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23.
Edmond, 531 U.S. at 45-46 "Programmatic purposes may be
relevant to the validity of Fourth Amendment intrusions undertaken
pursuant to a general scheme without individualized suspicion.
24.
Harold J. Krent, Of Diaries and Data Banks: Use Restrictions Under
the Fourth Amendment, 74 TEX. L. REV. 49, 51 (1995).
Mehridin Eshnazarov, candidate for the basic doctorate of the faculty of
postgraduate education
ABOUT SUBJECTS OF SPECIAL PREVENTION OF OFFENSES
M. Eshnazarov
Abstract: The article highlights the features and advantages of special
crime prevention, as well as reveals the content of this type of prevention,
its role and significance in prevention.
Keywords: special prevention of offenses, subjects of special prevention
of offenses, features, criteria.
Each type of crime prevention is interpreted differently by the subjects
of crime prevention within the types of prevention, even if they have their
own characteristics, advantages and essence. For example, according to the
law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About prevention of offences» general
prevention of crime is carried out by bodies and agencies engaged in crime
prevention and participating in it (article 22), and a special, individual and
victimological prevention of crime-the authorities and institutions
responsible for the prevention of offences (article 25, 28).
Article 9 of the law sets out the following system of bodies and
institutions directly involved in the prevention of offences: internal affairs
bodies, prosecutor's offices, state security bodies, national guard bodies,
justice bodies, state customs service bodies, state tax service bodies, labor
bodies, state education management bodies and educational institutions,
state health system management bodies and health care institutions, state
committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on ecology and environmental
protection.
But when we analyze the activities of the system of these subjects
mentioned above, it becomes obvious that not all of them are engaged in full-
fledged activities for the special prevention of offenses. This leads to the
legitimate objection of some scientists about the need to differentiate the
system of subjects of special prevention of offenses only with law
enforcement agencies. For this reason, K. R. Abdurasulova believes that the
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main activity can only be recognized as a subject of prevention, whose goal
is to fight crime and prevent it [1].
However, M. Z. Ziyodullayev analyzed the practice of applying special
preventive measures to prevent offenses and notes that not all plans for
special and operational preventive measures have their own legal bases and
clear mechanism of application. today, even in the activities of internal
affairs agencies, there is no normative legal act defining the basis, procedure
and principles for developing special preventive measures [5].
In his opinion, it is necessary to clearly define the basis, subjects, terms
of development, logistics, procedure and rules for special events [6].
A. Sh. Murodov considers it appropriate to introduce a separate rule in
the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About prevention of offences», which
provides for the implementation of special prevention of offenses related to
domestic violence.
Based on the above, we can say that the main activity of the scientist is
the fight against crime and special prevention of offenses in the activities of
subjects that are involved in its prevention, until sufficient legal regulation
is established, even if it is not about the activities of other subjects in this
direction. This leads to the need to review and classify the system of subjects
of crime prevention.
S.B. Khojakulov believed that the general prevention of offenses is
carried out by subjects of any category of prevention put forward a proposal
to classify the system of crime prevention as follows:
1) entities that form and implement state policy in crime prevention
(president, parliament, government);
2) entities directly involved in crime prevention (internal affairs bodies,
prosecutor's offices, state security service bodies, national guard, justice
bodies, state tax service bodies, state tax service bodies, state education
management bodies and educational institutions, state health system
management bodies and health care institutions, bodies of the State
Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for ecology and environmental
protection);
3) subjects involved in the prevention of offenses (courts, other state
bodies and organizations, local government bodies, citizens ' self-
government bodies, non-governmental non-profit organizations, citizens,
mass media);
4) coordinating subjects of crime prevention (the republican
commission for crime prevention and combating offenses in the regions,
interdepartmental commissions for crime prevention and combating crime,
juvenile affairs, combating human trafficking and fighting corruption,
coordinating councils for crime prevention under the prosecutor's office).
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We believe that this classification should be re-issued to the categories
of entities that directly implement and participate in the prevention of
offenses of the second and third groups. Thus, on may 14, 2014, the law
«About prevention of offences» was adopted despite the fact that more than
5 years have passed since the introduction of labor bodies and institutions
directly involved in the prevention of offenses, state education management
bodies and educational institutions, public health management bodies and
health institutions, the state committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for
ecology and environmental protection, the activities of these entities have
not been systematically established in the practice of preventing offenses.
There is no mechanism in place for the exercise of their powers in the area
of prevention of offences established by law. This raises the issue of
excluding these entities from the system of bodies and institutions directly
involved in crime prevention, and including them in the system of
participating entities.
Thus, it is advisable to classify and systematize the subjects of crime
prevention, in particular, special prevention, as:
1) entities that form and implement state policy in crime prevention
(President, Parliament, government);
2) entities directly involved in the prevention of offenses (the court,
internal affairs bodies, prosecutor's offices, state security service bodies,
national guard, justice bodies, State customs service bodies, state tax service
bodies);
3) entities involved in the prevention of offenses (emergency
authorities, local government bodies, citizens ' self-government bodies, non-
governmental non-profit organizations, citizens, mass media, labor bodies,
state educational management bodies and educational institutions, state
health system management bodies and health care institutions, bodies of the
state committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for ecology and
environmental protection);
4) coordinating subjects of crime prevention (the republican
commission for crime prevention and combating offenses in the regions,
interdepartmental commissions for crime prevention and combating crime,
juvenile affairs, combating human trafficking and fighting corruption,
coordinating councils for crime prevention under the prosecutor's office)
[7].
Crime prevention, in particular the proposed classification and system
of subjects of special prevention, serve, first of all, to define the range of
subjects of crime prevention; secondly, to define the role and role of existing
subjects in the practice of crime prevention; and third, to define the concept
of subjects of special crime prevention.
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The laws of the member States of the Commonwealth of Independent
States concerning crime prevention in Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic
define the concept of «subjects of crime prevention» [2].
Under this concept the law of the Republic of Kazakhstan is understood
that «crime prevention is carried out by state bodies, local authorities,
organizations and citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan» [4], the law of the
Kyrgyz Republic About state bodies, local governments, community
organizations, social care centres, associations, enterprises, institutions and
other forms of ownership of economic entities, officials and citizens of the
Kyrgyz Republic, residing in the Kyrgyz Republic, irrespective of patterns of
ownership», foreign states are citizens and stateless persons» [3].
Based on the above definitions, the concept of «subjects of special
prevention of offenses» can be expressed as follows: «subjects of special
prevention of offenses – state bodies, including law enforcement agencies,
local government bodies, other state organizations, as well as economic
management bodies, citizens ' self-government bodies, non-governmental
non-profit organizations, citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan, citizens of
foreign States and stateless persons who form state policy on special
prevention of offenses, directly implement, coordinate and participate in it
offenses.
In conclusion, we can say that the concept, classification and refinement
of the system of special subject of crime prevention, first ensure the
effectiveness of the Special crime prevention; second, facilitate the
assignment to the special subjects of prevention of offenses of specific tasks;
and third, serve to reveal the content of the special subjects of offences
prevention.
References:
1.
Abdurasulova K. R. Criminology: studies. responsible editor: Yu. f. d.,
prof. m. Kh. Rustambayev. - T., 2008. - 96 (305) p.
2.
Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of June 25, 2005 №. 82 «On the
prevention of offenses in the Kyrgyz Republic» / / www.cbd.minjust.gov.kg.;
Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 29, 2010 №. 271-IV ZRK «On
the prevention of offenses». // www.online.zakon.kz.
3.
Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of June 25, 2005 №. 82 «On the
prevention of offenses in the Kyrgyz Republic» / / www.cbd.minjust.gov.kg.
4.
Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 29, 2010 №. 271-IV
ZRK «On the prevention of offenses». // www.online.zakon.kz.
5.
Ziyodullaev M. Z. Improving the management of basic items of
Internal Affairs Bodies. Monograph. - T.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019. - P. 49.
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6.
Ziyodullaev M. Z. Analysis and improvement of departmental
normative legal acts regulating the activities of Internal Affairs bodies for
the protection of public order and security // actual issues of protection of
public order and ensuring the safety of citizens: Rep. scientific and practical
conf. mat. - T., 2015. - P. 39.
7.
Khojakulov S. B. Improving the general prevention of offenses:
Monograph. - T.: Academy of the Ministry of internal Affairs of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, 2019. - 31 p.
Shamuratov Jamshidbek and Masharipov Bahtiyor, Masters of Tashkent
State Technology University, Uzbekistan
METHODS AND MEANS OF MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY OF OIL
J. Shamuratov, B. Masharipov
Abstract: The article provides an overview of the methods and techniques
for measuring oil moisture content. Thus, more information is given to Dina-
Starka, dielectric, optical and electrical techniques. The above methods are
covered in detail and there are conclusions and points about the advantages and
disadvantages of the mass.
Keywords:
direct methods, indirect methods, Dean-Stark method,
conductometric method, mass fraction of moisture.
Water in oil can be in three forms: dissolved, dispersed and free. The
content of dissolved water mainly depends on the chemical composition of
oil, oil products and temperature. With increasing temperature, the
solubility of water increases in all hydrocarbons. Methods for determining
water in oil and petroleum products can be divided into two groups:
qualitative and quantitative.
Method for determination of water content (Dean-Stark method)
The essence of the method is to distill the mixture of the test sample of
oil and solvent, which is not miscible with water, and measure the volume
of water condensed in a Dean-Stark trap. [1]
The conductometric method is based on the dependence of the
conductivity of the material on its moisture content.
Pure water has a relatively low electrical conductivity (electrical
resistivity at (20 ° C, 22 ∙ 106 Ohm ∙ cm). But due to the dissociation of
electrolytes when they dissolve in water, the conductivity of the solution
increases by several orders of magnitude. Thus, the conductivity of a wet