“Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innova
tsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
575
CONCRETIZATION IN TRANSLATING TEXTS FROM
ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Fazilat Kariyeva
Uzbekistan State World Languages University, The faculty of "The theory and
practice of translation", A 2
nd
year student from the group TING-2205
diloromayetboyeva@gmail.com
Bakhtiyarov Muxtor Yakubovich,
Scientific Advisor. Phd in Philology
Abstract.
Concretization or specification is one of the widely used methods of
translation. This is because finding exact equivalents with the same meaning in
different languages can be difficult or impossible. The articles explores various types
of concretization in the context, and analyzes their functions in translating texts
from English into Uzbek.
Key words:
source text, concretization, abstract words, desemantized words,
transformations, lexical transformation, grammatical replacements, generalizing
words, equivalence.
Аннотация
. Конкретизация или уточнение –
один из широко
используемых методов перевода. Это связано с тем, что найти точные
эквиваленты с одинаковым значением в разных языках может быть сложно
или невозможно. В статье рассматриваются различные виды
конкретизации в контексте, анализируются их функции при переводе
текстов с английского языка на узбекский.
Ключевые слова
: исходный текст, конкретизация, абстрактные
слова,
десемантизированные
слова,
трансформации,
лексические
трансформации,
грамматические
замены,
обобщающие
слова,
эквивалентность.
Some groups of lexical units require concretization in translation. This is
due to the difference in the proportion between abstract and desemantized words
on the one hand and concrete words on the other in the Source and Target
languages.
Abstract words in English distinctly fall into several groups:
1.
Numerous nouns formed by specific suffixes of abstract meaning. Many
such nouns have no counterparts in the Uzbek language, e.g. ministership,
presidency, electorate, statehood, etc.
2.
Abstract words which have no equivalents in Uzbek, the so-called lacuna,
such as exposure, occupant (unless as a military term).
3.
Generalizing words having equivalents in Uzbek but differing in usage,
e.g. man, woman, creature, person.
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
576
4.
Words of wide meaning which require concretization in translation,
some words of this group are on the way to becoming desemantized, e.g. place,
piece, stuff, affair, etc.
5.
Words of wide meaning which in fact have become partly deictic signs:
-thing, -div (something, somediv).
Words belonging to the first group require
lexical and grammatical
replacements by words possessing a concrete meaning:
●
Eng: C.P. Snow resigned from his ministership because he did not like the
way the Labor Government was developing.
●
Uz: Charlz Snou leyboristlar hukumatining amaldagi siyosatini
yoqtirmagani uchun vazirlik lavozimini tark etdi.
The abstract noun “ministership” is rendered by a concrete noun (post)
with adjective.
●
Eng: An aging Speaker cannot take the burdens of the presidency (in case
of the president
’
s and vice-president
’
s assassination).
●
Uz: Qarigan ma
’
ruzachi prezidentlik o
g‘
irligini k
o‘
tara olmaydi.
The abstract noun “presidency” is rendered by means of a concrete noun
with an adjective as in the preceding example.
●
Every form of pressure and violence is used by reactionary regimes to
compel a reluctant electorate to go to the polls.
Reactionary regimes use all forms of pressure and violence to force
recalcitrant voters to take part in elections.
●
Puerto Rico may launch a drive for US statehood.
Perhaps Puerto Rico will start a campaign to become a US state.
The abstract word “statehood” is concret
ized by means of an adverbial
subordinate clause of purpose.
Words of abstract meaning which for some reason or other have no
equivalents in the Uzbek language are translated by some concrete word
determined by the context. Their meaning is usually conveyed with the help of
replacements or additions. It should be borne in mind that in this case the use of
the same parts of speech is of no relevance.
●
Eng: He was heavily built.
●
Uz: Uning tanasi o
g‘
ir.
●
Lit: U qattiq qurilgan.
The role and the significance of the context is well illustrated by the
following example, the translation of which is determined by the macro context.
●
Eng: Two of the shipwrecked seamen died of exposure.
●
Uz: Kema halokatga uchragan dengizchilardan ikkitasi halok b
o‘
ldi
(sovuqdan yoki issiqdan).
●
Eng: It was a good solid house built to withstand time and exposure.
●
Uz: Bu vaqt va ob-havo ta
’
siriga dosh berishga m
o‘
ljallangan yaxshi,
mustahkam uy edi.
“Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innova
tsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
577
●
Eng: Willa, the canary, had flown away. But now there was a vigorously
alive little occupant. (D.Eden).
●
Uz: Kanareyka Villa uchib ketdi, lekin uning
o‘
rniga qafasda juda jonli va
har doim quvnoq qush bor edi.
Generalizing words such as man, woman, child, creature etc. which do not
have equivalents in Uzbek but which differ in usage are concretized either by a
proper name, the name of the breed (dog, cat) or some concrete word according
to the context.
●
Eng: “Anything”, Benjamin said, falling into a highbacked chair across from
the man
’
s kingly desk.
●
Uz: Nima b
o‘
lganda ham,
–
dedi Benjamin, Mastersonning ajoyib yozuv
stolining narigi tomonidagi baland tayanchli stulga ch
o‘
kib.
The replacement of the noun “man” by a proper name is natural as Benjamin
knew Masterson and was in his house.
●
Eng: “Burn it, man, and who will be the wiser, eh?”
●
Uz: "Qo
g‘
ozni yoq va bu haqida hech kim bilmaydi?!?"
Another group is formed by a large number of words of wide meaning. Their
reference has been widened to such an extent that they have come to be used in a
variety of contexts. This ability to be used in different contexts has, in its turn,
affected their reference: on the one hand, they have developed new lexical-
semantic variants, on the other, their semantic boundaries have become vague
and indefinite. This is due to the fact that their meaning is often contextual. Some
of them move towards desemantization, such as piece, place, thing, affair, stuff,
stunt etc.
●
Eng: The place was full, and they wandered about looking for a table,
catching odds and ends of conversation as they did so. (A.Christie).
●
Uz: Restoran gavjum edi; b
o‘
sh stol izlab zalni aylanib chiqishdi va
beixtiyor suhbat parchalarini eshitishdi.
Desemantized words form one more group. The word place which is
practically desemantized is translated by the concrete word restaurant.
●
Eng: We had a quick breakfast and then our oxygen sets on to our backs.
“This oxygen is certainly the stuff”, was my thought. (Edmund Hilary).
●
Uz: Tez nonushta qildik, keyin kislorod baklarini orqamizga yukladik. "Ha,
biz kislorodsiz qilolmaymiz", deb
o‘
yladim men.
Equivalence in this case is achieved by means of both lexical and
grammatical substitutions.
●
Eng: The point of changing the E.E.C. is to make it stronger.
●
Uz: Yevropa Iqtisodiy Hamjamiyatining kengayishidan asosiy maqsad uni
mustahkamlashdan iborat.
The desemantized colloquial word "party" is omitted in the translation as it
serves here merely as a prop-word in this following example.
●
Eng: She (grandmother) was a peppery old party with a will of solid
granite and a hot flaring temper. (Ilka Chase).
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
578
●
Uz: Buvim qaysar harakteri bilan achchiq qalampirni eslatar edi.
Such words as piece, thing, div fulfill a double function
–
lexical and
grammatical; they can be used as lexical units possessing reference or as a
grammatical sign. The noun piece in its lexical
function means “a bit of something”
(a piece of bread); in its grammatical function it concretizes an uncountable noun,
turning it into a countable one (a piece of furniture, a piece of advice, two pieces
of furniture, two pieces of advice).
The words “thing” and “div” have, as a matter of fact, moved from one
morphological class into another; apart from belonging to referential nouns, they
are used as deictic signs or prop-words and in such cases are omitted in
translation.
●
Eng: She took things terribly seriously. (A. Huxley).
●
Uz: U hamma narsani yuragiga juda yaqin qabul qildi.
In this case the noun “things” is translated by a generalizing word. But there
are also cases when this word requires concretization.
●
Eng: He came in sight of the lodge, a long, low frowning thing of red brick.
(A.Wilson).
●
Uz: U qizil
g‘
ishtdan qurilgan uzun, pastak, ma
’
yus binoni k
o‘
rdi.
Special attention should be paid to the translation of verbs of wide meaning,
such as: to come, to go, to turn, to say, to tell, to get, to die and others. They are
rendered either by concrete words suitable to the context or by verb equivalents
used in corresponding collocations.
●
Eng: So far 65 people have died in floods in Dacca province.
●
Uz: Ma
’
lumotlarga k
o‘
ra, Dakka provinsiyasida suv toshqini paytida
65 kishi ch
o‘
kib ketgan (vafot etgan).
●
Eng: At the by-election victory went to the labor candidate.
●
Uz: Muvaqqat saylovda Leyboristlar partiyasi nomzodi
g‘
alaba qozondi.
Concretization is often resorted to in the translation of verbs of saying.
Father! she
cried
, “the diamond is gone!”
Are you out of your mind? I
asked
her.
"Gone!"
says
Penelope. “Gone, no one knows how!” (W. Collins).
"Father!" she
screamed
, "the diamond is gone."
"Yes, you
’
re crazy!" I
exclaimed.
"Disappeared,"
repeated
Penelope. "Disappeared, and no one knows how."
Another verb which has become partially desemntized is the verb “to
involve”. Its concrete lexical meaning, its lexical
-semantic variant is largely
dependent on the context.
●
Eng: “
I
’ll tell you what… you are not involved. You are remote.”
(Irwin Show).
●
Uz: “Sizga nima deyman... bu sizni bezovta qilmaydi, chetga turing."
Concretization is often resorted to in translating the verb “to be” in different
functions. The principle of semantic agreement is to be observed in such cases.
●
Eng: …first he was terrified, then he was sick, then he was in Paris.
“Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innova
tsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
579
●
Uz:... avvaliga q
o‘
rqib ketdi, keyin betob b
o‘
ldi, keyin Parijga yetib keldi.
(Jozefina Tey).
In summary it should be noted that concretization can be applied to deliver
the message more clearly and the translator
’
s task is to specify the unclear parts
of the text. For nouns,
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