Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Oriental studies

It  is  to  show  that  the  image  of  the  Ottoman  state  was  formed  through  the Turkestan press during the reign of the Russian Empire. Turkestan  periodicals  regularly  publish  articles  and  reports  published  abroad.  The political  developments  in  Turkey  have  been  closely  followed.  In  particular,  the  processes related to the coming to power of young Turks in 1908, changes in the Turkish army, various wars are given special attention. It is also noted that the spread of ideas of pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism and this is extremely dangerous for Turkestan. Socio-political processes in Turkey in the early twentieth century, the activities of young Turks  in  Turkey,  party  struggles  in  the  country,  as  well  as  the  attitude  of  the  European community to the leadership of the "Unity and Development" party in the political process were widely covered in Turkestan periodicals. It was also noted in the Western media that the interpretation of these processes was covered without a full understanding of the political activities of young Turks.

This  article is  devoted to the consideration  and  analysis  of Indian  philosophical thought, with the definition of specific aspects of the evolution of the problems of knowledge and truth. It is shown that the theory and practice of cognition is an important component  for  all  Indian  philosophical  teachings,  with  the  emergence  of  a  special interest in theoretical and cognitive problems already in the pre-philosophical period and unquenchable in the modern era. And already starting from the second half of the 19th century,  epistemological  problems  begin  to  acquire  new  meanings  due  to  the  cha-racteristic changes that occur in life, in science and culture. It is noted that the process of cognition  in Indian  philosophical teachings  has  never  been  focused  on conquering  the world, comfortable settling a person in it, but always on comprehending true reality, with the acquisition of a true goal in life. The author hopes that the presented study will open up  an  important  perspective  of  reflection  on  the  special  views  that  have  developed  in Indian philosophy about the development of ways of knowing and searching for truth.

Today, Uzbekistan is opening up to the whole world.  One of the factors in the development of any state is that it has its place in the world community within the framework  of  important  organizations.    Uzbekistan  has  introduced  various  diplomatic mechanisms  to  accelerate  the  process  of  active  interaction  and  mutually  beneficial cooperation with the region and the world.  One of the most important organizations in our  country  is  the  Shanghai  Cooperation  Organization.    The  rich  history  and  close cultural  ties  between  the  SCO  member  states  predetermine  wide  cultural  and humanitarian cooperation within the organization.  In this sense, it is worth noting that a hundred years ago the space of the SCO countries was connected by the ancient routes of the Silk Road.  It is also deeply symbolic that by the 21st century, the countries of Eurasia are  ready  to  develop  new  economic,  cultural  and  humanitarian  ties,  reviving  ancient traditions  in  the  context  of  globalization.  Some  political  and  economic  changes  in  the world  require  that  only  interstate  cooperation  be  adapted  to  the  principles  of  public diplomacy.  Cultural and humanitarian cooperation has a growing tendency to develop mutual understanding,  mutual  enrichment  and  integration  of  cultures,  creating  a  solid social  basis  for  disseminating  information  and  knowledge  about  the  traditions  and customs  of  peoples  in  the  SCO  space.  Uzbekistan  has  long  been  associated  with  the people of the SCO space through ethnic, linguistic, religious and other ties. It was the land  of  Uzbek  that  served  as  a  bridge  connecting  these  links.    Therefore,  the  most important direction of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy is cooperation with the SCO membe countries. Therefore, the possibility of further strengthening the role of Uzbekistan in all areas  is  an  urgent  problem.  This  article  describes  the  cultural  and  humanitarian cooperation between Uzbekistan and the SCO, multilateral diplomacy in  this area and the contribution of Uzbekistan to the development of this sector within the organization

In the article explores the differences in the approaches of each Central Asian country to regional cooperation. The initiatives put forward by the leaders of the countries of the region were analyzed. The author describes the features of the foreign policy concepts of the countries of the region. The factors of foreign policy of the Central Asian countries are analyzed.  The  need  for  regional  integration  was  explained  by  analyzing  the  evolutionary processes taking place in Uzbekistan's neighbors in Central Asia. Regional cooperation is based on an understanding of the evolution of geopolitical processes in the modern world, where the tendency to build international, political, economic, and other relations is growing. It is emphasized that such a view is extremely relevant for modern Central Asia, which is a link interconnected by relatively different ancient local ties. Some factors were considered, the development of a special legal document or a concept that reveals prospects aimed at enhancing  the  development  of  the  countries  of  the  region  directly  with  neighbors.  The speeches  of  the  leaders  of  the  countries  of  the  region  from  the  tribunes  of  influential international  organizations  and  forums  on  the  creation  of  a  new  system  of  international relations in the region have been studied. The main regional and international initiatives of the Central Asian states in the field of security and development were highlighted. Analyzed issues are the measures taken by the countries of the region to solve border problem

This article attempts to clarify political views on the sudden appearance of a  new  type  of  coronavirus  COVID-19  on  the  world  stage,  in  particular,  against  the background  of  tense  relations  between  the  United  States  and  China,  aspirations  of certain lobby groups to replace the green peril with the red-yellow threat in the paradigm of world politics. Discussions are expressed about the spread of the pandemic that has seeped into Central Asia; the degree of its influence on the relations of the states of the region with China which may prompt the establishment of new conditions of the world order in international relations and changes in state governance. An interesting point of the article is the attention paid to the diversity of the dynamics of the spread of COVID-19  in  countries  bordering  China,  as  well  as  the  need  to  learn  and  exchange  the  best practices in minimizing the consequences of the pandemic.

The article is an attempt to analyze the main stages of the historical evolution and development of the education sphere of the Islamic Republic of Iran. An emphasis is also made o the analysis of the educational processes after the accomplishment of the "Islamic revolution" of 1979, paying special attention to the activities of higher educational institutions at the beginning of this century through their place and role in  modern socio-political life of Iran.

The article examines the main trends in the political transformation of Syria in the late XX - early XXI century, as well as the domestic and foreign policy of Syria, taking into  account  the  changes  in  the  region.  The  evolution  and  transformation  of  the  Syrian society, the originality of political rule are analyzed. The demonstration by Damascus of its position regarding the building of a democratic society in the country is noted. The article analyzes the external factors that have influenced the evolution of the Middle East policy of the SAR. An assessment of the results of the policy of the Syrian leadership regarding building relations with the countries of the Middle East is presented. A number of factors influencing the  evolution  of  Syrian  foreign  policy  in  the  new  geopolitical  situation  in  the  region  are analyzed.  The  foreign  policy  activity  of  Syria  is  considered,  taking  into  account  external influences and contacts, the impact of which affected the political life of the country. The role of the army in modern Syrian society, the forms of its relationship with the civilian authorities of the state and the ways of influencing the internal and foreign policy of official Damascus are  considered.  The  transformation  of  Syrian  society,  the  originality  of  political  rule,  the centralization  of  power  in  the  process  of  developing  political  decisions  are  revealed. Disclosed  are  the  initiatives  of  President  B.  Assad  regarding  the  liberalization  and modernization of the Syrian society. The article also reveals in detail the main events that became  catalysts  in  the  chain  of  political  transformation  in  the  Middle  East  and  in  the political transition of power in the leading Arab states, in particular, the coming to power in the second half of the 1990s - early 2000s of young Arab leaders.

This  scientific  article  sets  out  analytical  views  on  the  intensification  of international globalization and the impact of such a situation on the processes of democratic development, the need to improve the conceptual foundations of modern democracy, and the growing  role  of  the  state  institution  in  the  development  of  democracy,  and  that  the effectiveness  of  democratic  reforms  largely  depends  on  the  viability  of  the  state  and  its institutions for the development of more effective models of democracy. The article focuses on new and very significant conceptual ideas and conclusions on the further  development  and  deepening  of  democratic  reforms,  improvement  of  democratic institutions in our country, which were put forward in the message of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Oliy Majlis. In particular, the article considers new ideas for the development of democracy, which are comprehensively and deeply substantiated in the Presidential Address. According to the results of the election campaign in our country in December 2019 under the motto “New Uzbekistan - New Elections”, new political conditions were formed for the implementation of democratic  reforms  at  a  higher  level,  and  the  further  deepening  of  democratic  reforms remains the only way for us. In this regard, the article pays special attention to the issues of increasing institutional capacity and the formation of new modern democratic institutions on the scale of our society, created an effective management system. The article also presented analytical views on the following conceptual conclusions of the head of our state on the political system of our society and the further improvement of its functioning: further strengthening the role and responsibility in the public administration of local  executive  and  representative  authorities;  introduction  of  a  system  of  reporting  of khokims of districts on the execution of their programs to regional  Kengashes; expanding social partnerships; development of public control; creation of the Public Chamber of the Republic  of  Uzbekistan  in  order  to  closer  interaction  between  the  state  and  society;  the formation of strong institutions of democracy based on the most urgent needs of our society. The scientific article concludes that because of these processes, the effectiveness of democratic reforms in our country will increase significantly, and as a result, the democratic foundations of the political and social development of our country will be further strengthened

Scientific study of Central Asia has its deep roots in Russian science. The ramified system of oriental scientific and educational institutions, the richest collections of oriental manuscripts, books, objects  of  material  culture  served  as  a  sufficiently  representative  source  base  for  the  research  of oriental  scholars.  The  deep  and  disinterested  interest  of  scientists  in  the  achievements  of  Eastern civilizations played a certain role in acquainting the peoples of other countries with the culture and history of Central Asia. One of such representatives of Russian oriental studies, who, with his works and social and scientific activities, made a certain contribution to the development of science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia, in particular, to the history of the study of Uzbekistan, was Petr Ivanovich Lerkh. The range of scientific interests of Petr Ivanovich was extensive. He could study the languages,  dialects  and  dialects  of  various  peoples;  he  could  be  carried  away  by  prehistoric archeology, as a result of which a number of interesting articles appeared in this direction; the result of his  enthusiasm  for  oriental  numismatics  was  the  release  of  his  corresponding  scientific  work. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the geography of his scientific research, whatever direction they were, was also extensive: from remote provinces of Russia to the newly annexed neighboring outskirts.  This  is  evidenced  by  archival  materials  where  the  works  of  P.I.  Lerkh  on  archeology, linguistics, numismatics, ethnography, etc. He also did not reject the study of the works of foreign scientists concerning history, ethnography, oriental studies, in particular. The trip made by P.I. Lerkh in Khiva and Bukhara expanded the scope of the scientist's scientific activity. Since then, Central Asian countries and peoples, eastern numismatics, as well as primitive antiquities began to enter the circle of his scholarly research. During the trip 1858-1859 the scientist acquired over 30 oriental manuscripts for the Asian Museum. The versatility of scientific interests and abilities of a scientist can also be judged by his scientific reports in scientific communities. The article uses a wide range of sources of archival scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, materials from the personal fund of P.I. Lerkh from the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Languages in St. Petersburg.

The  United  Arab  Emirates  are  one  of  those  Arabic  countries  where  national literature of modern type – which replaced Arabic medieval adab–came into existence as late as in the 1970s. Nevertheless, among the earliest Emirati short – stories, most of which were based on the principles of moralizing sentimentalism and romanticism, one could find samples of mature realism (in Muhammad al – Murr’s writings) and even of modernism (in Abdullah al – Mirri’s writings). In the 1980s along with the steady development of the realistic trend in Emirati fiction,  many writers turned to the  aesthetics of modernism  by abandoning  in their works  the  idea  of  objective,  reality,  as  well  as  clear  plots,  and  concentrating  instead  on ‘’internal’’ states of the mind, in which the objective reality is odd, subjectively transformed. Moreover, some writers (Miryam Jum’a Faraj, Su’ad al – Arimi, Harib al – Zahiri, Salma Matar  Sayf) used a complicated language of narration, full of similes and metaphors typical for Arabic poetry, as well as ornate lexical – syntactical constructions, reproducing thus a specific style, which was named by scholars of Arabic literature ‘’poetic modernism’’. Besides, in some Emirati short – stories of that time, one can find features of magic realism (in Abd al – Hamid Ahmad Abd al – Hamid’s and Salma Matar Sayf’s works), absurdism (in Zabiyya Khamis’s works) and post – modernist parody (in Salma Matar Sayf’s works). The themes of Emirati short – stories embrace Emirati local realities and problems, as well as general human and philosophic subjects (in particular, in Basima Yunis’s and Jum’a al – Fayruz’s writings).

Phraseological  units  in  the  language  are  connected  with  the  specific psychology, lifestyle, mentality, customs of each people, etc. The phraseology Department – the study of the phraseology of a foreign language – not only increases the effectiveness of studying vocabulary, but it also gives an opportunity to get acquainted with the features of the linguistic sphere of the language more closely. Consideration of various linguistic aspects of phraseological  units  belonging  to  the  phraseological  layer  of  a  foreign  language  on  the example of the Indian language is of great importance in the deep study of phraseologisms of the Indian language, in the ability to read and analyze phraseologisms in artistic texts. The  main  purpose  of  writing  this  article  is  to  provide  a  semantic  analysis  of phraseologisms in the Indian language, which are formed from somatic nouns. In carrying out the goal, the following tasks were taken into account: -  at first the main source is the designation of all somatic nouns given on the first roof of V.M.    Beskrovny's  dictionary  «Хинди-русский  словарь»  and  the  collection  of  somatic phraseologisms from additional dictionaries; -  to study the semantically collected examples; -  somatic phraseology in World linguistics research on the extent of World linguistics; -  to reveal specific aspects of expression in the interpretation of examples; New lexemes from somatic words are also made and enrich the lexical system of the Indian language. And the results from this can be used in the Indian language lexicology, ethnolinguistics,  Indian  language  textbooks,  educational  manuals,  as  well  as  new regulated information that is given in the compilation of a phraseological Dictionary of the Indian language. The  main  issue  is  the  semantic  separation  of  somatic  phraseologisms  of  the  Indian language into different groups. Most of the phraseological units are somatic phraseologisms, and in this respect many scientists have come to many conclusions by studying this classification in different ways. The collected  samples  were  drawn  from  the  semantic  point  of  view  to  the  analysis  and  the intended purpose was achieved.

The article is devoted to the study of the method of word formation in modern Chinese using the «族zú» affix. It is known that the lexical stock of a language is constantly replenished  due  to  the  internal  capabilities  of  the  language  and  extracted  from  a  foreign language.  Of  course,  Chinese  is  no  exception.  Which  method  is  the  most  effective  for  a language, depends on a number of features of the language. In  Chinese,  affixing  is  the  second  most  productive  after  word  addition.  Like  the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In addition to the trend observed in world linguistics, the affix method is becoming more and more active in word formation in the Chinese language, therefore the number of affix units in the language is also increasing. One of the affixes that plays an important role in the construction of modern Chinese neologisms is 族 zú, which participates in the construction of a number of new words in the Chinese language. Most of these words refer to a noun and serve to denote a social group that has a specific character. Words formed with the participation of 族 zú are more involved in the formation of words that are applied to a specific group of people in accordance with their social status or role in social life. But, in our opinion, 族 zú is not a full affix unit, but a semi-affix.  Therefore,  when  words  are  formed  with  the  participation  of,  zú,  it  does  not completely  lose  its  original  meaning,  the  meaning  of  a  group  or  community.  Like  the vocabulary of a language, its morphemic units are constantly replenished. In  addition  to  the  trend  observed  in  world  linguistics,  the  method  of  affixation  in  the Chinese  language  is  becoming  more  and  more  active  in  word  formation,  therefore  the number of affix units present in the language is also increasing.

Personal  pronouns  are  important  according  to  a  number  of  features  in  the language. The stylistic function of personal pronouns is particularly important. In addition, personal pronouns are among the words that will be the subject of special research, as they reflect  the  national  culture,  socio-political  life,  philosophical  views.  In  addition,  personal pronouns reflect the speaker’s attitude toward the interlocutor, his social status, and even his religious  and  philosophical  views.  Therefore,  the  study  of  personal  pronouns  used  in  the novels of the Ming period (XIV-XV c.), especially in the novel "Three Kingdoms", shows the features of the lexicon of the period, as well as the study of this series of words in diachronic and synchronous terms gives some conclusions about the dynamics of Chinese lexicon. By analyzing Japanese personal pronouns, it is possible to draw conclusions about the influence of Ming period novels on the lexicon of other languages in the synosphere.

In Japanese society,  家-iе –“house” is a very important and comprehensive concept. A house is a complete system made up of the homeowner and the family. 家-iе –the word “house” is considered to have different meanings, such as place of residence, family, family group, belonging to a tribe, inheritor, social status. In this study, terms such as 主人(syujin)–husband, 家内(kanai)-wife, 奥さん(okusan)-your wife, 嫁(yome)-bride are related to家-iе –“house”. Comparative studies of kinship terms have been studied by many researchers. In addition, anthropological, dialectical, historical, typological, applied and focus studies have recently been observed. European and American scholars (Embree, Norbeck, Cornell, Beardley, Befu, Fisher)  after  that  Japanese  scholars  (Suzuki,  Fuji,  Komori)  have  researched  in-depth scientific works on the pecularity of Japanese kinship references. In the article analyzes the researches about kinship terms related to家-iе –“house” have been observed. Thera are four main scientific points of view about the use of kinship references: 1)the social position taken as a criterion of the house is taken as status names(positional terminology, social status); 2)kinship terminology 3)modified teknonymy; 4) oikonimi ー oykonim iе –“house”. Which viewpoint  is  more  effective?  It  is  one  of  the  controversial  topic  in  the  japanese  kinship references.    The  meanings  of  kinship  terms  have  not  been  widely  analyzed  in  nowadays’ researches.  It  has  been  found  that  specific  concepts  in  personality  thought  have  not sufficiently been studied in the application of kinship terms.

The  article  discusses  issues  related  to  the  ways  of  using  verb  synonyms.  In particular, the range of issues related to the study of synonymy is wide. Interest in studying the ways of using verb synonyms is of interest from both practical and theoretical points of view. It has deep social roots and is closely related to the issues of the culture of speech, which cover not only the norms of the language, but also the skillful conscious selection of linguistic means, as well as their expedient use. The  stylistic  differentiation  of  the  Persian  language,  the  structural  diversity  of  verbs opens up many opportunities for the development of various methods of using verb synonyms. In the development of various ways of using verb synonyms, not only the verb part of complex verbs,  but  also  the  nominal  part  participates.  In  addition,  to  give  the  statement  different stylistic shades, various idiomatic verb phraseological units are used. The presence of a developed synonymy in the language is an indicator of the richness of the language. The functional value of synonyms is realized in speech. Therefore, when using synonyms,  certain  techniques  are  developed  that  help  to  reveal  the  individual  signs  of synonyms,  emphasize  their  characteristic  features,  enhance  or,  conversely,  reduce  the strength  of  the  expressed  expression.  On  the  other  hand,  the  characteristic  features  of synonyms  are  diverse.  This  is  due  to  the  stylistic  and  emotional  coloring,  imagery, associativity. That is why the methods of using synonyms and their stylistic functions are of particular interest.

In Iranian studies,  the  scientific  description  of the  Dari language  mainly notes  its  differences  from  the  modern  Persian  language.  In  the  word-formation  of  the Dari  language,  special  attention is  paid  to  the  affixational  word-formation  of parts  of speech. In recent years, the comprehensive development of the Dari language has become noticeable, during which time there have been tangible changes in all its fields. In this regard, the study of the questions of the ways of forming, developing and improving the Dari language, substantiating the reasons, regularities and possibilities of this process, as  well  as  determining  the  principles  of  word-formation,  is  becoming  increasingly essential.  This,  in  turn,  points  to  the  need  for  a  separate  study  of  the  Dari  language directly based on its materials. The  article  studies  affixal  and  semi-affixal  word-formation  and  the  problems  of compounding in the Dari language within the framework of genetically related languages. The  derivational  affix  in  the  Dari  language,  also  in  Persian,  produces  a  word  that belongs to a certain lexical-grammatical category: in derived words, derivational features are simultaneously categorical. The leading role in replenishing the vocabulary of the modern Dari language belongs to word-formation through semi-affixes. In the Dari language, words in which the second part is expressed by a verb (the stem of simple verbs of the present tense, their variants with the suffix -i or the particle of negation, the form of the imperative mood) make up the majority of word-formation. The stems of prefix and compound verbs of the present tense are much less common here. Due to a large number of verbal word morphemes, semi-affixation,  as  well  as  affixation  and  compounding,  is  the  most  productive  way  in  the system of word-formation. Semi-suffixes are used mainly in the formation of new socio-political and scientific-technical terms. In word-formation, an indicator of the method of lexicalization, i.e. the transformation of combinations  with  conjunction  into  complex  words  is  high  enough.  The  process  of lexicalization of word-combinations in the Dari language is still at the stage of formation, which gives reason to assert the complexity of the distinction between a complex word and a word-combination.  Among  the  phonetic,  grammatical  and  semantic  features  that  make  it possible  to  distinguish  a  complex  word  from  a  word-combination,  the  main  one  is  the grammatical feature.

Russia  and  China  are  connected  not  only  by  a  three-and-a-half-thousand-kilometer-long border, but also by mutually beneficial cooperation: political, economic, and cultural. Every year there is a growing interest in the Chinese language, respectively, and Chinese culture. A precedent phenomenon is an integral part of the culture of any country, creating an expressive characterization of a character or situation. Knowledge of precedent phenomena is an indicator of the literacy of a language personality. In this article, we will answer the question of what is a precedent phenomenon, and what is its  significance  in  the  language  culture  of  a  particular  country.  Consider  the  precedent phenomena from Chinese fairy tales, it is the fairy tale that helps to update the knowledge about the five-thousand-year-old culture of China. Let's analyze Chinese fairy tales for the presence of precedent phenomena. We will also analyze the jokes used in oral speech by modern Chinese, which contain precedent phenomena from the fairy tales, legends, and legends. Understanding fairy-tale stories, characters and situations helps to understand the way of thinking,  beliefs,  and  values  of  the  people.  The  fairy  tale  reflects  the  national  specifics peculiar to the people. The value of a fairy tale lies in the fact that it, a fairy tale, is a carrier of national memory. Knowledge of the precedent phenomena of Chinese culture will help to study the culture of the middle state more deeply; it will facilitate communication. In the article, we give examples of precedent phenomena specific to the people of China, which reflect the national character. The analysis can be useful both in the study of Chinese culture, and to improve the quality of  speech communication  between  native  Chinese  speakers  and  foreigners,  as  well  as the effectiveness of learning Chinese by forming an understanding of precedent phenomena and ways of using them. Understanding  the  traditional  culture  of  the  Chinese  nation  through  the  study  of precedent phenomena is ideal for improving the level of knowledge and understanding of the Chinese language, as well as Chinese culture for international students.

The article examines the features of the court (palace) poetry in the literary heritage  of  the  Turkic  peoples  and  the  work  of  Bukhar  zhyrau.  For  the  purpose  of  a comprehensive  consideration  of  this  problem,  the  methods  of  historical-comparative  and comparative-typological analysis were used in parallel. On the basis of a systematic research method, the features of the work of court poets in the poetic literature of the Turkic peoples were  identified.  The  creativity  of  the  classic  of  Turkic  literature  Navoi  and  a  prominent representative of Kazakh poetry Bukhar Zhyrau became the object of systematic research. Court poetry at different stages of development was distinguished by a thematic orientation. Based  on  specific  examples,  it  is  determined  that  court  poetry  develops  not  only  in  a laudatory, glorifying, but also in a social form. On the example of the creativity of Bukhar zhyrau, the main features of the poetry of zhyrau are revealed. Although Bukhara served at the palace, he is not ranked among the court poets. Arguments are given in favor of the fact that Bukhar zhyrau, despite the position of vizier and adviser to Abylai Khan, if necessary, sharply criticized some of the khan's actions, which testifies to the close connection of zhyrau poetry with historical and social conditions and events.