Current epidemiological situation in morbidity and mortality in the world is characterized in the article, main social and economic indicators supporting spread of infectious agents are presented, principles, concepts and main provisions of WHO Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) and three stages of EPI are presented. Topical issues of specific protection (vaccination) are highlighted, missed opportunities and ways to overcome them are shown. Attention is drawn to three main sources of evolutionary formation of human infectious diseases and various points of view concerning causes and mechanisms of evolutionary transformation by changing mechanism of transmission of microorganisms to the main host - microorganism are discussed.
SUMMARY
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year about 2 billion people fall ill with infectious diseases in the world. At the same time, infectious diseases account for almost 25% of all deaths, and in developing countries this figure reaches up to 45%. Thus, infectious diseases remain one of leading causes of death in the world. According to the WHO, out of about 50% of million people, 16-17 million die from infection and only 10 million from cardiovascular diseases. Out of 10 main causes of death on earth, 7 are somehow associated with infectious diseases.
В детском возрасте ведущей причиной ТМА является гемолитико-уремический синдром (ГУС), ассоциированный со шига токсином (типичный ГУС), атипичный ГУС, обусловленный дисрегуляцией системы комплемента (АГУС), тромботическая тромбоцитопеническая пурпура (ТТП), связанная с дефицитом ADAMTS-13. У ребенка грудного возраста можно встретиться с редкими генетическими причинами ТМА, такими как метилмалоновая ацидемия (ММА) с гипергомоцистеинемией, диацил- глицерол киназа эпсилон (DGK) – ассоциированная нефропатия. Диагностика причины ТМА чрезвычайно важна, т.к. своевременный старт комплемент-блокирующей терапии при АГУС, плазмотерапии при ТТП, метаболической терапии при ММА может спасти жизнь ребенка. Диагноз АГУС является клиническим и может быть установлен при исключении других причин ТМА.
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal pathology. It occurs when another chromosome appears in the 21st pair as a result of a random mutation. Often, children with Down syndrome (DS) and related disorders have a lower IQ level, severe forms of stereotyped behavior. The purpose of this article was to study the neurological conditions of children with DS. Clinical, neurological, neurophysiological and audiological studies were performed in 34 children (16 boys, 18 girls) with DS. The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale was used to determine the intellectual status in children with DS. The manifestation of autistic disorders, somatic pathology and lack of speech activity are predictive adverse factors in children with DS.
A conditioned reflex (temporal connection) is an individual reaction acquired during life through learning (as opposed to an unconditioned (innate) reflex). It is produced under certain conditions: the coincidence in time of the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus (a classic example: the presentation of food with the simultaneous ignition of a light bulb), as a result of which a reaction (for example, salivation) appears after a while to the presentation of only a neutral stimulus.
The article analyzes the autopsy data of children who died from pneumonia at the age of one year. Of 82 cases, 8.5% were diagnosed with congenital hypoplasia of the thymus, 14.6% had an accidental transformation of grade 3, 56.1% had an accidental transformation of 4-5 degrees, and 20.7% had acquired atrophy of the thymus gland. In morphological examination, the thymus fragments are sharply reduced, wrinkled, the cortical layer is occupied by reticuloepithelial, reticulocyt, fibrocyt and fat cells, coarse fibrous connective tissue.
Природная либо приобретенная способность продуцировать беталактамазы – ферменты, способные гидролизовать эндоциклическую пептидную связь в беталактамных антибиотиках, – является основным механизмом постоянно возрастающей резистентности бактерий к данному классу антибактериальных препаратов. Феномен собственной беталактамазной активности (БЛА) человеческой крови известен достаточно давно. Однако, клиническое значение феномена не исследовалось.
The article is devoted to the problems of the development of Currently used antiretroviral therapy has made HIV infection a chronic controlled infection and has prolonged life and quality of life. However, any antiretroviral drug has side effects, although not on every patient and not always the same.
To assess the current state of the side effects problem of antiretroviral therapy in HIV - infected patients based on the analysis of literature data.
The following are data on the side effects of various groups of antiretroviral drugs used in the past and now, as well as some of their representatives. Antiretroviral drugs exhibit various side effects, in particular mitochondrial toxicity caused by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), causing a wide range of side effects such as lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and possibly lipodystrophy syndrome. In general, integrase inhibitors are well tolerated and cause minimal drug interactions
The use of older antiretroviral drugs has been associated with a variety of side effects, which include lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis, allergic reactions, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis and lipoatrophy.These side effects are less common with newer recommended ARVs. drugs. When treating, it is necessary to consider the likelihood of side effects and the possibility of their prevention.