Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
96
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
96-102
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article deals with the problem of determining the place of the English argot in a literary text. The main functions
of argot in a literary text are described. The author analyzes the expressive function of the English argot by the
example of a detective novel by J.H.Chase. Considerable attention is paid to the expressive function of the English
slang as a means of enriching the language of a literary work.
KEYWORDS
English argot, literary text, functions argotic vocabulary, expressive function, detective fiction.
INTRODUCTION
The problem of social differentiation of language is one
of the central ones at the present stage of
development of linguistics. Many works, both in native
and foreign linguistics, are devoted to the study of the
languages of individual social and professional groups,
the distinction between the concepts of argo, cant,
jargon, slang, as well as their influence on the literary
standard of the language. The appearance of linguistic
works of this kind is natural: in connection with the
democratization of the language, slang concepts and
terms become known to almost everyone, and the
diversity of this layer of vocabulary provides scientists
with rich material for research and systematization.
A systematic description of English argo as the
language of a criminal subculture was undertaken in
the works of E.Partiridge (1960, 1963-1964),
S.B.Flexner (1964, 1975), R.Spears (1982), D.Lighter
(1997),
V.A.Khomyakova
(1971,
1974,
1980),
V.P.Korovushkina (2008, 2009, 2010), I.V.Fischuk
Research Article
EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION OF ENGLISH ARGOT IN A LITERARY TEXT
Submission Date:
May 09, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 14, 2023,
Published Date:
May 19, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue05-20
Norova Mavluda Fayzulloyevna
An Associate-Professor Of The Department Of English Language Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Berdiyeva Nasiba Rustamovna
The First Grade Master Student In Literary Studies: English Language At The Faculty Of Foreign Languages Of
Bukhara State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
97
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
96-102
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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(2009, 2010) and others. However, the term argo itself
is interpreted in these works in different ways.
In the system of sociolects of the English language,
among the various definitions, the most traditional is
the definition of the term "slang" as a layer of esoteric
vocabulary
and
phraseology
with
pejorative
expression and sharpness of assessment [3, p. 30-32].
Many scientists consider expressiveness to be one of
the most important characteristics of argo.
The expressiveness of argo is exhibited first and
foremost in the expressiveness, emotionality, and
evaluativeness of words and statements with various
semantic shades (mainly negative), allowing the
speaker to communicate his attitude toward the world
around him in this way.
Currently, the works of English-speaking writers,
reflecting the main trends of the language, are replete
with argo vocabulary. However, “these elements in the
style of artistic speech appear in a processed, typified,
selected form. They are not used here in their, so to
speak, natural form; such use of non-literary words
would litter the language and would not contribute to
the enrichment and development of the literary norm
of the language [1, p. 108-110].
By including this layer of vocabulary in a work of art,
the authors want to draw the reader's attention to the
inherent expressiveness of argo, as well as a special
choice of words that differs from the literary standard.
The choice of argotic means is due to the need to
recreate a certain communicative situation, and is also
used as a means of stylistic characteristics in the
characters' speech.
Argotic vocabulary reproduced in a literary text retains
all its functional-stylistic characteristics that are valid
for a situation of real communication. However, when
moving into the space of a literary text, it additionally
acquires functions specific to a given area of use.
The main functions of argotisms in a literary text are
filling in the nomination gaps, conveying the color of
the
depicted
environment,
and
the
speech
characteristics of the character. It should be noted that
at present, argotisms perform not so much an
informational and pictorial function as an expressive
one [4, p. 78-80].
The expressive function of argo is intended to express
the subjective aspects of the perception of reality, i.e.
emotional states, feelings, judgments and ideas of a
person about the world around him. Its components
are figurativeness, appraisal and intensity. An
important aspect is also the speaker's expression of his
attitude to reality.
It is quite natural that when the author refers to the
description of the life of asocial elements, one of the
main tasks is to include argotisms in the text of a work
of art, since they sometimes surpass the literary
language in figurativeness and accuracy. Thus, argo is
a means of enriching the text with its expressiveness.
In this paper, we set ourselves the task of examining
the expressive function of English argo using the
example of detective literature. One of the most
popular representatives of the detective novel genre
of the second half of the 20th century is J.H.Chase. The
analysis of the factual material (―An Ear to the
Ground, ―No Orchids for Miss Blandish) allows us to
identify the main cases of the implementation of the
expressive function of argo in a literary text:
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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(2021:
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705
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6.
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1)
When conveying the emotional state of the
characters. Argo, as an intensifier of the characters'
emotions, expresses various shades of mood - from
positive to negative. Moreover, the latter significantly
predominate due to the negative connotation of argo.
Often, argotisms are used by heroes in order to relieve
emotional stress. So, in the novel “―No Orchids for
Miss Blandish”, one of the members of a gang of
robbers accidentally kills a witness to their crime. The
leader of the gang, having learned about this, says with
fear and indignation: He's dead! You jackass! What did
you kill him for? [6, p. 81-83]. The resentment of non-
compliance with the agreement by the members of the
gang is intensified through the introduction of the
argotism jackass (fool) [7, p. 53-56]. Thus, even one
argotism, endowed with high expressiveness, is able to
convey a different range of feelings of the characters.
2)
To express the hero's value attitude to the
current situation. Argotic vocabulary conveys the
character's value attitude to the world around him,
other characters, or himself. Argo is also able to convey
hierarchical relations in a criminal sphere, because
depending on the position he occupies, the offender
performs certain work. For example, the hero of the
novel “An Ear to the Ground”, taking a large share of
the loot for himself, points out to his accomplices their
place in the criminal hierarchy: ...what you three don‘t
seem realize is that you are in big time, but you are
small timers [5, p. 46-47]. Disdainfully calling his
accomplices small timers (small scammers) [7, p. 53-
55], he thus humiliates them, emphasizing his high
social position.
3)
For the realism of the story. The depiction of
the life of criminals, the everyday life of the police is
impossible without the dialogues of the characters, in
which the author uses argotism. Credibility plays an
important role here, as in the absence of vocabulary
that lies outside the literary standard, the speech of the
characters loses its naturalness and liveliness.
J.H.Chase in the novel
“No Orchids for Miss Blandish”
uses the expressiveness of argotism to stylize the
speech of criminals. In an excerpt from the robbers'
dialogue, it is about the failure of their operation and
the need to get rid of the witness: This is a murder rap
now. W
e‘ll all burn. If they catch us… –
We‘ll have to
knock her off. She knows much [6, p. 81-83]. In this
case, the expressions We‘ll all burn (we are
consummated) [7, p. 54-56] and knock off (get rid of)
[Ibidem, p. 53-57] indicate that the characters belong
to a criminal environment. Thus, argo is a kind of social
marker that characterizes the heroes of a work of art
through the peculiarities of their language. In this case,
the expressions indicate that the characters belong to
a criminal sphere. Thus, argo is a kind of social marker
that characterizes the heroes of a work of art through
the peculiarities of their language.
4)
As a means of author's evaluation. Of all the
types of connotations of the emotional component of
slang, the author most often chooses contemptuous,
less often ironic. The actions and illegal actions of the
characters are always evaluated negatively by the
author. To express the author's worldview, attitudes
towards crime in general, police officer Brennan
appears in the novel “No Orchids for Miss Blandish”. In
a conversation with criminals, he speaks in their own
language (argo) to emphasize his negative attitude: All
you rats say the same thing
–
I'm still here [6, p. 82-84].
Argotism rat (scoundrel) [9, p. 440-441] shows the
unambiguous position of the author - any criminal,
from a petty fraudster to a murderer, is a marginal who
has no place among respectable citizens, and any
illegal activity is immoral and deserves punishment.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
99
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VOLUME
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(2021:
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It should be noted that the means of implementing the
expressive function of argo in a literary text are often
pejorative nominations, i.e. neutral vocabulary, which
is not inherently expressive, under certain conditions
and depending on the context, is able to take on this
function. Among the pejorative nominations in the
detective novels of J.H.Chase, zoosemantic metaphors
prevail, referring to the names of animals with the
general meaning of "scoundrel": rat, bull, monkey, ass,
pig.
Often there are also nominations with a “hidden”
expression, “contained in the
real meaning of the
word” [2, p. 15
-18], which is possessed by argotic units
denoting traditional criminal specialties and reflecting
the hierarchy in the criminal environment: fence (buyer
of stolen goods) [7, p. 81-82], stoolie (informer)
[Ibidem, p. 80], jail bird (recidivist) [8, p. 372].
Thus, the implementation of the expressive function of
English argo in detective literature is a feature of this
genre, which determines the specificity of the lexical
means used in it. The purpose of including English argo
in fiction is to perform various stylistic tasks that reveal
the author's intention. The use of argotisms in the
novels of J.H.Chase is not an end in itself, they are
harmoniously combined with common vocabulary.
Using argo, J.H.Chase plausibly describes the
underworld, conveys the characters of the main
characters, their thoughts and feelings. In this regard,
it can be argued that slang can serve as a means of
enriching the language of a work of art with its
expressiveness.
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