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MECHANISMS OF STEREOTYPING: CONCLUSIONS,
ERRORS, INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE THINKING
Saidamirxon AXMEDOV
Student of International Journalism faculty, UzSWLU
Abstract.
American scientist W. Lippman characterized a stereotype as a small
"picture of the world" that a person stores in the brain in order to save the effort
required to perceive more complex situations. In this article, we will discuss the
presence and influence of stereotypes in intercultural communication, mechanisms of
stereotyping, and acknowledge that stereotypes, whether true or false, play a role in
maintaining social standing and preparing individuals for encounters with different
cultures.
Key words:
stereotypes, society, stereotyping, social, intercultural
communication.
Stereotyping is the process of forming a perception of a person based on
stereotypes developed by a group. Stereotypes can be used to quickly and easily create
a complete representation by attributing characteristics to an object based on pre-
existing ideas and expectations. It is a useful tool of social cognitive cognition of the
world, but does not always reflect objective reality. According to H. Tejfel, stereotypes
fulfill the functions of selecting social information, creating a positive image of "I",
forming a group ideology and creating a positive image of "We". However, the social
situations in which stereotypes are formed change faster than stereotypes themselves,
affecting the group's relations with others and the individual's relations with others.
Stereotypes also have various features such as projection effect, averaging effect, first
impression effect and others. Stereotypes consist of cognitive, emotional and behavioral
components. There are many stereotypes in society related to gender, nationality,
religion and other characteristics. Formation and use of stereotypes is related to the work
of the second signaling system, which includes 3 phases: perception, response seeking
and identification. This chain does not always correspond to reality.
Stereotypes are widely accepted in society and are often related to gender,
nationality, religion and other characteristics. A few common statements: a woman
building a career is unsuccessful personally. All women want to get married and men
do not. Women are monogamous and men are polygamous. Germans are very
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punctual and responsible. The English are phlegmatic. Russians are a nation of
drunkards. All doctors have illegible handwriting. These statements are categorical and
refer to a whole group of people or a nation, but often do not correspond to reality. The
process of stereotype formation includes 3 phases: perception of external stimuli,
comparison with existing images in memory and identification. Stereotypes serve to
simplify and systematize information, but do not always reflect reality. They also
contribute to social identity and intergroup differences. Low-social groups may adopt
negative autostereotypes about themselves and positive heterostereotypes about other
groups. Stereotypes explain existing relations between groups and justify them.
According to T.G. Grushevitskaya, V.D. Popkov, A.P. Sadokhin, the following
functions of stereotypes are of particular importance for the process of intercultural
communication: 1) transmission of relatively reliable information; 2) orienting
function; 3) influence on the creation of reality.
The function of transmitting relatively reliable information is based on the
generalization processes that occur when observing the extraordinary, conspicuous,
unusual behavior and way of thinking of members of another cultural group. When
people encounter representatives of a foreign culture, they begin to generalize,
organize, classify new information, highlight the most characteristic features of this
culture.
The orienting function is that with the help of stereotyping, it is possible to create
a simplified matrix of the surrounding world, in the cells of which, based on
stereotypes, certain social groups are "placed". This fact allows you to quickly
differentiate people into groups based on stereotypical signs, expecting certain behavior
from them.
The function of influencing the creation of reality is that with the help of
stereotypes it is possible to clearly distinguish one's own and someone else's ethnic
groups. Stereotyping allows you to make an evaluative comparison of someone else's
and your own groups and thereby protect the traditions, views, values of your group.
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However, it is crucial to acknowledge that stereotypes can also be harmful and
lead to prejudice, discrimination, and misunderstandings. They can perpetuate biases
and reinforce negative attitudes towards certain groups of people. Stereotypes are often
based on generalizations and are not accurate representations of individuals within a
particular group.
It is essential to approach stereotypes with caution and not to rely solely on them
when interacting with individuals from different cultures. It is important to recognize
that each person is unique and should be treated as such. Stereotypes should never be
used to judge or make assumptions about someone's behavior, beliefs, or values.
In order to foster effective intercultural communication, it is necessary to move
beyond stereotypes and engage in open-mindedness, empathy, and cultural sensitivity.
This involves actively seeking to understand and appreciate different perspectives,
customs, and traditions.
Overall, while stereotypes may initially provide a basic understanding of other
cultures, they should not be the sole basis for forming judgments or behaving towards
others. Treating individuals as individuals, rather than as members of a stereotype, is
key to building positive relationships and promoting intercultural understanding.
For example, if someone has a negative experience with a person from a particular
ethnic group, they may generalize and assume that all people from that group are the
same. This can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
Stereotypes can also be perpetuated through media, education, and socialization
processes. Media representations of certain ethnic groups can reinforce stereotypes, as
can education systems that teach biased or limited views of different cultures.
Socialization within one's own cultural group can also lead to the development of
stereotypes, as individuals are taught certain beliefs and norms about other groups.
Overcoming stereotypes requires awareness and education. It is important to
challenge our own biases and prejudices and seek out accurate information about
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different cultures. Engaging in meaningful intercultural interactions can also help break
down stereotypes and promote understanding and acceptance. By recognizing the
limitations of stereotypes and valuing diversity, we can work towards a more inclusive
and harmonious society.
Inductive thinking allows researchers to explore new ideas, patterns, and
relationships in the data they collect. It is a more exploratory approach that allows
researchers to generate new theories or hypotheses based on their observations.
On the other hand, deductive thinking is more focused on testing existing theories
or hypotheses. Researchers start with a theory or hypothesis and collect data to either
confirm or refute it. Deductive thinking follows a more structured and systematic
approach, where researchers make predictions based on existing knowledge and test
these predictions through data analysis.
Both methods have their strengths and weaknesses. The inductive method allows
for creativity and the discovery of new knowledge, while the deductive method
provides a more focused and systematic approach to testing existing theories. The
choice of which method to use depends on the research question, the available data,
and the researcher's goals.
In conclusion, stereotypes play important functions in intercultural
communication, including transmitting relatively reliable information, orienting
individuals in the surrounding world, and influencing the creation of reality. Language
plays a significant role in the formation and expression of stereotypes. Additionally,
the inductive and deductive methods are two different approaches to research, with the
inductive method being more exploratory and the deductive method being more
focused on testing existing theories or hypotheses. Both methods have their advantages
and can be used depending on the research question and objectives.
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