ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
♦
UZBEK LAW REVIEW
♦
ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
2016
№
3
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ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
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7.
Вояга
етганларнинг
халқаро
ҳимояси
тўғрисидаги
Гаага
Конвенциясининг
21-
м
. (2000),
Халқаро
савдода
дебиторлик
қарзини
ён
бериш
тўғрисидаги
БМТ
Конвенциясининг
32-
м
. (2001), “
Рим
I”
Регламентининг
26-
м
., “
Рим
II”
Регламентининг
21-
м
.
8.
Корецкий
В
.
М
.
Оговорка
о
публичном
порядке
в
англо
-
американской
судебной
практике
по
делам
,
за
-
трагивающим
интересы
СССР
//
Ученые
записки
.
Вы
-
пуск
1.
М
., 1939. –
С
. 132
и
др
.
9.
СПС
КонсультантПлюс
10.
Кудашкин
В
.
В
.
К
вопросу
об
«
обходе
закона
»:
научная
полемика
или
наукообразный
базар
? //
Зако
-
нодательство
и
экономика
. 2005.
№
2. –
С
. 101.
11.
Брун
М
.
И
.
Публичный
порядок
в
международ
-
ном
частном
праве
.
Пг
., 1916. –
С
. 83.
S.Usmanova,
Tashkent State University of Law
Senior scientific researcher
INITIATIVES ON AFGHANISTANPROPOSEDBY
CENTRAL ASIANSTATES: LEGALASPECTS
Аннотация
:
мазкур
мақолада
Марказий
Осиё
давлатларининг
,
хусусан
Ўзбекистоннинг
Афғонистон
ва
Марказий
Осиёда
барқарорликни
таьминлаш
бўйича
илгари
сурилган
ташаббусларининг
хуқуқий
асослари
таҳлил
этилган
.
Шунингдек
,
муаллиф
томонидан
,
хорижий
мамлакатларнинг
илғор
тажрибаси
ва
миллий
қонунчилик
қиёсий
таҳлил
этиш
орқали
ўрганилган
ҳамда
таклиф
ва
тавсиялар
ишлаб
чиқилган
.
Калит
сўзлар
:
МарказийОсиё
,
Бирлашган
Миллатлар
Ташкилоти
,
ташқи
сиёсат
концепцияси
,
Халқаро
Савдо
Ташкилоти
.
Аннотация
:
в
данной
статье
анализируются
пра
-
вовые
основы
,
выдвинутых
инициатив
стран
Цен
-
тральной
Азии
и
Узбекистана
по
обеспечению
ста
-
бильности
в
Афганистане
.
Также
автором
изучено
пе
-
редовой
опыт
зарубежных
стран
и
национальное
зако
-
нодательство
на
основе
сравнительного
анализа
и
разработаны
предложения
и
рекомендации
.
Ключевые
слова
:
Центральная
Азия
,
Концепция
внешней
политики
,
Организация
Объединенных
Наций
,
Всемирная
торговая
организация
.
Annotation:
in this article
the legal framework of initia-
tives which put forwarded by the Central Asian countries
and Uzbekistan to promote stability in Afghanistan
is ana-
lyzed
. The author also studied the best practices of foreign
countries and national legislation on the basis of compara-
tive analysis and develops proposals and recommenda-
tions.
Key words:
Central Asia, the concept of foreign policy,
the United Nations, the World Trade Organization.
According to the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Re-
public of Uzbekistan one of the main foreign policy tasks
of Uzbekistan in modern times are preserving and
strengthening peace and stability in Central Asia, turning
the region into a zone of security and sustainable devel-
opment, assisting to achievement of peace and stability in
Afghanistan.[1]. Moreover, Afghanistan wanted to convey
two messages to its neighbors: Firstly, Afghanistan wants
to be an equal partner; and secondly, that Afghanistan
wants to be the catalyst for regional cooperation. [2]
There is a proverb in Uzbek nationality: “If your neigh-
bor is on peace, you will be peaceful». This means, peace
and stability in your home depend on your neighbor. This
proverb is suit for nowadays situation in the world, particu-
larly in Central Asia. The five Central Asian states have all
put forward their own initiatives for stabilization in Afghani-
stan, which are described in the following sections.
The foreign politician Spykman affirms that, "Who con-
trols the Rimland rules Eurasia, who rules Eurasia controls
the destinies of the world."[3]. From the point of view of
geopoliticians, Afghanistan is situated in the zone of world,
which is called Rimland. Situation in Afghanistan is flexi-
ble. Even the history over the past centuries of this country
is mixed in order to understand and analyze for interna-
tional politico-historians. The political system of this coun-
try is difficult to define according to the international law
theory.
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ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
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Especially political and military landscape in Afghani-
stan has been transformed since 11 September 2001.
Whether the fall of the Taliban and the transition to an
Afghan Interim Administration signify the emergence of a
new peaceful order or a dangerous disorder it is too early
to tell. War cannot simply be declared over. It is recog-
nized that a substantial aid package or ‘Marshall Plan’ for
Afghanistan will be necessary to transform the war econ-
omy into a peace economy, and already significant pledg-
es of aid have been made by donor countries. This repre-
sents an important departure from policies of the previous
decade, in which the international response was one of
disengagement and containment and Afghanistan became
an orphaned conflict. Whether this aid will materialize and
whether it will be used to good effect in ‘winning the
peace’ is another matter. [4,pp. 837–859].
The political situation of Afghanistan has been dis-
cussed several times by many politicians;
our aim
is to
analyze the Concept of foreign policy of Uzbekistan, fur-
thermore, legal basis of bilateral and multilateral relations
between Afghanistan and Central Asian states.
All Central Asian states are concerned about the po-
tential spillover of insecurity in Afghanistan. A rich array of
publications on relations between Afghanistan and Central
Asian states have appeared over the past several years,
triggered by concerns about the implications of the
planned withdrawal of international forces from Afghani-
stan as well as the search for regional solutions to the
problem of stabilization in the country. Studies have pri-
marily focused on potential spillovers resulting from
the2014 security transition, particularly the risk of in-
creased terrorist and drug trafficking activities, the roles
that the European Union (EU), Russia and the United
States can play, and the effects of military and financial
assistance to Afghanistan on domestic and regional poli-
tics in Central Asia. [5].
One of the nearest co-borders of Afghanistan is Uz-
bekistan ; state shares a 144 km border. The border fol-
lows the Amu River, linked to the Afghan province Balkh
by road via the Hairatan-Termez crossing. The political
and economic situation of all Central Asian states, includ-
ing Afghanistan as a border country is in the interests of
the Republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore the priority of Uz-
bekistan's foreign policy is to ensure peace and stability in
Central Asia, addressing key regional security issues, in-
cluding the promotion of the settlement of the situation in
Afghanistan, which was reflected in the Concept of foreign
policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.[6, p.17].
Uzbekistan appears to engage fully with is the ‘6+3’
talks, which it has itself initiated, under the auspices of the
United Nations (UN). The format has its roots from when
The first President Islam Karimov initiated the ‘6+2 talks’
at the UN in 1999, with the aim to provide a peaceful set-
tlement for the war in Afghanistan.
In April 2008, at NATO’s Euro-Atlantic Partnership
Council meeting in Bucharest, Romania, The first Uzbek
President Islam Karimov put forward a proposal for a ‘6+3’
Contact Group for Afghanistan under the aegis of the UN.
These suggestions of the President of Uzbekistan reflect
on the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central
Asia, which was signed on September 8, 2006, and en-
tered into force on March 21, 2009. [7, pp. .2-3]. This legal
document provides guarantees of stability in Central Asia
under the auspices of the Republic of Uzbekistan, particu-
larly the President of Uzbekistan.
In March 2012 the Kazakh Foreign Minister, Y.
Kazykhanov, proposed the creation of a special UN center
in Almaty for the coordination of regional projects that
would also include Afghanistan. He asked UN agencies to
share their idea son the implementation of such a project.
In June that year, Kazakh President Nazarbayev met with
the head of the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan, Jan
Kubis, and announced the plan to establish a UN hub in
Almaty that would facilitatebetter cooperation among Cen-
tral Asian states in terms of their aid to Afghanistan.
[8].The strengths of this initiative are that Kazakhstan has
sufficient resources and experience to make it a reality,
and that the UN hub will help stimulate Kazakhstan’s par-
ticipation in the international efforts to stabilize Afghani-
stan.
Furthermore, it has the potential to improve Central
Asian cooperation on Afghanistan and other regional prob-
lems. However, if the project is not pushed
through quickly, other alternative locations for such a
hub could emerge. Besides the concept of foreign policy of
Kazakhstan for 2014-2020 years announces, Kazakhstan
is interested in a politically stable, economically sustaina-
ble and safe development of Central Asia. [9].
Another leader of Central Asian state K.Bakiyev pro-
posed the so called Bishkek Initiative in 2009, which in-
volved holding an annual international conference on se-
curity and stability in Central Asia; establishing an interna-
tional analytical center that could monitor the situation in
the region and develop recommendations for preventive
conflict measures for Afghanistan and Central Asia; and
hosting negotiations between interested parties to the Af-
ghanistan conflict. [10]. However, the initiative was never
implemented due to a lack of resources. Specifically, the
international community did not grant financial resources
because of decreased interest in this type of initiative.
According to Tokon Mamytov, the Head of the Security
and Defense Committee of the Kyrgyz Parliament, Kyr-
gyzstan had initially been approached by a number of
countries to establish the dialogue platform, but these
countries did not move forward with the proposal, and the
Bishkek Initiative therefore remains on paper. But real
legal issues and acts of aid do not function in this Central
Asian state.
In June 2009, at the SCO summit in Yekaterinburg,
Russia, Tajik President Imomali Rakhmon proposed a
meeting in Dushanbe with his Afghan, Pakistani and Rus-
sian counterparts in order to discuss quadrilateral cooper-
ation in the spheres of security and stability, economic
cooperation and trade, and cultural exchange. [11].The
initiative—referred to as the Dushanbe Four—has since
led to four high-level meetings between the countries. Ac-
cording to scarce reporting in the Tajik media, the focus of
the discussions is on infrastructure projects. [12]. Howev-
er, the scope of the initiative is low-key, and there have
been no significant out comes yet.
In 2010, at the 65th session of the UN General As-
sembly, Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukha-
medov stressed his government’s willingness to assist
international efforts aimed at a settlement of the situation
in Afghanistan and proposed to hold, under UN auspices,
an international high-level meeting on confidence building
in Afghanistan and the development of efficient institutions
of state power. Turkmenistan’s official neutrality status
creates an advantage for such an initiative. Berdymukha-
medov also stated that Turkmenistan was prepared to
discuss issues of organizing such a meeting with Afghan
partners, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-
General for Afghanistan, other specialized UN structures
involved in Afghanistan and all interested parties. [13].
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УЗБЕКИСТАНА
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Another strength of this proposed initiative is that Turk-
menistan already hosts the UN Regional Centre for Pre-
ventive Diplomacy for Central Asia in Ashgabat, and has
the financial resources to support such a conference. [14].
Even in the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Re-
public of Tajikistan fastens that, Tajikistan supports the
efforts of the international community and the Afghan gov-
ernment aimed at a comprehensive solution of the Afghan
conflict and the economic rehabilitation of the country's
transition to a self-sufficient Afghanistan and based on
historical, linguistic and cultural affinities between the two
nations considers the deepening of multifaceted mutually
beneficial cooperation with this friendly and neighboring
country as a priority of its foreign policy [15].
The withdrawal of ISAF from Afghanistan in 2014
promises to alter the geopolitical balance once again.[16,
p.26]. Besides, it is observed the advancements on eco-
nomic sphere. Incidentally, Afghanistan has notified the
WTO that its Parliament has ratified its Protocol of Acces-
sion, clearing the final hurdle for its WTO membership.
According to WTO rules, Afghanistan becomes the 164th
member of the Organization on 29 July of this year, 30
days after its instrument of acceptance was deposited at
the WTO [17].
All of the five Central Asian adjacent states push for-
ward their peaceful initiatives on Afghanistan.Afghanistan
have inspired the search for regional solutions to the
challenge ofstabilization in the country, and created
opportunities for new dialogues on relations between
Afghanistan and Central Asian states.While cooperation
between Central Asian states and Afghanistan will most
likely be stalled by growing insecurity, new opportunities
could emerge in the form of relationships with other actors,
including adjacent states, regional powers and multilateral
frameworks. In this sense, Central Asian states will
continue to play an important role as mediators and
interlocutors.Uzbekistan has the potential to be playing a
more proactive role in Afghanistan’s future.
In conclusion, it must be marked that, Uzbekistan’s ini-
tiative on stabilizing in Afghanistan, “6+3” is the most prac-
ticable one. Moreover, the realization of current initiative is
considered to be the realization of the concept of foreign
policy of Uzbekistan. As from principles of foreign policy of
Afghanistan, this country now is open for bilateral and
regional relations with its neighbors. According to the con-
cept of foreign policy of Uzbekistan should be better if it is
used its economic barriers and ideas relating to Afghani-
stan. Particularly, acceleration of building of logistic center
in Surkhandarya region, increase of the base of economic
agreements, so imposition of policy with the way of paying
attention to bilateral economic relations. Hence, it is rec-
ommended to follow suit the other adjacent states from
our republic. In addition, to summarize or codify all bilat-
eral, regional and international regulations, agreements
and laws of Central Asian countries on Afghanistan in one
operating system or international collection book will serve
to improve extension of legal system of Afghanistan and
its adjacent states.
Resources:
1. Law «On the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Re-
public
of
Uzbekistan».
See:
http://www.mfa.uz/en/cooperation/policy/ date of address :
16.08.2016
2. See: http://mfa.gov.af/en/page/3883 date of ad-
dress : 18.08.2016
3. See:http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/publication
_boon_von_ochssee_timothy_mackinder_and_spykman_
and_the_new_world_energy_order/ date of address :
04.08.2016
4. Jonathan Goodhand., Aiding violence or building
peace? The role of international aid in Afghanistan, Third
World Quarterly, Vol 23, No 5, pp 837–859, 2002.
5. See e.g. S. Blank (ed.), Central Asia after 2014
(US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute: Carlisle
Barracks, PA, 2013); Laruelle, M., Peyrouse, S. and
Boonstra, J., The Afghanistan-Central Asia Relation-
ship:What Role for the EU?, Europe Central Asia Monitor-
ing (EUCAM) Working Papers no. 13 (2013); Kucera,
J.,US Military Assistance to Central Asia: Who Benefits?,
Open Society Foundations (OSF) Central EurasiaProject
Occasional Paper series no. 7 (OSF: New York, 2012);
and the Afghanistan Regional Forum series published
within the Central Asia Program of the Elliott School of
International
Affairs
at
GeorgeWashingtonUniversi-
ty,availableon<http://centralasiaprogram.org/category/publ
ications/afghanistan-forum>.
6.
Обострение
ситуации
в
Афганистане
–
основ
-
ная
угроза
стабильности
и
безопасности
в
Централь
-
ной
Азии
//
Материалы
научно
-
практической
конфе
-
ренции
«XXI
асрда
жахон
сиёсати
ваУзбекистон
тажрибаси
:
сиёсий
,
ҳуқуқий
ва
ижтимоий
жиҳатлари
»,
Тошкент
, 2016
С
.17
7. Joakim Bratvoll.,Uzbekistan’s ambigious policies
on Afghanistan.Prio policy brief. 01.2016. P. 2-3. Available
on www.prio.org. date of address: 10.08.2016.
8. Kazakhstan offers to host UN hub for Afghanistan
aid’,
Central
Asia
Online,
6
June
2012,
See:
<http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/newsbrief
s/2012/06/29/newsbrief-07>.
9. Foreign Policy Concept for 2014 – 2020 Republic
of Kazakhstan
See:http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/en/component/content
/article/16-materials-english/1248-foreign-policy-concept-
for-2014-2020-republic-of-kazakhstan data of address
13/08/2016 :
10. Kyrgyz Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘Bishkek Initia-
tive’,
See:
mfakrbishkekskaya-iniciativa_en.html>. date of address:
16.08.2016
11. Dushanbe Four takes on Afghan issue’, RIA
Novosti, 3 Aug. 2009, <http://en.ria.ru/analysis/.date of
address: 16.08.2016
12. Mirzobekova, R., ‘Dushanbin skayachetverka; chto
na povestke dne?’ [Dushanbe Four: what is on the agen-
da?],
Asia-plus
,
1
Sep.
2011,
<http://news.tj/ru/newspaper/article/dushanbinskaya-
chetvertka-chtonapovestke-dnya>; and ‘NachalasVstrecha
“Dushanbi nskoi Chetverki”’, [‘Dushanbe Four’ meeting
started],Khovar
News
Agency,
2
Sep.
2011,
<http://khovar.tj/rus/president/29475-nachalas-vstrecha
dushanbinskoychetverki.html>.
date
of
address:
16.08.2016
13. President of Turkmenistan, Address at the 65th
session of the UN General Assembly, 10 Sep.
2010.See:<http://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/node/14143>.da
ta of address: 15.08.2016.
14. United Nations, Security Council, ‘Letter dated 7
May 2007 from the Secretary-General to the President of
the Security Council’, S/2007/279, 16 May 2007; and the
website of the UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplo-
macy for Central Asia, <http://unrcca.unmissions.org/>.
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15. Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of
Tajikistan see from http://mfa.tj/en/law-base-fp/concept-of-
the-foreign-policy-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html address
data: 13.08.2016
16. Nargis Kassenova.. Relations between Afghanistan
and Central Asian states after 2014:Incentives, Con-
straints and Prospects., SIPRI 2014. P. V,.P.26
See:https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news16_e/ac
c_afg_29jun16_e.htm address data: 14.08.2016
Н
.
Файзуллаева
,
Старший
научный
сотрудник
Университета
мировой
экономики
и
дипломатии
ОГОВОРКИ
И
ОДНОСТОРОННИЕ
ЗАЯВЛЕНИЯ
ГОСУДАРСТВ
:
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО
-
ПРАВОВОЙ
АНАЛИЗ
Аннотация
:
в
статье
дается
сравнительно
-
правовой
анализ
понятий
“
оговорки
”
и
“
односторонние
заявления
”
государств
.
Автор
подробно
раскрывает
содержание
понятия
“
оговорки
”
и
определяет
критерии
для
разграничения
оговорок
от
других
видов
односторонних
заявлений
,
таких
как
:
заявления
,
со
-
держащие
политическую
оценку
договоров
в
целом
либо
отдельных
его
статей
(
общеполитическое
заяв
-
ление
);
заявления
с
целью
взятия
односторонних
обя
-
зательств
,
или
направленные
на
добавление
дополни
-
тельных
элементов
в
договор
;
заявления
о
толкова
-
нии
.
Ключевые
слова
:
оговорки
,
односторонние
заяв
-
ления
,
общеполитическое
заявление
,
информацион
-
ные
заявления
,
заявления
о
толковании
Аннотация
:
ушбу
мақолада
“
халқаро
шартномага
қўшимча
шарт
”
ва
“
бир
томонлама
баёнот
”
тушунчаларига
қиёсий
-
ҳуқуқий
таҳлили
баён
қилинган
.
Муалиф
“
қўшимча
шарт
”
тушунчасининнг
мазмунини
ёритиб
беради
ва
уни
бошқа
бир
томонлама
баёнотлардан
яъни
,
умумий
сиёсий
баёнотлар
,
ахборот
баёнотлари
,
талқин
қилиш
баёнотлари
,
мажбуриятларни
кенгайтириш
бўйича
баёнотлардан
фарқлаш
учун
мезонларни
келтиради
.
Калит
сўзлар
:
қўшимча
шарт
,
бир
томонлама
баёнот
,
умумий
сиёсий
баёнот
,
ахборот
баёноти
,
талқин
қилиш
тшғрисидаги
баёнот
Annotation:
the article gives a comparative legal
analysis of the concepts of "reservations" and "unilateral
declarations" states. The author reveals in detail the
meaning of "reservation" and defines the criteria to draw a
line of distinction between reservations and other types of
unilateral declarations, such as statements containing the
political assessment of the agreements as a whole or its
individual articles (General statements of policy); state-
ments with reference to the implementation of the proce-
dure by the applicant Government Agreement (application
information); statements to undertake unilateral commit-
ments, or purporting to add further elements to a treaty;
interpretative declarations.
Key words:
reservations unilateral statements, gen-
eral policy statements, information statements, interpreta-
tive declarations
В
условиях
современных
реалий
международной
жизни
наиболее
оптимальным
средством
регулирова
-
ния
межгосударственных
отношений
стал
междуна
-
родный
договор
.
Договоры
заключаются
для
того
,
что
-
бы
конкретно
и
четко
определить
взаимные
права
и
обязанности
сторон
договора
.
Договорная
форма
за
-
крепления
международных
отношений
обусловливает
стабильность
международного
правопорядка
.[1, 246-
стр
.].
Можно
сказать
,
что
,
именно
,
договор
выступает
своего
рода
главным
инструментом
обеспечения
на
должном
уровне
законных
интересов
каждого
члена
мирового
сообщества
.
