed to investment projects of
metallurgy, aviation construction, paper industries, petrochemical and food
industries. The procedure for using credit funds for small industrial enterprises
has been simplified. These measures, as well as tax exemptions on wages and
government purchases, made it possible to mitigate the effects of the 2008 global
financial crisis.
“
Sustainable Development of Industry
”
plan, launched in 2012, created
mainly conditions for providing tax incentives, anti-dumping measures and
financing sources and guarantees for exporters.
With the help of various programs, the state supports sustainable
development of small businesses and export projects. On the basis of special
conditions, production guarantees and loans to large companies and small
enterprises for financing the production of export goods, taking into account up
to 75-100 percent of required amount, have been provided for a period of 30
months. Another program aims to provide export credits at reduced rates for
importers of Brazilian products. However, as a result of the analyzes of the World
Trade Organization, restrictions were placed on this program regarding legality
of the use of such subsidies.
Starting from 2020, the promotion of investment projects in industry has
become particularly important, which has been reduced to 15% from the highest
in the world in 1999, when bank interest rates reached 45%.
For sustainable development of German small business, a banking system
focused on long-term lending has begun to be created. Only for the purpose of
sustainable development of small business, state banks were established to
finance investment projects. Since the 1960s, government support has been
mainly focused on the development of scientific and industrial research. Starting
from the mid-1970s, one of priority directions of investment projects in Germany
was implementation of scientific research and experimental design works in state
institutions. The main attention was paid to development and introduction of
scientific research and experimental design work in sustainable development of
industrial sectors. In addition to development institutions, investment projects
focused on scientific research and experimental construction work were
encouraged on the basis of tax incentives and public-private partnership tools.
Since the mid-1990s, priorities of Germany have changed and have been
revised in order to develop investment projects aimed at increasing the energy
efficiency of production, developing the use of renewable energy and
“
green
”
technologies.
Иқтисодиётни рақамлаштириш
шароитида қулай ишбилармонлик
муҳитини ривожлантириш йўналишлари
52
In Germany, there are a number of state institutions and programs aimed at
implementation of sustainable development projects of small businesses and
development of scientific research and experimental design work. For example,
the state bank
“
KfW Bankengruppe
”
provides loans at low interest rates for
sustainable development of small businesses, and state export agency
“
Euler
Hermes
”
provides loans and guarantees.
In 2013, Germany launched 500 million Euro Central Innovation Program
to finance 5,000 new and 8,000 existing investment projects for the development
of innovation.
Small businesses and holding companies of Germany have improved their
ability to attract venture capital thanks to tax incentives, and now they are
starting to invest in young technology companies and high-tech startups.
Currently, the reforms being carried out in Germany are aimed at creating a
favorable business environment, therefore, financial and advisory support is being
introduced in implementation of investment projects of high-tech start-ups in
industrial sectors. The strategy for sustainable development of high-tech small business
is aimed at solving following tasks: environmental protection, development of
transport system and health care, as well as development of modern technological
achievements of industry, which ensures the implementation of scientific research
projects and creation of new products. As a part of the task,
“
improvement of regional
economic structure
”
is carrying out sustainable development of small business with the
help of subsidies. At the same time, supported enterprises are developing more
successfully than unsupported ones.
Germany uses public procurement for strategic purposes as a tool to
develop the use of materials, technologies or standards. In addition, Germany
provides subsidies to energy-efficient small businesses for the purchase of
electricity from renewable sources as part of its environmental protection
obligations, which provides opportunities for sustainable development of small
businesses.
In Italy, the implementation of investment projects in strategic directions of
industry, including the automotive industry, was encouraged, and preferential
loans and subsidies were provided for repair and expansion of production
facilities. All loans were nationalized by special holding company due to problems
in repaying the given loans and in order to save non-functioning small businesses.
In the 1950s and 1960s, state organizations directed investments to
modernize engineering industries, create infrastructure, and sustainably develop
heavy industry. Specialized banks were established, which were engaged in
financing investment projects aimed at sustainable development of small
businesses. They provided financing new industrial projects and traditional lines.
Subsidies and other measures have been provided to strategic small
businesses to support their sustainable development and reconstruction.
However, due to a number of problems, these subsidies did not lead to necessary
Иқтисодиётни рақамлаштириш
шароитида қулай ишбилармонлик
муҳитини ривожлантириш йўналишлари
53
structural restructuring and sustainable development of small businesses in Italy.
At the same time, many troubled enterprises in strategic and traditional sectors
were saved from crisis, which led to expansion of a number and size of state-
owned companies.
In the 1980s, the goals of state small business sustainable development
were focused on scientific research and experimental design works, as well as on
promotion of competitiveness, as well as on expansion and modernization of
small business, which had fallen into difficult conditions due to strengthening of
international competition. In Italy, investment projects of strategic enterprises,
preferential lending continues, for example, loans were allocated to ensure the
reconstruction of FIAT.
Currently, a set of industry-
related measures “Industry 2015” has been
adopted in Italy for sustainable development of small entrepreneurship, strategic
goals of which are to use innovative investment projects aimed at scientific
research and experimental design work, and to direct investments in areas of
energy efficiency and logistics.
Active attraction of foreign direct investments, use of subsidies for scientific
research and experimental design works and business development, and
allocation of large-scale tax incentives are among the most types of projects for
sustainable development of small business. The purpose of allocating subsidies
for the sustainable development of small businesses is based on a number of
criteria, such as creating new jobs, achieving planned economic efficiency,
introducing advanced technologies, and creating value-added products. This
approach allows for effective distribution of economic resources to solve the tasks
of sustainable development of small business.
References
1. Adam Szirmai, Wim Naudé, Ludovico Alcorta.
Pathways to
Industrialization in the Twenty-First Century: New Challenges and Emerging
Paradigms. Oxford University Press, USA.
–
2013.
–
p. 232.
2. Owen G. Industrial Policy in Europe since the Second World War: What
Has Been Learnt? ECIPE Occasional Pape
r. № 1. 2012. –
pp. 17
–
20.
3. Industrial Performance Scoreboard and Member States
’
Competitiveness
Performance and Policies [Electronic resource]. European Commission.
Commission staff working document. 2012.
–
P. 83.
–
Mode of access:
https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/111/attachments/1/translations/e
n/renditions/ native