ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
464
KUCHLI TA’SIR ETUVCHI ZAHARLI MODDALAR (KTZM) QO‘LLANILADIGAN
OBYEKTLARDAGI AVARIYADA KIMYOVIY HOLATNI BAHOLASH.
Muradov Sirojiddin Husan o‘g‘li
Qarshi muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti
“Mehnat muhofazasi va texnika xavfsizligi” kafedrasi stajyor-o‘qituvchisi.
Qarshi, O‘zbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10828098
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada, kimyoviy holatni baholash, taxlil qilish usllari hamda
sano’at obektlarida REM, (KTZM)ni aniqlash, kimyoviy holatni baholashda havoning turg’unlik
darajasi belgilari haqida muallifning nazariy, ummumlashtiruvchi fikrlari keltirilgan. Maqola
mehnat muhoazasi va texnika xavfsizligi yunalishlari talablari, mehnat muhofazasi va xavfsizlik
mutaxassislari hamda keng izlanuvchilar uchun muljallangan.
Kalit so‘zlar va iboralar:
“Kimyoviy holat, kimyoviy holatni baholash, xavfsizlik, KTZM,
izotermiya, konveksiya, sanoat korxonalari, agressiv moddalar”.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CHEMICAL SITUATION IN AN ACCIDENT IN
FACILITIES USING STRONG TOXIC SUBSTANCES (KTZM).
Abstract.
In this article, the author's theoretical and general opinions are presented about
methods of chemical state assessment, analysis, determination of REM, (KTZM) in industrial
objects, signs of air stagnation level in chemical state assessment. The article is intended for the
requirements of labor protection and technical safety directions, labor protection and safety
specialists, and general readers.
Key words and phrases:
"Chemical state, assessment of chemical state, safety, KTZM,
isotherm, convection, industrial enterprises, aggressive substances."
ОЦЕНКА ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ СИТУАЦИИ ПРИ АВАРИИ НА ОБЪЕКТАХ,
ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИХ СИЛЬНО ТОКСИЧНЫЕ ВЕЩЕСТВА (КТЗМ).
Аннотация.
В статье изложены теоретические и общие соображения автора об
оценке химического состояния, методах анализа, определении РЗМ (КТЗМ) в
промышленных объектах, признаках уровня застоя воздуха при оценке химического
состояния. Статья предназначена для требований направлений охраны труда и
технической безопасности, специалистов по охране труда и технике безопасности, а
также широкого круга читателей.
Ключевые слова и фразы:
«Химическое состояние, оценка химического состояния,
безопасность, КТЗМ, изотерма, конвекция, промышленные предприятия, агрессивные
вещества».
Kirish.
Kimyoviy holat deb- dushman tomonidan kimyoviy qurollar ishlatilganda, yoki
kimyoviy obyektlarda halokat yuz berganda atrof-muhitga kuchli ta’sir etuvchi zaharli moddalar
(KTZM) tarqalganligi natijasida hosil bo‘lgan sharoitga aytiladi.
Kimyoviy holatni baholash deganda – kuchli ta’sir etuvchi zaharli moddalarni odamlarga,
hayvonlarga, suv va boshqa obyektlarga ta’sir etish darajasini aniqlash hamda kimyoviy hujum
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
465
yoki ishlab chiqarish tarmoqlaridagi falokat oqibatlarini tugatish uchun eng maqbul uslubni
tanlash tushuniladi.
Tadqiqot
metodlari.
Tadqiqot jarayonida ilmiy va o‘quv-uslubiy adabiyotlar tahlili,
pedagogik-tarixiy kuzatuv, umumlashtirish, metodlaridan foydalanildi.
Tadqiqot natijalari va muhokamalar.
KTZM ishlatiladigan obyektlardagi avariyada
kimyoviy holatni baholash, fuqarolarni zaharlanish o’choqlarida bo’lishlari mumkin bo’lgan
holda, ularni himoyalanishini tashkil etish maqsadida o’tkaziladi.
Kimyoviy holatni baxolashda bashorat usuli bo‘yicha zaxarlangan xavoning tarqalishi
uchun qulay b‘lgan sharoitda (inversiya, shamol tezligi 1m|s. da) ob’ektdagi barcha KTZM
zaxiralarining tashqariga chiqib ketishi (tukilish) okibatlarini o‘rganish orkali aniqlanadi.
KTZM saqlanadigan zaxirasining falokatini baxolash, xaqiqatda sodir bo‘lgan vaziyatda
utkaziladi. Bunda zaxarli moddalarning aniq miqdori va ob xavo sharoitlari xisobga olinadi.
SHunga xam axamiyat berish lozimki, qaynash xarorati 20°S dan past bo‘lgan zaxarli
moddalarni (masalan, fozgen, vodorod ftorid va shunga uxshashlar) to‘kilishi bilan juda oz vaqt
mobaynida bug‘lanib ketadi va bug‘langan zaxarli modda miqdori, uning tukilgan suyuk
miqdoriga teng b‘ladi. Agar qaynash harorati 20°S dan yuqori bo‘lgan (uglerod (IV) sulfid, sinil
kislotasi va boshqalar) va qaynamaydigan zaxarli suyukliklar (ammiak, xlor, oleum va xokazolar)
usha ob’ekt hududi bo‘ylab tarqaladi va xavoning yer ustki qatlamini zaharlaydi.
KTZM bo‘lgan joylardagi kimyoviy xolatni baxolashda, kimyoviy zaxarlangan hudud
o‘lchamini, kimyoviy shikastlanish uchog‘ini, zaxarli havoning hududga yetib kelish va
shikastlash vaqtini xamda kimyoviy shikastlanish uchoqlarida fuqarolarni talafotlanish extimollari
ko‘zda tutiladi.
Shunga ham ahamiyat berish lozimki, qaynash harorati 20
o
S dan past bo’lgan zaharli
moddalarni (masalan, fozgen, vodorod ftorid va shunga o’xshashlar) to’kilishi bilan juda oz vaqt
mobaynida bug’lanib ketadi va bug’langan zaharli modda miqdori, uning to’kilgan suyuq
miqdoriga teng bo’ladi. Agar qaynash harorati 20
o
S dan yuqori bo’lgan (uglyerod (IV) sul’fid,
sinil kislotasi va boshqalar) va qaynamaydigan zaharli suyuqliklar (ammiak, xlor, oleum va h.k.)
o’sha obyekt hududi bo’ylab tarqaladi va havoning yer ustki qatlamini zaharlaydi.
KTZM bo’lgan joylardagi kimyoviy holatni baholashda, kimyoviy zaharlangan hududni
o’lchami, kimyoviy shikastlanish o’chog’i, zaharli havoni hududga etib kelish vaqti, shikastlash
vaqti hamda kimyoviy shikastlanish o’choqlarida fuqarolarni talofatlanish ehtimollari ko’zda
tutiladi.
Ochiq joyda KTZM bilan zaharlangan havoning tarqalish chuqurligi (KTZM idishi
himoyalanmagan, Shamol tezligi 1m/s, izotermiya)*
1-jadval
KTZM nomi
Idishdagi KTZM miqdori (obyektda), (Tona)
5
10
25
50
75
100
Xlor, fozgen
4,6
7
11,5
16
19
21
Ammiak
0,7
0,9
1,3
1,9
2,4
3
Oltingugurt (II) oksid
0,8
0,9
1,4
2
2,5
3,5
Vodorod sulfid
1,1
1,5
2,5
4
5
8,8
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VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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* Izoh: inversiyada havo qatlamining tarqalish chuqurligi taxminan 5 barobar katta,
konveksiyada esa izotermiyaga nisbatan 5 marta kichik bo’ladi.
Havoning vertikal turg’unlik darajasini shamol tezligiga bog’liqligi (holatlar uchun
to’g’rilovchi koeffitsient).
2-jadval
Havoning vertikal turg‘unlik
darajasi
Shamol tezligi, m/s
1 2
3
4
5
6
Inversiya
1 0,6
0,45
0,38
-
-
Izotermiya
1
0,71
0,55
0,5
0,45
0,41
Konveksiya
1 0,7
0,62
0,55
-
-
Ba’zi KTZM larning parchalanish vaqti (Shamol tezligi – 1m/s)*
3-jadval
KTZM nomi
Saqlanish turi
Himoyalanmagan
Himoyalangan
Xlor
1,3
22
Fozgen
1,4
23
Ammiak
1,2
20
Oltingugurt (IV) oksid
1,3
20
Vodorod sulfid
1
19
*Izoh. SHamol tezligi 1 m/s.dan yuqori bo’lganda quyidagi to’g’rilovchi koeffitsientlardan
foydalaniladi:
4-jadval
Shamol tezligi m/s
1
2
3
4
5
6
To’g’rilovchi koeffitsient
1
0,7
0,55
0,43
0,37
0,32
Ilova: Shamol tezligi 1m/s dan yuqori bo‘lganda quyidagi to‘g‘rilovchi koeffitsientlar
olinadi:
KTZM ta’siridagi shikastlanish chog’ida fuqarolarning talofotlanish soni, foiz *
Odamlarning joylashgan sharoiti fuqarolarning gazniqob bilan ta’minlanganligi,
foiz
5-jadval
Odamlarning
joylashgan Sharoiti
Fuqarolarning gazniqob bilan ta’minlanganligi, foiz
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ochiq joyda
90-100
75
65
58
50
40
35
25
18
InShootlarda,
oddiy boshpanada
50
40
35
30
27
22
18
14
9
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2181-3906
2024
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«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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*Izoh: shikastlanish chog’ida odamlarning taxminiy talafotlanish darajasi (foiz): yengil
darajada shikastlanish-25; O’rtacha va og’ir darajada-40; O’lim bilan yakunlanadigan holatda-35.
6-jadval
Shamol
tezligi
Inversiya
Izotermiya
Konveksiya
R<10km
R>10km
R<10km
R>10km
R<10km
R>10km
1m/s
2
2.2
1.5
2
1.5
1.8
2m/s
4
4.7
3
4
3
3.5
3m/s
6
7
4.5
6
4.5
5
4m/s
-
-
6
8
-
-
5m/s
-
-
7.5
10
-
-
6m/s
-
-
9
12
-
-
Ilova: Zaxarli xavoning urtacha tezligi.
Xulosa.
Kuchli ta'sir etuvchi zaharli moddalar bilan ishlaydigan sanoat tarmoqlarida
nafaqat avariya oqibatidan fuqarolarga qavf-xatar keltirishi mumkin, balki shu tarmoqlardan
chiqindi maqsulotlar xam (atmosferaga yoki suv qavzalariga chiqarib yuborilishi) atrof muqitni va
tabiatni ifloslantirishi oqibatida insonlar qayotiga jiddiy xavf soladi. Bu borada ayniqsa,
metallurgiya, kimyo, biotexnologiya, rezina-texnika, neftni qayta ishlovchi va boshqa sanoat
tarmoqlarining salbiy ta'siri juda kattadir. Respublikamizdagi ayrim sanoati rivojlangan ayrim
shaharlarda, jumladan, Samarqand, Farqona, Andijon, Qo’qon, Angren, Olmaliq, Chirchiq,
Navoiy va boshqa shaxarlarda havoning ifloslanish darajasi me'yoridan 1,5-2 marta xatto ayrim
joylarda 3-6 marta ortiq.
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