MATERIALNING ICHKI VA TASHQI EXPLUATATSION OMILLARGA QARSHILIGI.

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MATERIALNING ICHKI VA TASHQI EXPLUATATSION OMILLARGA

QARSHILIGI.

Siddiqova Madinabonu

SamDAQU magistranti.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12698521

Annotatsiya.

Fuqaro va sanoat binolari hamda inshootlari ko'rinishlari, fazoviy

ko'rsatkichlari, vazifalari va ularga qo'yilgan talablar bo'yicha ma'lum ta'rif va tushunchalarga

ega. Quyida shu masalani sodda va tushunarli ko'rinishda ifodalash uchun tegishli ta'riflar va

tushunchalar keltirilgan.

Kalit so’zlar:

Bino, inshoot, hajmiy elementlar, muhandislik inshooti, konstruktiv

elementlar, vazifasiga muvofiqligi, texnik muvofiqligi, exter’er, inter’er, iqtisodiy qulayligi, tashqi

kuchlar, atrof-muhit ta'siri.

RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

EXPLOITATION FACTORS.

Abstract.

Civil and industrial buildings and structures have certain definitions and

concepts regarding their appearance, spatial indicators, tasks and requirements. Below are the

relevant definitions and concepts to express this matter in a simple and understandable way.

Key words:

Building, structure, dimensional elements, engineering structure, structural

elements, compliance with the task, technical compliance, exterior, interior, economic

convenience, external forces, environmental impact.

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ МАТЕРИАЛА К ВНУТРЕННИМ И ВНЕШНИМ ФАКТОРАМ

ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ.

Аннотация.

Гражданские и промышленные здания и сооружения имеют

определенные определения и понятия относительно их внешнего вида, пространственных

показателей, задач и требований. Ниже приведены соответствующие определения и

понятия, позволяющие выразить этот вопрос простым и понятным способом.

Ключевые слова:

Здание, конструкция, габаритные элементы, инженерная

конструкция, конструктивные элементы, соответствие заданию, техническое

соответствие, экстерьер, интерьер, экономическое удобство, внешние силы, воздействие

на окружающую среду.

BINO - kishilarning biror ish faoliyatiga mo'ljallangan va moslashtirilgan, ichki fazoga-

bo'shliqqa ega bo'lgan yer usti inshooti.

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INSHOOT - jamiyatning moddiy hamda ma'naviy ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun kishilar

tomonidan bunyod etilgan barcha qurilmalar.

MUHANDISLIK INSHOOTLARI - amaliy ish faoliyatida foydalaniladigan, binolarga

aloqasi bo'lmagan inshootlar: to'g'onlar, ko'priklar, televizion minora, tunellar, metropoliten, turli

mahsulotlarni saqlaydigan katta hajmdagi idishlar va boshq.

BINOLARNING TUZILISHI

Binolar quyidagi qismlardan tashkil topishi mumkin:

Hajmiy elementlar, ya'ni bino hajmining yirik qismlari (alohida xonalar, sanitariya

kabinalari va h.k.).

Konstruktiv elementlar, ya'ni bino tuzilishini belgilovchi asosiy qismlar (poydevorlar,

devorlar, to'sinlar, qavatlararo yopmalar, yopmalar, tomlar va boshq.).

Qurilish ashyolari, ya'ni konstruktiv elementni tashkil etuvchi, nisbatan kichik qismlar

(g'isht, beton, oyna, po'lat, armatura va boshq.).

BINOLARGA QO’YILADIGAN ASOSIY TALABLAR

Binolar quyidagi ko'rsatkichlarga binoan bir-biridan farq qiladilar:

Vazifasiga muvofiqligi, ya'ni bino qaysi jarayon (maqsad)ga mo'ljallangan bo'lsa, u shu

jarayon talabiga to'liq javob berishi kerak (yashash uchun, mehnat qilish uchun qulay, dam olishga

moslashgan va h.k.).

Texnik tomondan muvofiqligi, ya'ni bino kishilarni tashqi ta'sirlar (past yoki yuqori

harorat, yog'ingarchilik, shamol va h.k.) dan to'la asrashi, mustahkam va ustivor bo'lishi,

ekspluatatsiya sifatlarini uzoq vaqtgacha saqlashi lozim.

Bino ko'rinishi me'morchilik va badiiylik talablariga mos holda tanlanishi, uning tashqi

(ekster’er) va ichki (inter’er) ko'rinishi chiroyli, shinam, atrof-muhit bilan uyg'unlashgan bo'lishi

kerak.

Iqtisodiy jihatdan qulayligi, ya'ni bino va inshoot qurilishida mehnat sarfini kamaytirish,

qurilish ashyolarini va vaqtni tejash ko'zda tutiladi.

BINOLARGA TA’SIR QILADIGAN TASHQI TA'SIRLAR

Yuqorida ta'riflangan bino konstruksiyalariga bir necha xil tashqi va ichki kuchlar ta'sir

etadi, ularning ta'riflari quyidagilardan iborat:

Tashqi kuchlar - bino elementlari (qismlari)ning xususiy og'irligi, shamolning ta'sir kuchi

(muvaqqat yuklar), zilzila, uskunalarning tasodifiy buzilishi natijasidagi ta'sirlar va boshq;

Atrof-muhit ta'siri - tashqi harorat (konstruksiya chiziqli o'lchamlarining o'zgarishiga olib

keladi), atmosfera va tuproq namligi ta'siri (qurilish ashyolarining xususiyatlarini o’zgarishiga olib

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keladi), havo oqimi yo'nalishining ta'siri (xona ichidagi mikroiqlimning o'zgarishiga olib keladi),

quyosh nuri energiyasining ta'siri (qurilish ashyosi fizik-texnik xususiyatlarining o'zgarishiga olib

keladi), havo tarkibidagi agressiv kimyoviy birikmalaming ta'siri (konstruksiyaning yemirilishiga

va buzilishiga olib keladi), biologik ta'sir (mikroorganizmlar va qurt-qumursqalar konstruksiyani

yemiradi), bino ichidagi yoki tashqarisidagi shovqin ta'siridan xonadagi normal akustik rejimning

buzilishi.

Inshoot va binolarga ta'sir etadigan yuklar

Inshoot va binolarga ta'sir etadigan yuklar kelib chiqish sababiga ko'ra asosan ikki guruhga

bo' linadi.

1.Tabiiy yuklar.

2.Sun'iy yuklar.

Tabiiy yuklamalar o'zgaruvchan atrof-muhitga bog'liq bo'lib, uchga bo'linadi:

1.Meteorologik.

2.Gravitatsion.

3.Zilzilaviy.

Yuklar ta'siriga qarab quyidagicha bo'lishi mumkin: - doimiy va vaqtincha;

doimiy-tabiiy (binoning asosiy qismlarining vazni);

Yerning bosimi.

Vaqtincha yuklar uzoq muddatli, qisqa muddatli va o'ziga xos yuklarga bo'linadi:

-uzoq muddatli yuklar: binoning ichidagi texnik jihozlar;

-qisqa muddatli yuklamalar: odamlar vazni, saqlanadigan yuk, harakatdagi ---transport, qor

va muz bilan qoplanish, shamol kuchi;

-o'ziga xos yuklar: yer strukturasining buzilishiga bog'liq.

Qor yuki

. Qor yuki ko'p hollarda inshootlarni avariya holatiga olib keladi. Qor yuklari

gidromet xizmati yordamida tog'li rayon, notekis joylarda avvaldan aniqlanadi.

Respublikamizda qor, yomg'ir ma'lum sharoitlarga bog'liq bo'lib, ularning binolarga ta'siri

me'yoriy ko'rsatkichlarda keltirilgan. Ularning ta'sirlari, asosan, bino va inshootlar

konstruksiyalarini loyihalash hamda hisoblashda alohida yuk sifatida inobatga olinadi.

Shamol ta'siri

. Dovul shamollari ko'pchilik muhandlslik qurilmalarining vayron bo'lishiga

sabab bo'ladi. Bino va inshootlarning shakli - ularning balandligiga qarab aerodinamik samarasi

har xil bo'ladi. Bino tomi ikki nishabli bo'lsa, shamol keladigan tomoni ko'tarilishi mumkin.

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Binoning tomi yengil material bilan yopilganida esayotgan shamol kuchi uni og'irligidan

ko'p kuch hosil qilib ko'tarib yuborishi mumkin. Binokor ustalar hamisha buni nazarda tutishlari

lozim.

Zilzila kuchi

- zilzila paytida tebranishning binolarga ta'siri. Zilzila ko'plab vayronalarga

sabab bo'ladi. Shu sababli zilzila bo'ladigan hududlarda maxsus choralarni ko'rish kerak.

Konstruksiyalarni hisoblashda yuklar klassifikatsiyasi

Inshootga ta'sir etadigan har qanday tashqi kuchlar yuklar (nagruzkalar) deb ataladi. Yuklar

ta'sir etish xarakteri, ta'sir etish ko'rinishi, ta'sir etish usuli, ta'sir etishjoyiga qarab turli xillarga

bo'linadi (klassifikatsiyalanadi).

Yuklar qo'yilish vaqtining davomiyligiga qarab statik va dinamik yuklarga bo' linadi.

Statik yuklar inshoot yoki uning elementlariga shunchalik ohista qo'yiladiki, natijada

elementlarda hosil bo'ladigan tezlanishlarning qiymatini hisobga olmasa bo'ladigan darajada

kichik bo'ladi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, statik yuklar ta'sirida inshootda tebranish yo

uyg'onmaydi, yoki uyg'onsa ham juda kichik bo'ladi.

Dinamik yuklar ta'sirida inshoot va uning elementlarida tezlanish uyg'onadi, bu esa o'z

navbatida tebranlshlarning vujudga kelishiga sababchi bo'ladi.

Ta'sir etish ko'rinishiga qarab yuklar doimiy va muvaqqat (vaqtincha) bo'lishi mumkin.

Muvaqqat yuklarning o'zi o'z navbatida, uzoq muddatli, qisqa muddatli va maxsus yuklarga

bo'linadi.

Doimiy yuk inshootning xizmat qilish muddati mobaynida o'z qiymati va yo'nalishini

o'zgartirmagan holda mutassil ta'sir etib turadi. Bunga inshootning xususiy og'irligi, tuproq va suv

bosimi kabilar misol bo'la oladi.

Uzoq muddatli muvaqqat yuklarga uzoq vaqt xizmat qiladigan turli jihozlar (masalan

kutubxonalardagi kitoblar), omonat pardevorlar va boshq. kiradi.

Qisqa muddatli muvaqqat yuklar toifasiga shamol, iqlirniy harorat ta'siri, shuningdek qor,

odamlar va mebellarning og'irligi kabilar kiradi.

Zilzila va portlash ta'sirlari, gruntlarning notekis cho'kishi maxsus muvaqqat yuklarga

kiradi.

Ta'sir etish usuliga ko'ra yuklar bir karrali, takroriy-o'zgaruvchan va harakatlanuvchan

xillarga bo'linadi.

Bir karrali yuklarga inshootga noldan to oxirgi qiymatiga qadar birvarakayiga qo 'yiladigan

kuchlar sistemasi kiradi.

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Takroriy o'zgaruvchi yuklar inshootga ta'sir etayotgan kuchlar sistemasining bir tashkiliy

qismidirki, bu qism sistemadagi boshqa kuchlarga bog'lanmagan holda o'zining miqdor va

yo'nalishini o'zgartira oladi. Masalan, shamol inshootga boshqa kuchlardan mustasno ravishda

istalgan yo'nalishda va qiymatda ta'sir eta oladi. Inshootga ta'sir etadigan har qanday transport

vositalari harakatlanuvchi yuklarga misol bo'la oladi.

Ta'sir etish joyiga ko'ra yuklar bir nuqtaga to'plangan (yig'iq), uzunlik yoki yuza bo'ylab

yoyilgan (yoyiq) hamda hajmiy yuklarga bo' linadi.

Ta'kidlab o'tish joizki, real hollarda yukni bir nuqtaga to'plab bo'lmaydi. Aslida yuk ma'lum

yuzachaga ta'sir etadi. Agar yuzachaning o'lchamlari konstruksiya elementlarining o'lchamlariga

nisbatan kichik bo'lsa, ma'lum xatoliklarga yo'l qo'ygan holda, yuk yuzachaning og'irlik markaziga

qo'yilgan, deb qabul qilinadi.

Jism sirtiga ta'sir etuvchi yuklardan tashqari uning hajmi bo'ylab ta'sir etuvchi kuchlar ham

bo'ladi. Jismning xususiy og'irligi, inersiya va magnetizm kuchlari ana shular jumlasidandir. Hisob

jarayonida ular ham jism hajmining ma'lum nuqtasiga to'planadi. Sanab o'tilgan yuklar

klassiflkatsiyasi sxema ko'rinishida berilgan (1.1- rasm).

Ko'rib o'tilgan tashqi yuklardan tashqari inshootlarga ta'sir etadigan boshqa ta'sirlar ham

mavjud. Masalan, harorat o'zgarganda element deformatsiyalanadi, demak unda qo'shimcha ichki

kuchlar paydo bo'ladi. Inshootlar uchun zilzila kuchlari ta'siri ham xatarlidir. Bino va inshootlarni

bunday kuchlar ta'siriga hisoblaydigan alohida usullar bor. Ba'zi inshootlar yong'in (olov) ta'siriga

ham hisoblanadi. Buning sababi shundaki, ba'zi konstruksiyalaming materiali yuqori hararat

ta'sirida o'ziningmexanik xususiyatini keskin o'zgartiradi va buning oqibatida buzilish sodir

bo'lishi mumkin.

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1.1-rasm. Yuklar klassifikatsiyasi.

BINOLAR VA INSHOOTLAR SINFLARI

Binolar quyidagi ko'rsatkichlariga ko'ra har xil kategoriyalarga bo'linadi.

Vazijasiga ko'ra:

Fuqaro (turar-joy va jamoat) - kishilarning maishiy va jamoatchilik chtiyojlariga

mo'ljallangan binolar.

Turar-joy binolari - yashash uchun qurilgan uylar, yotoqxonalar, mehmonxonalar va b.

Jamoat binolari - ma'muriy, o'quv, madaniy-maishiy, savdo, kommunal xo'jalik, sport va

boshqa turdagi binolar.

Sanoat binolari - biror sanoat mahsulotini ishlab chiqarishda mehnat jarayonini amalga

oshirish uchun mo'ljallangan va ichiga ishlab chiqarish qurollari joylashtirilgan binolar

(ustaxonalar, omborxonalar, garajlar, elektrastantsiyalar, sex binolari va b.).

Qishloq xo jalik binolari - qishloq xo'jaligi extiyojlarini qondirish uchun foydalaniladigan

binolar (molxona, parrandaxona, issiqxonalar, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini saqlaydigan

omborxonalar va b.)

Devor materialiga ko'ra:

G'isht devorli.

Tosh devorli.

Paxsa devorli.

Yog'och devorli va h. k.

Ko’rinishi va o’lchamiga ko'ra:

Mayda elementlardan tuzilgan - g'isht, sopol blok, mayda blok va h.k.

Yirik elementlardan tuzilgan - yirik bloklar, panellar, hajmiy blok va h.k.

Binolarning qavatlari soniga ko'ra:

1.Kam qavatli - 1-2 qavatli.

2.O'rtacha qavatli - 3-5 qavatli.

3.Ko'p qavatli - 6-10 qavatli.

4.Juda baland- 11-25 qavat.

5.Osmono'par - 30 qavatdan baland.

Umrboqiyligi bo’yicha:

Xizmat davri 100 yildan ortiq.

Xizmat davri 50 yildan 100 yilgacha.

Xizmat davri 20 yildan 50 yilgacha.

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Xizmat davri 5 yildan 20 yilgacha.

Yong'in xavjsizligi bo’yicha (qurilish ashyolari va konstruksiyalarning yonish darajasiga qarab):

Yonmaydigan.

Qiyin yonadigan.

Yonuvchi.

Olovbardoshligi bo'yicha (5 ta darajaga bo'linadi - 2- ilova):

I, II va III darajali binolar - tosh material yoki pishiq g'ishtlardan qurilgan. I va II darajali

binolar devorlari, tayanchlari, orayopmalari, oraliq devorlari yonmaydigan bo'lishi talab qilinadi.

IVdarajali binolar - sirti suvalgan yog'ochli.

V darajali binolar - suvalmagan yog'ochli binolar.

IV va V darajali yog'och binolar yong'in talablariga ko'ra ikki qavatdan baland qurilishi

ruxsat etilmaydi.

Xalq xojaligidagi ahamiyati bo'yicha (4 ta sinfga bo'linadi):

1-sinf - yirik sanoat korxonalari binolari, yuqori ekspluatatsion va me'morlik talablari

qo'yiladigan 9 qavatli va undan ham baland binolar.

2-sinf - balandligi 9 qavatgacha bo'lgan turar-joy va jamoat binolari.

3-sinf - o'rtacha ekspluatatsion va me'moriy talablar qo'yiladigan, balandligi 5 qavatdan

oshmaydigan turar-joy binolari.

4-sinf - eng kam ekspluatatsion va me'moriy talablar qo'yiladigan muvaqqat (vaqtinchalik)

binolar.

Qurilish texnologiyasiga ko'ra:

Tayyor temirbeton konstruksiyalardan yig'ilgan binolar - karkasli, karkas- panelli, panelli,

rama-bog'lovchili binolar.

Zavodda tayyorlangan industrial konstruksiyalardan montaj qilingan binolar - yirik blokli,

hajmiy-blokli binolar.

Quyma yaxlit (monolit) temirbeton binolar- qurilish joyining o'zida maxsus qoliplarga

quyish yordamida tiklanadigan binolar.

Devorlari g'isht, mayda blok va shu kabi mayda elementlardan tiklangan binolar.

Keng tarqalganligiga ko'ra:

1. Namunaviy (tipovoy) loyiha asosida quriladigan ommaviy binolar - turar-joy binolari,

maktablar, maktabgacha ta’lim muassasalar, poliklinikalar, kinoteatrlar va h.k.

Alohida loyihalar asosida quriladigan nodir binolar - teatrlar, muzeylar, sport binolari,

ma'muriy binolar va h.k.

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INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES ON THE BASIS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

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Muradov S., Karimov B., Siddiqova M. QURILISH ASHYOLARI TARKIBINI ILMIY

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Muradov S., Siddiqova M., Karimov B. STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS IN

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ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОГО ИЗМЕНЕНИЕМ УРОВНЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД //КОНТРОЛЬ

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