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The comparative analysis of data reveals that in Karakalpak, transitive verbs typically shift
to intransitive forms through specific suffix additions, whereas in English, their meaning changes
based on context and by transitioning between active and passive voices. The key determinant in
the realm of transitivity/intransitivity is the verbs' capacity to accept a direct object.
Thus, the analysis of data in a comparative aspect showed that in the Karakalpak language,
the transitive verbs mainly change into intransitive ones using specific suffixes, while in the
English language, they change their meaning depending on the context and by switching from
active to passive. The main factor in the transitivity/intransitivity category is the ability of verbs
to take a direct object.
REFERENCES:
1. Насыров Д.С., Бердимуратов Е.Б., Даулетов А.Д., Бекбергенов А.Б. Ҳәзирги қарақалпак
тили. Морфология. «Қарақалпақстан» баспасы, 1981 ж., 264 б.
2. Dáwletov A., Dáwletov M., Qudaybergenov M. Házirgi qaraqalpaq ádebiy tili. Nókis «Bilim»,
2010 j. 251 б.
3. Валгина Н.С. Розенталь Д.Э. Фомина М.И. Современный русский язык: Учебник / Под
редакцией Н.С. Валгиной. - 6-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: Логос, 2002/
URL:https://uchebnik.biz/book/226-sovremennyj-russkij-yazyk/201--185-glagoly-perexodnye-i-
neperexodnye. date of acces: 08.02.2024
4. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Fifth Edition, Teacher’s Guide, Hall M., Azar B.S.,
Hagen S.A., 2017, 492 p.
5. Khudaybergenova Z., Grammatical features of the lexemes “White” and “Black” in English and
Karakalpak languages. Innovations in Technology and Science Education 2 (15), 2023. P. - 53-60.
6. Khudaybergenova Z., Modality in Karakalpak language. Science and Education in
Karakalpakstan 4 (4/1), 2022. P. 179-183.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN LINGUISTICS
Najimova Gulyaim Batirjanovna,
Karakalpak state university
Abstarct:
This article analyzes the terminology and concepts of scientific sources
describing non-verbal and kinesics. Since linguistics is not only about verbal interaction, it is also
important to study non-verbal communication, including gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye
contact and touch. Non-verbal communication is extremely important in the analysis of cultural
differences.
Key words:
Eye contact, facial expressions, interaction, posture, linguistic aspect, kinesic units
Facial expressions also make it clear how you feel about the interlocutor. It also supports
the function of expressing an emotional state and conveying its opposite.
In addition, facial expressions are presented as feedback to the spoken word: whether the
verbal part was understood, whether the other agrees or reacts rather negatively (or surprised).
Thus, the horizontal folds of the forehead indicate increased attention when thinking. Vertical
forehead wrinkles indicate that all attention is directed to something (someone).
To interpret facial expressions, there are various scientific opinions:
- for example, such emotional and mimic manifestations as joy, surprise, interest, grief,
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fear, anger, disgust, contempt are expressed and interpreted in the same way in all cultures and,
obviously, refer to innate forms of expression;
- the trained forms of facial movements often include the movements of the eyebrows, the
position of the lips, the position of the mouth, etc. [3.386-396.]
Eye contact is the main identifier of feelings and moods for others, which may also include
information such as surprise, fear, or embarrassment.
An interaction between two people usually begins with a longer eye contact that identifies
whether the other is ready for contact at all. Most people look away to emphasize the possibility
and desire to refuse contact. Visual contact in terms of control is an important aspect of successful
negotiation. [3.386-396.]
Posture is an expression of feelings and belonging. It assists in interpreting how safe, free
someone feels. So, cheerfulness is reflected in a vertical, open pose, and tightness is reflected in a
slightly curved, that is, visually rather closed pose.
The first thing that I.E. Ilyina, O.N. Morozova, O.G. Lyabina, S.I. Shmakov suggest to pay
attention in a pose is a weight transfer. The more upright someone stands, the more confident his
inner position is. [3.386-396.]
Another linguistic aspect is the openness or closedness of the position. Here we should pay
attention to the area of the neck and chest.
It is also important to note whether a person is standing freely or looking for recline
somewhere. There are people who always need something to lean on.
A sign of a sudden change in external position is a sudden change in internal attitude.
People of higher social rank take up more space in the sitting posture, they are more open
in this position, because they consider themselves less vulnerable.
The way a person rearranges his legs can also have a signaling effect. The person who puts
forward the knee shows caution, or rather uncertainty.
And since further work will be devoted to the analysis of kinesic units, it would be
advisable to immediately highlight the encoding/decoding methods.
O. M. Kunitsyna believes that communicative interaction is based on messages
implemented in some code. Code is one of the central concepts of communication theory. Message
encoding is one of the steps in the communication process. It is implemented as the conversion of
one signal system to another using "inner and outer codes". "Internal code" is presented as
neurophysiological reactions, and "external" - as verbal and non-verbal reactions. [5.71-73]
F. Saussure argued that linguistic symbols unite not things and names, but concepts and
sound images, that is, the “signified” and “signifier” of the symbol. And the relationship between
the signified and the signifier is generally accepted and it is arbitrary (any changes occur only in a
natural way). [1.256]
Yu. Kristeva considers the process of communication using the gesture code as one of the
infracommunicative levels of the communicative structure. [4.114–135]
When comparing non-verbal behavioral patterns and reactions that reflect the cultural and
linguistic codes of interacting cultures, we find that they can coincide and differ.
The ability to use the cultural characteristics of kineme to convey and encode meaning is
the most vulnerable point in the system of encoding/decoding nonverbals.
Representatives of different cultures have differences in the use of communicative means,
including kinesics, since they do not have a single or similar system for decoding the meaning of
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a message. E. Hall noted that there is a close connection between the linguistic meaning and the
meaning of culture. According to this researcher, value orientations influence the choice of an
individual's communication style, regulate it in any situational context and influence the perception
of reality (space, time), building relationships (individualism, power, competition, social structure)
and way of thinking. [2.412]
On the whole, it can be concluded that the analysis of all systems of non-verbal
communication shows that they undoubtedly play a large auxiliary role (and sometimes
independent) in the communicative process. All elements of non-verbal communication help to
fully reveal the semantic side of information, which is possible only if the participants in the
communication process fully understand the meaning of the signs used. Possessing the ability not
only to strengthen or weaken the verbal impact, all systems of non-verbal communication help to
identify such an essential parameter of the communicative process as the intention of its
participants. Together with the verbal communication system, these systems provide the exchange
of information that people need to organize joint activities. Kinesic means can be interpreted in
different ways, based on the cultural characteristics of communicators (encoder and decoder).
REFERENCES:
1. Ferdinand de Saussure. Course of General Linguistics - M.: Librokom, 2011. - 256 p.
2. Hall Е. The Silent Language. – N.–Y., 1959. – 412 p.
3.Ilyina I.E., Morozova O.N., Lyabina O.G., Shmakov S.I. Non-verbal communication // Bulletin
of the Tambov State Technical University. 2014. V. 20. No. 2. pp. 386-396.
4. Kristeva YU. Gesture: practice or communication? // Kristeva Y. Selected Works: The
Destruction of Poetics. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2004, pp. 114–135.
5. Kunitsyna O. M. Features of the construction and perception of polycode texts in modern
communication // Vestnik MSLU. Humanitarian sciences. 2020. Issue. 9 (838) - pp. 71-73.
QUS ATAMALARINDAG’I KO’P MA’NILILIK
A.Nurimbetova, QMU magistrantı
Annotaciya
: Bul teziste avtor qaraqalpaq ha’m inglis tillerindegi ornitonimlerdin` ko’z
qarastan talqilay otirip, bir yamasa bir nesh so’z dizbeginin’ o’zinen so’z etilip atirg’an adamnin’
jeke o’zgeshelikleri atap aytatug’in bolsaq onin’ Ornitonimlerdi teoriyalıq jaqtan izertlew, olardıń
tildegi qollanılıw órisin, etimologiyasın, genetikalıq qatlamların, basqa leksika-semantikalıq
kategoriyalardaǵı sózler menen baylanısın, qurılısına qaray túrlerin, jasalıw modelьlerin hám
stilistikalıq ózgesheliklerin anıqlaw haqqinda mag’liwmatqa iye boliw mumkinligi haqqinda so’z
etedi
Gilt so’zler:
Kóp mánili sózler, birikken atamalar, qus atamaları, qospa so`zler,
ekstralingvistikalıq faktorlar, leksemalar
Qaraqalpaq tilinde kóp mánililik ornitonim sózlerde de ushırasadı. Olar ierarxiyalıq
baylanıslı bolıp, sózdiń tiykarǵı tuwra mánisi hám awıspalı ekinshi dárejeli mánilerge bólinedi.
Ilimpaz Kacnelsonnıń kórsetiwinshe, baslı orındı barlıq waqıtta sózdiń tiykarǵı yamasa baslı
mánisi iyeleydi, qalǵan barlıq mánileri tikkeley yamasa qosımsha baslı mánige baǵınadı1.
1
Кацнельсон С.О. Содержание слова значение и обозначение. – Ленинград: Наука, 1965. – с. 59.
