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ON THE PROBLEM OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS OF ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES IN
COMPARISON: THEIR SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES
Кеулимжаева Г.К
Нукус
,
Узбекистан
Преподаватель КГУ им.Бердаха, факультет иностранных языков
e-mail:
gulya.97.97@mail.ru
+998973543733
Resume:
This article deals with the classification of phraseological units in the English,
Russian and Karakalpak languages. The article is devoted to the comparative study of
the phraseological units of the three languages.
Key words:
phraseological units, parts of speech, classification, phraseological tracing,
comparison.
Comparative study of languages is one of the leading directions of modern
linguistic science. Comparison allows revealing the similarities and specific for each
language differences in the choice of phonetic, lexical, grammatical means, while
describing the same facts of linguistic reality.
The object of the comparative analysis in this article is the phraseological system
of the English, Russian, Karakalpak languages.
The phraseology of the English, Russian and Karakalpak languages is rich and
varied both in composition and in content; it is distinguished by originality, beauty and
expressiveness. In addition, they have a developed system of expressive means:
polysemy, rich synonymy.
In the modern science of phraseological units, we can distinguish the following
methods for their classification, which are equally acceptable for both English and
Russian and Karakalpak languages.
From a morphological point of view, phraseological units can be considered
depending on which parts of speech the words constitute them and the whole
phraseological unit corresponds to which part of speech [1, 46].
Phraseological units of the English language make the following combination:
a)
combination of a noun with the numeral and adjective:
three sheets to the wind,
vicious circle, the Indian summer;
b)
combination of the prepositional-case noun form with the adjective:
sink into a
reverie,
be on a good footing;
c)
combination of a verb with a noun (with a preposition and without a preposition):
make something out of thin air, come to one’s senses
,
cock one’s nose
;
d)
combination of a verb with adverb:
to see through somediv, fly high, get down to
earth;
e)
combination of participle with noun:
one’s heart is bleeding;
Russian phraseological units make the following combination [5, 37]:
a)
combination of nouns:
море по колено (three sheets to the wind), с минуты на
минуту (from a minute to minute), турусы на колёсах (cock-and-bull stories)
;
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b)
combination of a noun with adjective, pronoun, ordinary number:
за милую душу
(sink into a reverie), наш брат (bruh), первые шаги (initial steps);
c)
comparison of a verb with a noun, including a verbal adverb with a noun:
высосать из пальца (make something out of thin air), заварить кашу (put the chestnuts
in the fire), сесть в калошу (be in a pretty puddle), засучив рукава (turn up ones
sleeves), скрепя сердце (reluctantly)
;
d)
comparison of a verb with adverb:
видеть насквозь (see through a brick wall),
лететь стрелой (buzz).
In the Karakalpak language the phraseological units make the following
combination [2, 88]:
a)
comparison of two nouns in the main case or a noun in the genitive case with a
noun in the main case:
аўыз бастырыў (three sheets to the wind), ийт өлими (cur’s
death), пышақ арқасы (flip knife), көз асты (hand-picked), ат усти (astraddle);
b)
combination of a noun in the main case with verb:
иш писиў (get drearily), көз
бояў (Machiavellian), журек сазыў (benign up);
c)
comparison of the noun in the accusative case with the verb:
өкше көтериў
(toddle up), бой жазыў (lie by), журек жалғаў (buzz around the barrel), мурын
көтериў (have a fair conceit of), көз жумыў (turn the blind eye);
d)
combination of a noun in dative case with verb:
көзге илмеў (make little
of),белине тебиў (ball-up), бетке айтыў (make something out of thin air), көзге тусиў
(be in a trap);
e)
combination of a noun with adjective:
аўызы бос (bat ones gum), журеги бос (as
good as gold), бети қалың (brazen-faced);
f)
combination of a noun in dative case with noun in the main or accusative case and
verb:
тубине дўз егиў (get to the end of the end), аўызына қатық ўйтыў (keep one’s
mouth sewn);
g)
combination of an adjective with noun:
ушан теңиз бурқыған дәрья (give eye
teeth for),ушкыр қыял (sink into a reverie);
h)
comparison of the noun in the local case with the verb:
аяқтан тартыў (cut
across), аўызынан туспеў (keep going), ҳақынан шығыў (live up);
i)
combination of a noun and a verb, connected with a verb:
аўзы менен қус салыў
(lick somediv’s boots), тили менен өрақ өрыў (dissolve action in speech);
j)
combination of numerals and other parts of speech:
тоғыз жолдың ортасында
(midway), жети қыйлы (this and that), жети журттың тилин билетуғын (get on
with people);
k)
combination of adverbs and combinations of adverbs with other parts of speech:
арысы-ары (at intervals), бериси-бери (here-and-there), анаўы-анда (that-and-that),
мынаўы-мында (this-on-this), төбе шашы тик турыў (hit the roof).
It should be noted that similarities in the ways of formation of phraseological units
in the English, Russian and Karakalpak languages are expressed in the aspect of
morphology. Thus, in three languages, phraseological units are combinations of nouns
(
three sheets to the wind - море по колено - аўыз бастырыў),
nouns and adjectives
(sink
into a reverie - за милую душу – ушқыр қыял),
nouns and verbs
(make something out of
thin air - высосать из пальца – бетке айтыў).
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Typology of the English language based on the correspondence of the syntactic
functions of phraseological units and parts of speech with which they can be replaced [7,
87].
1.
Nominal idioms:
Swan-song
(in the sentence, they perform the functions of the
subject, the predicate, the addition; by the nature of connections with other words in
combination, they can manage a member and be controlled);
2.
Verbal idioms:
Hold one’s ground
-
to hold very firmly, not to give up their
positions
(in the sentence they play the role of a predicate; in combination with other
words, they can be coordinated, managed and be controlled);
3.
Adjective idioms
: In blooming health
(they have a meaning of a qualitative
characteristic and, like adjectives, appear in the sentence as a function of the definition or
the nominal part of the predicate);
4.
Adverbial or adverbial idioms:
Up one’s sleeves
(like adverbs, characterize the
quality of the action and play the role of circumstances in the sentence);
5.
Interstitial idioms:
Good luck!
(like interjections, such phraseological expressions
express will, feelings, speaking as separate, undifferentiated sentences).
It is known that, according to the point of view of well-known linguists, in
particular, N.A. Shansky [8, 62], idioms are distinguished by the relation with the part of
speech in the Russian language:
1.
Verb (or verbal; from the Latin. Verbum - verb):
класть зубы на полку (have to
tighten one’s belt) бить баклуши (twiddle one’s thumbs), клевать носом (needle-
noddle), водить за нос(lead up the garden path);
2.
Nominal (substantive; from the Latin. Substantivum - the noun):
заячья душа
(faint-heart), хождение по мукам (frivolous and habitual engaging);
3.
Adjectival (from the Latin. Adjectivum - an adjective):
гол как сокол (ever spare
ever bare),кожа да кости (stack of bones), на одно лицо (per capita);
4.
Adverbial:
кто в лес кто по дрова (Dutch concert), на веки вечные (till kingdom
come), через пень колоду (via stump chump);
5.
Interstitial:
Вот тебе раз! (Heres a pretty how-do-you-do!), Мать честная!
(Mater fair and square!), Ни пуха, ни пера! (Break a leg!).
Speaking about the types of phraseological units in relation to the part of speech in
the Karakalpak language, we can distinguish the classification given by E. Berdimuratov
[2, 133]:
1.
Verbal: бас қатырыў
(mull over), иши жаныў (down at heels), көзге илмеў (let
things slide), ускини қуйылыў (rub through), бел байлаў (blaze up), баўыр басыў (form
a habit), туйениң устинен ийт қабыў (wide-eyed
.
2.
Substantive:
аўыз бирлик (in concert), көз адыйығы (send ones compliments),
аўыз бастырық (cover over).
3.
Adjectival:
ашық жузли (gentle heart), қара бет (wicked up), көкиреги кең
(profuse in), қолы гул (clever fingers), өң қолы ойылған (plooding on).
4.
Adverbial:
көз бенен қастың арасында (phony up), бир аўыздан (at one stoke),
ат усти (pique oneself on), көзди ашып жумғанша (on the spot)
.
From the above examples, it follows that phraseological units in relation to the
part of speech in these languages show complete similarity. Thus, the phraseological
units of the English, Russian and Karakalpak languages have similarities and differences.
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The main similarity is reflected in the methods of classification. Speaking of differences,
it can be noted that in Karakalpak language there are phraseological tracing from English
and Russian languages and literally translatable phraseological units, due to the
peculiarity of the national mentality.
REFERENCES:
1. Arsenyev E.F. Comparative analysis of phraseological units. – Kazan: Kazan.un-ta
publishing house, 1989. – P. 389.
2. Berdimuratov E. Ҳәzirgi қaraқalpakti. Lexicology. – Nukus, 1994.
3. Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd ed., Stereotype. – M.:
Russian language, 2001. – P. 264.
4. Molotov V.M. Fundamentals of the phraseology of the Russian language. JL: Science,
1965.
5. Russian-Karakalpak phraseological dictionary (edited by A. Zharimbetov). Nukus,
1982.
6. Telia V.N. Russian phraseology: Semantic, programmatic and linguocultural aspect. –
M.: School «Languages of Russian Culture», 1996.
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