ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
631
EARLY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND CLINAL COURSE OF MODERATE
PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN
Qurbonov Pahlavon Sirojiddin o’g’li
Assistant of the Department of biomedical engineering,
biophysics and information technologies
Nabijonova Diyora Avazbek qizi
Student of the medical faculty of CAMU.
Aliyeva Durdonaxon Shuxratjon qizi
Fergana Public Health Medical Institute,
Department of Pediatrics, 1st year master's student.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704937
Abstract. Pneumonia is an important respiratory infection that affects millions of children
worldwide, causing illness and death. Among lower tract infections, pneumonia is one of the most
serious respiratory problems in childhood. Pneumonia is the single largest contributor of
childhood mortality worldwide, killing an estimated 1 million children under 5 years of age
annually.
Keywords: pneumonia, respiratory infection, vaccination, risk factors, treatment,
prevention.
РАННЯЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА, ПРОФИЛАКТИКА И КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ ТЕЧЕНИЕ
УМЕРЕННОЙ ПНЕВМОНИИ У ДЕТЕЙ
Аннотация. Пневмония — важная респираторная инфекция, которая поражает
миллионы детей во всем мире, вызывая болезни и смерть. Среди инфекций нижних
дыхательных путей пневмония является одной из самых серьезных респираторных
проблем у детей. Пневмония является крупнейшим фактором детской смертности во всем
мире, ежегодно убивая около 1 миллиона детей в возрасте до 5 лет.
Ключевые слова: пневмония, респираторная инфекция, вакцинация, факторы риска,
лечение, профилактика.
Introduction
. Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves
airways and parenchyma with consolidation of the alveolar spaces. Infectious agents that
commonly cause community-acquired pneumonia vary by age. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the
most common bacterial cause of pneumonia (particularly lobar pneumonia) and occurs in children
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
632
of any age outside the neonatal period. Other common causes include respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV) in infants, other respiratory viruses (parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, human
metapneumovirus, adenoviruses) in children younger than 5 years old, and Mycoplasma
pneumoniae in children older than age 5 years. M. pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae
are principal causes of atypical pneumonia. Age is a determinant in the clinical manifestations of
pneumonia. Causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised persons include gram-negative enteric
bacteria, mycobacteria (M. avium complex), fungi (aspergillosis), viruses (CMV), and
Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii). Additional agents occasionally cause pneumonia.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is due to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-
CoV) or SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging pathogen but appears to cause less mortality in children than in
adults; in addition to respiratory disease, it is also associated with a postinfectious multisystem
inflammatory syndrome similar but not the same as Kawasaki disease
Neonates may have fever or hypoxia only, with subtle or absent physical examination
findings. With a young infant, apnea may be the first sign of pneumonia. Fever, chills, tachypnea,
cough, malaise, pleuritic chest pain, retractions, and apprehension—because of difficulty breathing
or shortness of breath—are common in older infants and children. Other common features include
abdominal pain and diarrhea, headache, sore throat, as well as loss of taste or smell sensations.
Severe involvement includes worsening dyspnea, hypoxia, and greater than 50% lung
infiltrates on imaging. Viral pneumonias are generally associated more often with cough,
wheezing, or stridor; fever is less prominent than with bacterial pneumonia. Mucosal congestion
and upper airway inflammation suggest a viral infection. Bacterial pneumonias are typically
associated with higher fever, chills, cough, dyspnea, and auscultatory findings of lung
consolidation. Atypical pneumonia in young infants is characterized by tachypnea, cough, and
crackles on auscultation. Dullness to percussion may be due to lobar or segmental infiltrates or
pleural fluid. Auscultation may be normal in early or very focal pneumonia, but the presence of
localized crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes may help one detect and locate pneumonia. Distant breath
sounds may indicate a large, poorly ventilated area of consolidation or pleural fluid.
The white blood cell (WBC) count with viral pneumonias is often normal or mildly
elevated, with a predominance of lymphocytes, whereas with bacterial pneumonias, the WBC
count can be elevated (>15,000–20,000/mm3) and with a predominance of neutrophils. Mild
eosinophilia is characteristic of infant C. trachomatis pneumonia.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
633
Blood cultures should be performed on moderately to severely ill, hospitalized children to
attempt to diagnose a bacterial cause of pneumonia. lymerase chain reaction (PCR) or rapid viral
antigen detection. M. pneumoniae can be confirmed by Mycoplasma PCR. CMV pneumonitis can
be diagnosed with PCR from broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. The diagnosis of M. tuberculosis is
established by the tuberculin skin test, serum interferon-γ release assay, or analysis of sputum or
gastric aspirates by culture, antigen detection, or PCR. The need to establish an etiologic diagnosis
of pneumonia is greater in immunocompromised patients, patients with recurrent pneumonia, or
those with pneumonia unresponsive to empirical therapy. For these patients, bronchoscopy with
bronchoalveolar lavage and brush mucosal biopsy, needle aspiration of the lung, and open lung
biopsy are methods of obtaining material for microbiologic diagnosis. Frontal and lateral
radiographs are required to localize disease and adequately visualize retrocardiac infiltrates; they
are recommended for diagnosis among hospitalized children but are not necessary to confirm the
diagnosis in well-appearing outpatients. Computer tomography (CT) is used to evaluate serious
disease, lung abscesses, bronchiectasis, and effusion characteristics.
Therapy for pneumonia includes supportive and specific treatment and depends on the
degree of illness, complications, and knowledge of the infectious agent likely causing the
pneumonia. Most cases of pneumonia in healthy children can be managed on an outpatient basis.
However, children with hypoxemia, inability to maintain adequate hydration, or moderate
to severe respiratory distress should be hospitalized. Hospitalization should be considered in
infants under 6 months with suspected bacterial pneumonia, those in whom there is a concern for
a pathogen with increased virulence (e.g., methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), or when
concern exists about a family’s ability to care for the child and to assess symptom progression.
Because viruses cause many community-acquired pneumonias in young children, not all children
require empiric antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. Presumed pneumococcal pneumonia can be
treated with high-dose ampicillin therapy. Ceftriaxone and/or vancomycin can be used if the isolate
shows high-level resistance and the patient is severely ill. For infants 2–18 weeks old with afebrile
pneumonia most likely caused by C. trachomatis, a macrolide is the recommended treatment.
Severe or critical COVID-19 is treated with oxygen, dexamethasone, remdesivir,
mechanical ventilation, and ECMO
Prevention of pneumonia in children includes several measures:
• Provide recommended vaccines for children, including Haemophilus influenzae
vaccination against type b (Hib), pneumococcal, pertussis (whooping cough) and influenza.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
634
• Encourage regular hand washing, covering the mouth and nose while coughing or
sneezing and not having close contact with sick people.
• Encourage only breastfeeding in the first six months of a child's life, because breast milk
contains important antibodies that help protect against infections and provides nutrients.
• Avoid exposure to environmental risk factors, including tobacco smoke in this regard,
keeping children away from smoke, because it increases the risk of respiratory tract infections.
Preventing improper child feeding, malnutrition and eliminate overeating and provide
adequate nutrition for children because malnourished children are more susceptible to infections.
Pneumonia remains a major health problem for children worldwide.
Results and discussions:
Acute pneumonia among children can be significantly reduced by early diagnosis, effective
treatment, rehabilitation, ambulatory control, promotion of vaccination and reduction of
environmental risk factors. It is necessary to detect early signs of pneumonia and seek medical
help immediately. Continued research and collaborative efforts among health professionals and
researchers are needed, prioritizing preventive measures and early disease detection and effective
treatment.
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