The article deals with the basic problems of teaching foreign languages at higher education institutions, in particular teaching English by implementing the blended learning approach into practice. The solutions to those problems have been considered based on the results of the research on uniting both the online and offline platforms of improving students’ basic linguistic skills in a systematic way as the innovative means of consolidating the quality and content factors of higher education remarkably.
Furthermore, the ways of assessing and providing students with feedback about their progress in fostering their linguistic skills in the target language have been applied into the practical part of the investigation, and the results have been characterized according to the choices of the research participants in the questionnaires
The article analyzes the role of linguistic anthropocentrism in Uzbek linguistics. It is also based on the fact that researches on language and man, language and society formed as a result of researches on linguistic culture, pragmalinguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics have an important place in the development of Uzbek national linguistics.
This article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of specific military vocabulary from English into the native language. The quality and accuracy of military translation is determined primarily by the quality of translation of military terminology and abbreviations. The research consists in the need to translate the continuously updated terminological vocabulary of the military vocabulary, linguistic research in the field of which, in our opinion, is not enough.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Researches of human population genomic variety and scenarios of its genetic pool formation arc one of perspective directions of modem genetics. Prompt progress in this field has allowed defining the basic routes of continents settlement. However the information about Central Asian (CA) populations even on «classical» genetic markers has accidental, fragmentary character, and requires additional large-scale investigations. Besides, according to historical, archeological, paleontological and some anthropogenetic studies, given region was playing certain role in ancient moving of modem human ancestors throughout Eurasian continent. Therefore it is extremely important to summarize and perform complex assessment of new and collected data on Central Asian populations as practically there arc no multivariate analyses studies of given region as a complex population system.
In studies of human population genetic structure arc usually used various approaches allowing understanding concept of populations subdivision and character of genetic relationships between them. Among these techniques the prominent place belongs to approaches based on an assessment of genetic distances between populations with their subsequent analysis by multivariate statistics methods. For even more compelling picture of the relationships between the populations on tree diagram we composed «the genetic landscape» of area, where the description of population genetic structure is presented by equally spaced figures consistently consolidating populations according to their genetic distances from each other and thus creating a genetic landscape. This approach is not only a tool for elementary population boundary detection, but also can be effectively used for identification of borders and sizes of population as naturalistic unit.
Multigcnctic landscape is a collection of different genetic systems which arc specific to the region and ethnic groups, which have their geographical areas, their geographical, historical and cultural boundaries. Gene flows arc run through these conventional boundaries, but they arc less intense than in the limits of area. These limits arc ambiguous and fluid, but it is real. You can identify them by studying, for example, the structure of marriage migration. Therefore anthropogenesis of different populations will inevitably differ from each other. Ethnogenetic composition tends to change over time, from generation to generation, and hence there is a need to understand the structure of the genepool, not only at a given time, but also in the study of genetic processes that form and reform the gcncpooL In this regard, the studying of multigcnctic landscapes is in close contact with the demographics, medical and genetic ecology, anthropology, ethnology, archeology and history of the peoples, that is, with a range of areas, not only natural, but also the humanities knowleges.
Study of genomic diversity is important not only to address questions of origin and genetic history of different ethnic groups, but is also the basis for molecular epidemiology of hereditary and multifactor diseases. Each region is characterized by a specific set of common genetically determined diseases. To understand the causes of the prevalence of disease in different regions, and to develop approaches to their early DNA diagnosis and effective prevention, initially it is necessary to conduct population-based studies, which determine the development of the disease.
Purpose of research is to implement a comprehensive description of the structure of indigenous Central Asian populations genetic pool, examine demographic, phylogenetic and evolutionary features of Central Asian populations through the analysis of genetic variety of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal (NRY), autosomal, X-chromosomal microsatcllites and immunogcnetic variants of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and hepatitis В virus (HB V).
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research is solved:
specification of immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV, allocated at the patients in Central Asian region, with the subsequent comparative phylogenetic analysis of H.pylori and HBV regional versions with those in other regions of the world;
examination of genetic variety and degree of genetic differentiation of Central Asian populations according to classical population-genetic objects -polymorphisms of mtDNA, Y-chromosomal, autosomal and X- chromosomal STRs;
assessment of the Western and East-Eurasian lines of population inheritance contribution to Central Asian populations’ genetic pool at regional, ethnic, sub-cthnic levels and in a level of elementary populations;
reviewing of character of regional populations relationships by genetic variety of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers in view of ethnographic, social and linguistic data;
evaluation of sex-specific genetic structure and the social organization according to polymorphisms of mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal markers in the region;
determination of ancient ways of migrations and scripts of formation of Central Asian populations according to mtDNA, autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal STRs markers and immunogcnetic variants of H.pylori and HBV',
evaluation of ethnogenetic position of studied Central Asian populations in the system of genetic pools of Eurasia and the world in general through comparative analysis of all studied population-genetic parameters.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time was performed a study of genetic pool structure of 26 Central Asian populations from 6 ethnic groups as complete population systems using a wide range of genetic objects;
for the first time was made an assessment of informativeness of each type of genetic subjects. For the first time was received detailed characteristic of genetic pool structure of indigenous Central Asian population on the basis of variability lines of the spectrum of genetical objects;
for the first time was defined the ratio of Westem-and the East-Eurasian lines in a genepool of Central Asian population and were made an assessments of genetic variety level and genetic differentiation degree of regional populations as a whole;
for the first time phylogenetic analysis of major haplogroups of investigated genetic subjects was conducted;
for the first time the position of Central Asian population in population genetic pool system of surrounding regions and Eurasia in the whole was studied;
for the first time the evolutionary-adaptable mechanisms, necessary in the forecast of formations of multigenic pathologies in region were studied at 6 ethnoses of Central Asian.
CONCLUSION
1. H.pylori from Central Asian territory is similar to Western Europe isolates, and shaped by two ancestral populations genotype Ancestral Europe 1 (dominant) and Ancestral Europe2 and for AE1-genotype Central Asian region probably is the source. H.pylori from the territory of Central Asia form a separate cluster group: close relationship of Tadjik, Uzbek strains and Iranian isolates from the north of Iran is established. Kirghiz isolates were found to be closer to populations from territory of Siberia.
2. High diversity of HBV genotypes in Central Asia was found -4 genotypes (A, C, D, and G). Phylogenetic analysis of Central Asian genotype HBV-with options for other regions of the world showed a close relationship between the dominant genotype D (0,78), the D1-subtype with variants of the virus in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
3. The rates of genetic affinity for STR-NRY in Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks Turtkul at the level of the same lineage were high: 0,58 (p<0,001); 0,34 (p<0,01) and 0,77 (p<0,001), respectively. The coefficients of relationship at the level of clan for Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks from Kungrad and Turtkul were lower: 0,30 (r<0,01); 0,21 (p<0,001) and 0,40 (r<0,001); 0,07 (p<0,05) and 0,09 (p<0,05), respectively. At the level of the tribe, the indicators were negative for all Turkic populations: -0,02 (r<0,05);-0,04 (r<0,001);-0,07 (p<0,01); -0,0011 (r<0,1) and -0,10 (r<0,01), respectively.
4. The analysis of mtDNA HVS-1 showed that total rate of differentiation level for all populations was low: FST=0,013; p<0,0001. Level of diversity between groups was 0,6% (p<0,001) of the total variability. Parameter of genetic differences between Turkic and Indo-Iranian populations made 0,55% (p<0,0283) of the total genetic variability. The rate of genetic differentiation on a sub-ethnic level was significantly expressed in Indo-Iranian group (FST=0,0197;r<0,001) than among the Turkic-speaking (0,3%; p=0,10). In all populations, in general, wasn‟t detected the correlation between genetic and geographic distances at the global level on mtDNA HVS-1: r=0,00682; p=0,502.
5. Analysis of STR-NRY showed that the level of the genetic differentiation between ethnic groups was 5,6% (p<0,02); general differentiation between populations made RST=0,186 (p<0,001). Combined analysis, taking into account the language and way of life of Turkic and Indo Iranian populations, showed the general differences between the two groups – 9,1% Value of genetic differentiation when comparing the ethnos-ethnos was slightly lower than the level within ethnos: 5,6% among ethnic groups, 18,6%, and 13,7%-between populations within the ethnic group.
6. Analysis of heterozygosity (H) and the average number of pairwise differences (p) of mtDNA, were high in nomadic populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,29) and farmer populations (av.H=0,99; av.p=5,32). Heterozygosity (H) on Y- chromosome was lower in nomadic groups than in the agrarian – 0,86 and 0,99,respectively (p<0,01). Nomadic populations exhibit a higher level of population differentiation (RST) in comparison with farmers - 0,19 and 0,06, respectively (p<0,01). Indicators of population growth (r) were lower in nomadic populations compared with farmers - 1,004 and 1,008, respectively (p=0,056).
7. The level of genetic differentiation in all ethnic groups was higher on the Y chromosome in comparison with mtDNA. The farming populations showed no significant difference in the genetic differentiation FST (Y)=0,069 and FST (mtDNA)=0,034, while among patrilineal nomadic population the level of genetic diversity was higher in the male line of inheritance - FST(Y)=0,177 and FST (mtDNA)=0,010. Genetic diversity of population structure in patrilineal nomads on autosomal and X-linked markers were: FST (A)=0,008 (0,006-0,010) and FST (X)=0,011 (0,001-0,004) (H0: FST(A)=FST(X); H1: FST(A)>FST(X); p=0,02). In bilinear farmer populations the differences of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers were insignificant: FST (A)=0,014 (0,012-0,016) and FST (X)=0,013 (0,008-0,018 at p=0,36).
8. Analysis of mtDNA indicated that the age of expansion on the territory of Eurasia (τw) declined significantly from East to West (r=0,72; p<0,001). The age of expansion had a pronounced tendency to decrease from 30 thousand years in China to 17 thousand years in Western Europe. Age of expansion in Central Asia amounted to 26 thousand years. Results of expansion analysis on NRY also show a decrease in genetic diversity from the East to the West of Eurasia (r=0,49; p<0,001). In Central Asia this age was 16 thousand yrs. According STRs-NRYBatwing analysis of the minimal age of Uzbek population origin was 1232,71 yrs old (Ne=14088 (6765-23942); α=0,0108 (0,0065-0,0155)).
9. The apportionment of multilocus genetic variations among ethnic and linguistic groups of Central Asian populations showed that more than 98% of all variations were within the population (p<0,0001). Evaluation of the ethnic and linguistic affiliations in the observed variations showed reliable conformity - FST=0,007; p<0,0001 and FST=0,011; p<0,0001, respectively. We didn‟t find evidence of geographical isolation within each of the Turkic and Indo Iranian groups of populations (p=0,363 and p=0,772, respectively).
10. Analysis of multilocus allelic diversity (AR) and heterozygosity (He) showed differences among the Central Asian and other populations in allelic variety (χ2 =105,29; d.f.=25; p<0,0001) and heterozygosity (χ2=67,98; d.f.=25; p<0,0001). Population differentiation at multilocus analysis at populations of Central Asia is more pronounced than in the other regions of Eurasia: in European and Middle Eastern groups pairwise estimation of FST ranged from 0,011 to 0,015 and -0,008-0,021, respectively; in East-Asian groups from -0,011 to 0,046; and finally, in Central Asia these rates ranged from -0,004 to 0,056. Heterozygosity was significantly higher in the group of the Indo-Iranian populations than among Turkic-speaking (He=0,818 and He=0,787, respectively; Z=-4, 55; p<0,0001). According to multilocus analysis all 26 Central Asian populations slightly but significantly differed (FST=0,015; CI99%=0,011-0,018; p<0,01).
This article presents a comprehensive examination of derivational techniques in Uzbek language, aiming to unravel the intricacies that shape the lexical landscapes of this language. Through a meticulous exploration of affixation, compounding, conversion, and unique strategies such as reduplication, we delve into the shared patterns and distinctive features that define the derivational processes in linguistic system. The analysis extends beyond linguistic structures, offering insights into the cultural, historical, and cognitive dimensions that influence the evolution of words in Uzbek. As we navigate the labyrinth of derivational techniques, we unveil the features that transcend linguistic borders and the differences that weave unique narratives into language's tapestry.
This research delves into the multifaceted phenomenon of code-crossing within Indonesian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms, exploring the patterns, motivations, and implications of language mixing and switching. Utilizing a qualitative approach involving extensive classroom observations, participant interviews, and content analysis, the study unveils the dynamic linguistic crossroads where multiple languages converge. The findings offer nuanced insights into the frequency and contextual nuances of code-crossing, providing a comprehensive understanding of its role in shaping communication strategies and language learning experiences. By navigating this linguistic crossroads, the research contributes to the broader discourse on sociolinguistics, language education, and communication strategies within EFL instructional settings.
This study delves into the intricate evolution of higher numerals within the Indo-European language family using a phylogenetic comparative approach. Through a meticulous analysis of linguistic data from diverse Indo-European languages across different time periods, this research aims to uncover the typological changes and diachronic shifts that have shaped the expression of higher numerals. By applying computational methods to linguistic data, we construct a phylogenetic tree that visualizes the relationships between languages and their numerals. Our findings shed light on the patterns of numerical terminology evolution and provide insights into the cultural and cognitive factors that have influenced these linguistic developments.
This exploration was subjective in nature. The information were gathered by perception and documentation, and afterward broke down by Miles and Huberman model. The outcome showed that the recurrence of linguistic mistakes in harmony was 40%, word request was 25%, spelling was17%, equal construction was 12 %, and student language was 6%. To summarize, there were still some linguistic mistakes in the edited compositions of logical writing in the diaries.
We all know that verbal communication differs from the simple implementation of linguistic possibilities in a certain material form. Verbal communication is situational, so its forms and expressiveness are multifaceted.
Nov, in Uzbek linguistics, cognitive linguistics is a new direction of research that determines the cognitive characteristics of linguistic units. In connection with the common language and national thinking, the main task of this direction is to study the cognitive, expressive, accumulative aspects of each linguistic phenomenon. Indeed, in the Uzbek environment, this period requires an analysis of the language with its owner in the presence of such factors as social environment, culture, nationality.
In this article, verbal (synonymy, gradonymy, antonymy, paraphrase, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, phraseology, euphemism, etc.) and non-verbal (tone, silent unit) language serve to reveal medical euphemistic meanings as a means of realizing linguopragmatics.
Today, serious attention is being paid to the practical significance of language, how easily and fairly it solves problems in human life. This article deals with the cases of discrediting a person and his linguistic examination, the circumstances in which a person is discredited, its linguistic and legal basis, as well as the role of linguists and jurists in ensuring the inviolability of the honor, dignity and dignity of every member of society. thought about.
While the study of the historical and philosophical foundations of the concept of feminism provides information about its essence, its linguistic study examines the features that are manifested in speech. From a linguistic point of view, all four views are interrelated and have their own impact on the pictorial aspects of the work of art. Since we have conducted our research on the basis of a gynocritical approach, in this chapter we will express our views only on the phenomenon of gynocritics
Nowadays the head of our country pays much attention to education of young generation. A plenty of scientists work with translation of proverbs from one language to another. The sphere of phraseology is wider than other side of linguistic. As it is large sphere there is more problems in
phraseology. In lexicology, phonology, lexicography and in other sphere they have their own functions and
by this way we can learn their status in linguistic
In the context of the 21st-century scientific and educational domain, the intensification of global integration and globalization processes, which are emblematic of progressive development, invariably accompany the transformation of state language policies. Countries are striving for equality in the global arena. The article delves deeply into the transformational processes inherent to the language policy of Uzbekistan, particularly emphasizing the teaching innovations introduced in the philological universities of the country. The work underscores the multifaceted role of language, notably the Russian language in Uzbekistan's educational context, which transcends its conventional communicative function to address multifunctional tasks of sociocultural, geopolitical, technological, and economic natures. Moreover, this intricate interplay between language and literature is paramount in shaping the linguistic preparation of students, thus fostering a harmonious future generation ready for a multicultural and multilingual reality. The exploration focuses on the confluence of language specifics in the study of literature and the literary orientation of linguistic training, especially within the scope of philological comparative studies at the Faculty of Russian Philology of the Bukhara State university. With the world gravitating towards unity and convergence, this research accentuates the paramount importance of language acquisition, cultural immersion, and tradition understanding as pivotal tools for fostering mutual respect, friendship, coexistence, and an enriched understanding of a diverse, intriguing world.
The article under discussion reveals the issues of comparative and linguocultural analysis of the concept “gender” in Uzbek and English languages. The present study presents gender as a concept of linguistic culture and describes it as the basis that forms gender stereotypes on the material of phraseological units of English and Uzbek languages. The author of the article considers that gender is not a linguistic category, but its content can be revealed through the analysis of language structures, which explains the need for a linguistic study of the cultural representation of gender.
This article explores the historical evolution, linguistic features, global significance, challenges, and opportunities presented by the English language. It delves into its transformation from Old English to Modern English, highlighting key milestones and figures such as Shakespeare. The article examines how colonial expansion and the industrial revolution contributed to English's global reach, positioning it as a lingua franca in the digital age. While acknowledging the benefits, the article also discusses the potential pitfalls of linguistic homogenization and unequal access to English education. Ultimately, it underscores the importance of English as a conduit for cross-cultural understanding and international collaboration.
This article discusses semantic features of idioms (On the example of the works of Murad Muhammad Dust). Idioms are figurative language tools that arise as a product of human thinking. It can be noted that idioms are interpreted in sources as a manifestation of phraseological units. In particular, the French linguist Sh. Bally considers idioms as phraseological units formed on the basis of the addition of words that have lost their semantic meaning, while O.S. Akhmanova interprets them as linguistic units. Explanatory dictionaries of Uzbek linguistic terms also provide similar explanations for idioms.
This article discusses the concept of notion and the conception that has a linguistic expression. The concept of understanding is becoming a key concept in modern cognitive linguistics, and it is increasingly being used as a term by researchers dealing with cognitive linguistic image problems. Understanding the essence of a concept helps to explore a range of different interrelated concepts and terms.