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TYPES OF STEREOTYPES: RACE, ETHNICITY, GEOGRAPHY,
GENDER, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, PROFESSIONAL
Jaloliddin ZIYOVIDDINOV
Student of International Journalism faculty, UzSWLU
Key words:
stereotypes, society, culture, types of stereotype, social, intercultural
communication.
Stereotype - an overly generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
opinion about the personal qualities of a group of people. When they talk about
stereotypical thinking, they mean the limitations, narrowness, or obsolescence of a
person's ideas about certain objects of reality or about ways of interacting with them.
Stereotypes can be useful and necessary as a form of the economy of thinking and
actions in relation to fairly simple and stable objects and situations, adequate interaction
with which is possible on the basis of familiar and confirmed by experience
representations. In the same place, where the object requires creative thinking or has
changed, but the ideas about it have remained the same, the stereotype becomes a brake
in the processes of interaction of the individual with reality. In other words, a "normal"
social attitude can turn into a "harmful" stereotype. Other reasons for the emergence of
stereotypes of this kind are usually a lack of knowledge, dogmatic upbringing,
underdevelopment of the individual, or a stop for some reason of the processes of its
development.
Let us start with the classification of stereotypes by the subject of stereotyping, in
other words, by the bearer of the stereotype. It is this parameter that underlies the
division of stereotypes into collective and individual. Collective stereotypes are
designated in American social science by the term "cultural stereotypes". Domestic
scientists use the term "social" as an opposition to individual stereotypes or "mass"
stereotypes. We propose the term "collective stereotypes" and consider it more
acceptable, since it forms a clear opposition to
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individual stereotypes and avoids double interpretation of the term "social stereotypes",
which will be discussed below. Let's consider what is meant by collective stereotypes.
"Cultural stereotypes are patterns of ideas and beliefs accepted by all and common
to all representatives of a given culture". In our opinion, this interpretation is
exaggerated and reflects a certain extreme position. Most likely, there are stereotypes
that all members of a certain socio-cultural community know, but hardly one hundred
percent of its members accept and share them. It is more correct to talk about
stereotypes "shared by a sufficiently large number of individuals within social
communities". Thus, stereotypes characterized by a high degree of consistency can be
considered collective. In this case, the social community as a whole acts as a subject of
stereotyping. Attributing any stereotypes to collective ones does not mean, however,
"their complete identity in individual individuals or awareness by all representatives of
the group equally".
A racial stereotype is a system of ideas about the typical characteristics of
members of a given ethnic group or nationality, their status, society and cultural norms.
Racial and ethnic stereotypes are reflected in mass communication messages. For
example, studies conducted in the late XX - early XXI century in the USA allowed us
to identify two trends in the coverage of racial minorities. Firstly, their representatives
are described less frequently and more simply than representatives of the racial
majority. For example, in Spanish-language soap operas that are broadcast in the United
States, characters with light skin appear more often than dark-skinned ones
(Rivadeneyra, 2011).
Secondly, representatives of the racial majority (Euro-Americans) are more often
portrayed as victims of crime and less often as criminals, and representatives of racial
minorities (Afro and Latin Americans) are more often portrayed as criminals and less
often as victims. Interestingly, a comparison of these images with statistical data
showed that Euro - Americans are more often portrayed as victims and African-
Americans as criminals than this happens in reality (Dixon, Linz, 2000).
At the same time, European and Canadian researchers have identified positive and
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negative frames that are used when describing migrants. Positive frames include the
connection of migration with security, the contribution of migrants to economic
growth, and the increase in cultural diversity. Among the negative frames, the
connection of migration with diseases, an increase in the crime rate, an increase in
social spending, and tension between cultures dominates.
Gender stereotypes are established in society, tightly rooted in people's minds,
sets of ideas, and expectations related to the behavior of men and women. As a rule,
gender stereotypes are formed for a long time, and most often it is difficult to get rid of
them, even when society begins to realize the negative impact of these stereotypes.
Stereotypes correlate to a certain extent with the real experience of people, but in
any case they are biased, since they are formed based on specific social conditions, and
also rarely correspond to current changes in society. Moreover, in many situations,
stereotypes are associated with some kind of power relations, and are also largely
formed due to social inequality. It should be understood that quite often gender
stereotypes hide not the very essence of the behavior of a particular gender, but
discrimination, carefully hidden behind tortuous formulations.
Thus, discrimination, as well as social inequality, most often becomes the basis
for the formation of gender "templates". The strength of stereotypes depends on the
existing cultural values and the characteristics of a particular society. In some countries
they are more pronounced, in some their impact is minimized.
There are a huge number of gender stereotypes in the modern world. Let us
consider the most common of them:
• A woman has a secondary role in marriage, since she is obliged to listen to a
man, give birth to children and maintain order in the house. At the same time, men's
concern is the maintenance of the family.
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•
Selection of toys, clothes and furniture for the unborn child. For example, pink
clothes are chosen for girls, and blue for boys. At the same time, children's clothing and
drawings on it are determined by similar signs.
•
Women's work cannot be associated with physical exertion, while the income
level of a man must necessarily be higher. Men who receive less than women are
ridiculed.
Stereotypes are reproduced at all levels of the political hierarchy, matrix the sphere
of the unconscious and rational, and also dominate in practical politics. Stereotypes
serve as political cliches, templates and stencils that create unity in society and facilitate
the management activities of the elite.
From a political and psychological point of view, a stereotype is a standardized,
schematized, simplified and flattened, usually emotionally colored image of some
socio-political object (phenomenon, process), possessing significant stability, but
fixing in itself only some, sometimes insignificant features of it. Sometimes defined as
inaccurate, irrational, overly general representation. In a broad sense, it is a traditional,
habitual canon of thought, perception and behavior, a template manner of behavior, a
way of performing actions in a certain sequence, uniformity, identity, inertia of
thinking, inertia, rigidity, etc.
The problem of defining culture still cannot be considered resolved, therefore, at
present, the number of definitions not only does not decrease, but continues to grow.
Culture is a set of material and spiritual values, life ideas, patterns of behavior,
norms, methods and techniques of human activity:
-
reflecting a certain level of historical development of society and man;
-
embodied in subject, material carriers; and - transmitted to subsequent
generations.
Culture as a special process of human activity includes labor activity to create
material and spiritual wealth and actually mental, mental activity of a person (in a
narrower sense - only his creativity).
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