Geopolitical transformations and their impact on the energy system are closely related to the formation of the modern world order, and the energy factor plays an increasingly important role in international relations. Currently, energy security is regulated not only by the laws of a market economy, but also by geopolitical interests. Recently, it has been observed that subjects of international relations are trying to use the energy and raw materials factor to advance their interests. In the modern world order, fierce competition and the struggle for energy resources have taken a new turn. Leading countries are striving to establish themselves firmly in regions with large reserves of raw materials. Relations in the field of production, transportation and supply of energy to foreign markets are directly related to geopolitical processes. Therefore, under the influence of geopolitical transformations, this form of relationship changes systematically and functionally. The modern international energy system is affected by the forces and factors inherent in the world order, and is becoming increasingly complex. Geopolitical transformations have a significant impact on the international energy regime, creating a new configuration of geopolitical forces. New large consumer centers are emerging in the international arena, and competition between them is growing. The emergence of new centers of power has a significant impact on international energy relations. Energy conflicts between power centers and other actors weaken the foundations of global energy security. At the same time, the lack of effective international legal mechanisms to ensure energy security complicates the energy situation. This article discusses the impact of geopolitical transformations in East Asia on energy security, geopolitical processes in the region, the impact of the geostrategic, geo-economic interests of leading countries on international and regional energy relations, the impact of economic competition and political tension on markets, investment and energy resources of the countries of the region on the total security of the region, the geopolitical situation in the region and the participation of leading states, as well as international and regional political and economic structures. Also highlights problems of energy security in East Asia, the energy situation in the region, current issues of energy in the region, energy policy and cooperation of the countries of the region, the main directions of modern architecture of energy security in East Asia, energy strategies of the countries of the region, the institutional foundations of energy security, the problems facing energy diplomacy of the states of the region, the impact of regional conflicts on energy security and other relevant issues facing today's energy security in the region. It also provides analytical forecasts of the future energy situation in the region and in the international arena. The article concludes with scientific recommendations aimed at ensuring energy security and enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation in the context of geopolitical transformation.
The modern energy system is largely based on the use of fossil fuels, which makes up almost 90% of the global energy consumption structure. Intensive production of raw materials has a negative impact on the environment. This in turn creates environmental problems. The depletion of available reserves of the main energy resources of oil, gas, coal, ore and other minerals will worsen the energy situation in the world. Today, renewable energy interest to many countries due to increased dependence on imported energy, climate change and environmental protection, high rates of economic development and population growth. The widespread use of renewable energy sources will create socially and environmentally clean energy structures. That is why alternative energy technologies - hybrid cars and electric cars, solar, wind, geothermal energy, bioenergy are developing at a high level. This article discusses current trends in renewable energy, alternative energy sectors in Japan and the stages of development of solar energy, features of solar energy, advances in modern technologies for the use of renewable energy sources and the challenges facing renewable energy sources. Also highlights Japan’s new energy policy and strategy, legislation on energy efficiency, programs and strategic plans, changes in the country's energy policy, diversification of energy resources and current problems of energy security. It also analyzes the prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in Japan, new projects in the field of solar energy and mechanisms for their implementation. And also, scientific conclusions were drawn on the analysis of current trends in the development of renewable energy in Japan.
This article discusses the latest trends in energy relations in the Middle East, the impact of international and regional events on it, and current issues of energy security in the region. It also analyzes the strategies of the leading countries of the world in the field of energy supply, geopolitical and geoeconomic changes associated with the formation of new energy relations in the Middle East. Energy diplomacy and the foreign policy of the leading oil-producing countries of the Middle East at the world and regional levels are comparatively studied. The most important area in the Middle East today is undoubtedly the issue of energy. This is inextricably linked with the development needs of the countries of the Middle East, and the fuel and energy potential plays an important role in ensuring the prosperity, security and stability of the countries of the region. The Middle East, with its vast reserves, remains a hotbed of conflict in the 21st century. The geopolitical interests of leading countries such as the United States, China, the European Union and Russia clash in the region. In the context of globalization, the energy security of countries becomes the most important task of the global political process. Due to the reduction of hydrocarbon reserves, the intensification of political and economic crises in oil-producing countries, the sharp increase in consumption of raw materials, the problem of energy security is becoming an increasingly important task for international relations. Today, five of the ten leading oil producing countries in the world are located in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE. This group of countries accounts for more than a quarter of world oil production. Energy production in the region affects not only participants in the Middle East, but also non-regional actors, the entire international energy security system. The final part of the article presents scientific recommendations for ensuring energy security in the Middle East, the formation of modern mechanisms of energy relations and constructive dialogue between the countries of the region at the international and regional levels.
This paper highlights current issues related to the energy situation and energy security, specificity of the problem of energy security at the present stage and its impact on international relations, the political, legal and institutional framework for ensuring energy security, as well as issues of energy diplomacy of states, issues of energy diversification, the current problems facing energy security today. In addition, analytical forecasts were made about the energy situation in the international arena over the next decades.
Energy production is a necessary means of human existence and development, affecting nature and the natural environment. The study and comparative analysis of the energy sector from the point of view of jurispru dence is important in ensuring sustainable development. In this regard, it is important to study the experience of developed countries and the legal traditions of our national statehood. Of particular importance is the development and research of new energy technologies and energy law, innovative technologies, comparative analysis of its legal basis, the study of scientific foundations.
This paper highlights the issues of energy diplomacy of Japan at the present stage of bilateral and multilateral cooperation of Japan with other countries that supply fuel energy, diversification of energy sources, Japan's cooperation with international and regional energy agencies, as well as actual issues facing the energy diplomacy of Japan today.
The article presents the world forecast for the development of the heat and power industry for the production of heat and electricity. It is noted that the increase in the production of types of energy is associated not only with an increase in the consumption of fossil fuels, but also with the deterioration of the environmental situation. Taking into account the foreign experience of using solar installations producing thermal energy and favorable climatic conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the prospects of using solar air heaters for heating existing residential buildings were discussed. providing residential buildings and drying plants with heat energy without expensive constructive and technological solutions, as well as carrying out rapid heating of premises. Such a collector, despite the fact that the air has a lower heat capacity, can provide an even distribution of heat, it is well regulated both in temperature and in the amount of air supplied. In addition, collectors operating under natural convection conditions can be successfully combined with a traditional heating system.
At the same time, the article also shows a positive experience of using air heaters in drying technology. In particular, an industrial prototype of a solar air heater was used to dry the windings of transformers used in pumping stations of irrigation systems for the water sector of the Republic. It is shown that the use of air heaters allows saving not only significant fuel, energy and monetary resources, but also strengthening the energy security of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
SUMMARY
On the article "The role of solar heaters in the thermal energy industry and the prospects for their development in the Republic of Uzbekistan"
The article discusses the use of solar heaters in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan during the heating season to support traditional heating systems.
As is well known, solar energy is the most prepared form of all existing alternative energy sources, which can be used, partial and in some cases completely, as a replacement to the heating system in the residential or public buildings. More acceptable devices that provide this heating can be considered solar air heaters.
Such a collector, despite air’s low heat capacity, can provide an even distribution of heat, well-regulated both by temperature and by the amount of air supplied. The Republic of Uzbekistan is in a favorable geographical area for such collector because solar energy in the country can be practically used for 10 months of the year, of course, considering the variable nature of solar insolation.
The author of the article shows that with the volume of housing stock of Uzbekistan at 507,5 million m2 (private housing fund is 504,1 million m2 as of January 1, 2018), 4 months’ heating cost during the heating season can make up 4,6 trillion soums.
Preliminary calculations show that the use of solar air heaters in buildings heating systems, at least as an auxiliary source of thermal energy, provides significant savings in natural gas.
For example, during the coldest months in the country – December and January- the savings can comprise 0,26 to 0,23 trillion soums. The article presents an experimental sample of the solar air heater, as well as describes the positive results of using solar air heaters for drying transformer windings.
This article examines the theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem of energy security, which is becoming a topical geopolitical issue today. In particular, the interpretations of the concept of energy security, its transformation into a geopolitical factor and the structural elements of energy security are highlighted. The focus is on modern approaches and trends in energy security, as well as theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of regional aspects of energy security.
At the same time, efforts will be made to reveal the scale of threats to energy security and the destructive factors that make energy security relevant, their impact on interstate relations and political destabilization. The article summarizes the author's definition of the concept of energy security.
The article discusses the prospects for the development of the heat and power industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was noted that according to the development concept of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2035, the expected growth in electricity consumption in the Republic will be approximately from 2000 to 3156 kWh/person. This growth in electricity production is planned to be achieved by increasing the production of renewable energy sources (RES) in the structure of generating capacities from 12.7% to 19.7% by 2025, upgrading existing plants, building new combined-cycle gas plants (CCGPs) and further construction of a nuclear power plant (NPP).
Given that in the coming years to 85% of the thermal and electric energy in the Republic is generated in thermal power stations that use natural energy resources such natural gas, coal and fuel oil, and also given the greater depreciation of equipment stations and as a consequence their low efficiency, the authors emphasize the importance of using to generate these types of energy modern combined cycle technology.
It is indicated that currently there is a wide technical and industrial cooperation of the main foreign gas turbine manufacturers in the world. In the world, the main manufacturers of such equipment are three companies - General Electric (USA), Siemens - Westinghouse (Germany - USA) and Alstom (France, Switzerland, Sweden).
Variants of combined steam and gas turbine units (GTU) have been developed. As a result of the GTU operation, the gases used in the installation were proposed to be used in the steam power cycle.
Advantages of CCGP: combined-cycle plants can achieve an electric efficiency of more than 60 %. For comparison, the efficiency of steam power plants operating separately is usually in the range of 33-4 %, for gas turbine plants - in the range of 28-42 %; low cost per unit of installed capacity; combined-cycle plants consume significantly less water per unit of electricity generated compared to steam power plants; short construction time (9-12 months); there is no need for constant fuel supply by railway or sea transport; compact dimensions allow you to build directly at the consumer (factory or inside the city), which reduces the cost of power lines and transportation of electric energy; more environmentally friendly compared to steam power plants.
The disadvantages of CCGP include: the need to filter the air used for fuel combustion; restrictions on the types of fuel used. As a rule, natural gas is used as the main fuel, and diesel fuel is used as a backup fuel. The use of coal as fuel is only possible in installations with in-cycle coal gasification, which greatly increases the cost of building such power plants. This implies the need to build expensive fuel transportation communications - pipelines; seasonal capacity restrictions. maximum performance in winter.
However, despite the listed disadvantages of CCGP, at this stage of development of the Republic, combined-cycle plants can produce electricity with a high efficiency, thereby significantly saving natural gas. Approximate calculations show that the technical re-equipment of the domestic heat power industry using gas-turbine and combined-cycle technologies and environmental protection equipment developed in the world will allow saving natural gas annually in the amount of approximately 1010 m3, which in monetary terms will amount to 3 trillion soums. In General, it is concluded that
1.to solve the country's energy problems, it is necessary to accelerate the introduction of REI, technically re-equip the domestic heat and power industry using gas turbine and combined-cycle technologies developed in the world.
2.in power plants where the fuel balance contains a large proportion of fuel oil or coal, but there is also natural gas, in an amount sufficient to power the gas turbine, it may be advisable to thermodynamically more efficient gas turbine superstructures.
3.to implement the tasks of modernization and reconstruction, involve the private sector in the energy sector on the basis of public-private partnership. Create the necessary regulatory framework and technical infrastructure.
This article highlights theoretical approaches and views of energy security in the theory of modern international relations, their role in the interpretation and analysis of international energy processes, the balanced aspects of theoretical schools, the importance of theoretical approaches and ideas in scientific research on energy security and energy cooperation between states, the current problems facing energy security today.
This study presents an analysis of energy and water consumption in an apartment building through a comprehensive case study. The objective is to assess the patterns and trends of energy and water usage, identify potential areas of improvement, and propose strategies for increased efficiency and sustainability. Data on energy consumption, water usage, and relevant building characteristics are collected and analyzed. The findings provide valuable insights into the current consumption patterns, highlight areas of high energy and water usage, and quantify the potential for energy and water savings. The study emphasizes the importance of energy and water management in residential buildings and provides recommendations for optimizing resource utilization and reducing environmental impact.
This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of energy and water consumption patterns in an apartment building. The study aims to quantify and understand the factors influencing energy and water usage, as well as identify potential areas for efficiency improvements. A detailed dataset of energy and water consumption data from individual units within the building was collected and analyzed. Statistical methods and data visualization techniques were employed to examine consumption patterns and identify trends. The findings reveal important insights into the distribution of energy and water consumption across various time periods, unit sizes, and occupancy patterns. Moreover, key factors influencing consumption, such as occupant behavior, appliance usage, and climate conditions, were investigated. The study highlights potential strategies for optimizing energy and water efficiency in apartment buildings and provides a foundation for informed decision-making in sustainable building management.
This study presents a novel approach to efficiently monitor electronic equipment loads in ferry ship passenger rooms using Long Range Wireless Communication (LoRA) telemetry technology. The system enables real-time data collection, allowing ship operators to manage and optimize energy consumption effectively. By leveraging LoRA's long-range capabilities, the solution offers a cost-effective and reliable means of monitoring various electrical devices, enhancing passenger safety, comfort, and energy efficiency. This research showcases the potential of LoRA wireless telemetry in maritime applications, particularly in optimizing electronic equipment loads in passenger environments.
Efficient energy management and monitoring in maritime transportation play a crucial role in reducing operational costs and environmental impact. This study presents an innovative approach to monitor electronic equipment loads in passenger rooms aboard ferry ships using Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) wireless telemetry technology.
The proposed system consists of IoT sensors equipped with LoRa transceivers strategically placed within passenger rooms to collect real-time data on the power consumption of electronic devices such as air conditioning units, lighting, and charging ports. These sensors communicate wirelessly with a central monitoring and control unit, providing ship operators with valuable insights into energy usage patterns.
Key features of this system include low power consumption, long-range communication capabilities, and scalability. By employing LoRaWAN technology, the system achieves reliable data transmission over extended distances, making it suitable for large vessels like ferry ships. Furthermore, the low-power nature of LoRa enables extended battery life for the sensors, reducing maintenance efforts.
The collected data is processed and analyzed to optimize energy usage and improve overall operational efficiency. Operators can remotely monitor and control electronic equipment loads, allowing for immediate adjustments in response to changing passenger demands or energy efficiency goals. Additionally, historical data analysis facilitates predictive maintenance, reducing downtime and repair costs.
This study showcases a successful implementation of the LoRa-based electronic equipment load monitoring system in a real-world ferry ship environment. Preliminary results demonstrate significant reductions in energy consumption and improved operational efficiency. Furthermore, the system contributes to sustainability efforts by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with maritime transportation.