All articles - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Kovrak turkumi vakillarinining shifobaxshlik xususiyatlari bevosita ularning kimyoviy tarkibi bilan bog‘liq. Shu sababli, turkum vakillarining kimyoviy tarkibini ko‘plab olimlar o‘rganib kelishmoqda. Ushbu maqolada Ferula L. turkumi vakillari o‘zida saqlagan muhim kimyoviy birikmalar va ularning o‘rganilishi haqida qisqacha ma’lumot berilgan.

Түркістан облысының аумағы Қазақстан Республикасының оңтүстігінде шөлдер аймағында орналасқан. Ол шөл-ландшафт аймағы ретінде орташа белдеудің құрамына кіреді, солтүстіктен оңтүстікке қарай 550 км, ал батыстан шығысқа қарай 470 км-ге созылып жатыр [1].

Ushbu maqolada kallus to’qimasi haqida tushuncha va uning xususiyatlari, kallus hujayralarid mavjud moddalar, kallus to’qimalarida o’sish shakllari va kallus kulturalari texnikalari, kallusga qarshi kurash chora-tadbirlari haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan.

Soch jinoyat sodir bo‘lgan joyda topiladigan eng keng tarqalgan biologik dalillardan biri bo‘lib, sud tibbiyotida muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ba‘zi ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra, to‘kilgan sochlar jinoyat sodir bo‘lgan joylarda to‘plangan namunalarning 90 foizini tashkil qiladi. Odam organizmidagi barcha hujayralar o‘zida irsiy axbarot saqlaganligi tufayli, hujayralardagi DNK ni ajratib olish va o‘rganish orqali shaxsning belgilarini aniqlash mumkinligi va sochlarda ham DNK mavjudligini inobatga olgan holda ulardan ham DNK ajratib olishning samarali usullarini ishlab chiqish sud tibbiyoti uchun shuningdek, qo‘rg‘oshin yoki simob kabi metallar bilan zaharlanganlikni aniqlash uchun ham qo‘llash mumkin. Ushbu tezisda sochlar va ular tarkibidan DNK ajratib olish haqida so‘z boradi.

Ушбу мақолада кўмир кукунларидан сифатли ва ёнувчан брикетлар олиш учун органик бириктирувчилардан фойдаланиш усуллари келтирилган.

Appropriateness and relevance of the dissertation's subject. "According to UN projections, by 2050, the production of food resources should be doubled, which would feed about 9.3 billion people" 1 With the deterioration of the global climate and land degradation is a falling agricultural productivity. To avoid a global environmental catastrophe a radical change in the structure of production and consumption of a number of key natural and agricultural resources, including cotton is needd.
Cotton (Gossypium L.) is one of the most important crops. Experts estimate that by 2030 global demand for cotton products will more than double, while the annual increase in genetic yield of raw cotton, is only 7,1-8,7 kg / ha. At the same time, competition in the world market leads to increased requirements for the quality of cotton fiber.
Most modern cultivated varieties of cotton have a common genetic structure that is not able to fully meet modem requirements. Work on improving the quality of fiber - a very complex process due to the narrow genetic base of modem cultivars of cotton and negative genetic correlation between the quality and yield of cotton fiber. This instruct you to explore the genetic resources of cotton, for use in the selection process of its genetic diversity.
To ensure the high competitiveness of cotton production in Uzbekistan use modem approaches to improving productivity and quality of cotton fiber.
Much of the molecular-genomic research and MAS focused on members of the species G. hirsutum. Another species, unfortunately, neglected, at the same time they have a wealth of genetic potentia For example, it is necessary to focus more attention on the genome of long staple cotton {G.barbadense), a fiber which far exceeds the quality indicators of medium staple cotton.
This dissertation research is to a certain extent to the task of implementation of the Presidential Decree of October 20, 2008 No. PD-4041 "On measures to optimize the acreage and increased production of food crops."
The purpose of research is to study the molecular genetic diversity, population structure and identification of genetic loci associated with valuable traits in cultivated representatives oflong staple cotton (G. barbadense) from the world collection of germplasm of cotton in Uzbekistan.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
assessment of the diversity of a large sample of 288 G.barbadense a ccessions from the cotton germplasm collection of Uzbekistan in two independent cco-geographical conditions (Uzbekistan and the United States) on a range of valuable economic traits;
ecotypes identified with the greatest stability on interesting features in the various cco-gcographical conditions of growth, as well as combining the best features of several indicators of fiber quality and valuable morphological and biological parameters in Uzbekistan, and the United States.
studied the molecular-genetic diversity of G. barbadense accessions using SSR markers and identified informative microsatellite marker loci to analyze the genome of cultured representatives of the G. barbadense-,
revealed the amount of variability and distribution of allele frequencies of SSR marker loci in cultivated G. barbadense germplasm.
studied the genetic diversity at the level of DNA marker loci;
identified the genetic distance, genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of cultivated accessions of the collection
determined the genetic structure of a population cultivated of G. barbadense verieties;
investigated and determined the genetic structure and genetic differentiation of populations of worldwide G. barbadense L. germplasm collection and the most genetically diverse ecotypes identified.
studied and defined and intrapopulation intcrpopulation genetic differentiation;
assessment of linkage disequilibrium and its decay in the genome of the cultivated G. barbadense species was done;
an associative mapping of valuable traits using germplasm resources of cultivated G. barbadense and found a trait-associated markers have retained a strong association with the fiber traits as in Uzbekistan, and the United States;
verified an integrated genetic map of tctraploid cotton, defined the distance between the new and already well-known trait-associated markers, determined more precisely the location of some QTLsfor agronomic traits on chromosomes;
first tested method «in silica chromosome walking» using complex computer analysis, which revealed a sequences near the SSR marker loci, homologous genes causes the manifestation of some marker-associated traits.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Evaluated of diversity of 288 G.barbadense accessions from the cotton germplasm collection of Uzbekistan in two independent cco-gcographical conditions on a range of valuable economic traits. Determined ecotypes, which have the highest stability on interesting traits in the various eco-gcographical conditions of growth, as well as combining the best performance of several fiber trait and valuable morphological and biological parameters in Uzbekistan, as well as in the USA environments, which arc the first to engage in breeding.
2. Studied molecular-genetic diversity of G. barbadense genome using SSR markers. Revealed 108 polymorphic SSR markers amplified 301 marker locus. Number of loci ranged from 2 to 5 with an average value of 3.5 for one locus SSR markers. In a study 60 (55%) proved to multilocus markers (3 or more loci), the majority of loci (81%) were represented by two and three alleles. It is shown that in the germplasm of cultivated G. barbadense germplasm there arc a large number of new alleles. On the basis of the identified marker a panel is designed to determine the varietal ecotypes and accessions, obtained for each sample a unique genetic profile (DNA barcode).
3. Revealed moderate (~ 33%) total genetic diversity at the level of DNA marker loci ranged over a wide range (0.02-0.71) Identified phylogcntic relationship of G. barbadense accessions on the basis of genetic distances varying between 0.01 - 0.67, with an average value of 0.19. Identified genetic structure of the population, which is represented by two sub-populations, and several genetic groups within population.
4. The high level of intra-variability (67.2%) and moderate intcrpopulation differentiation (32.8%) revealed. Very strong genetic differentiation (0.584) was found between Africa subgroup and and Turkmen subgroup and between African and Uzbek subgroup (0.575). There is moderate genetic differentiation (F.$7 =0.117) between the Uzbek and Turkmen subgroup. In accessions formation was involved African, African-American and American genotypes. The greatest genetic diversity have found in Turkmen varieties. Clearly traced the genetic isolation of the Uzbek and Turkmen varieties and noted the formation of the Central Asian ecotype.
5. Linkage disequilibrium in the genome of the cultivated G. barbadense, at critical values of r2>0.1 and r2>0.2 remained at 8% and 4.3% respectively, according to pairwise combinations of SSR markers.
6. LD decay in the G. barbadense genome, with a minimum threshold of r2>0.05 in on average 24.8cM, and at a high threshold of r2>0.1 LD retained, on average, at a distance of З.ЗбсМ.
7. MLM based association mapping have identified 100 trait-associated markers which retained a strong association with the fiber traits in Uzbekistan, and the United States environments, of which 85 markers identified for the first time. Identified markers arc highly associated (BF<0.15), both with one and with two or more economically valuable traits in both geographical conditions and arc a priority for the MAS program.
8. Specified an integrated genetic map of tetrapioid cotton, where determined the distance between the new and already well-known trait-associated markers and determine more precisely the location of some QTLs for agronomic traits on chromosomes.
9. The method of «in silica chromosome walking» was tested using complex computer analysis and revealed the sequences of 17 genes near the 8 SSR markers. Of these, at least 8 genes substantially coincide with the identified associations marker indication based on a comparison of functions described in the literature.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. One of the urgent problems of modem chemistry is the search of directions of rational use of natural resources and creation on their basis of practically useful new materials and technologies.
Thus the special attention is given to the problem of localisation, creation and introduction in the manufacture of the new biologically active connections used in various areas of national economy that leads to import substitution and economy of currency means. In order to increase the volume of manufacturing chemical products the important problem of further expansion of their assortment and improvement of quality is put.
The main role in this belongs to purposeful searches of new valuable substances, more effective methods and processes of synthesis and division of products, by radical improvement of existing manufactures.
Working out of new technology more and more is based on its scientific report, including knowledge of the mechanism and physical and chemical laws of process. The big reserves in production efficiency increase arc available in the field of improvement of the operating enterprises by a choice of optimum parametres of process, modernisation of technological schemes and the equipment, qualified use of by-products and production wastes. Set of all these factors is of special significance for the further development of the industry of organic synthesis in conditions in the Republic of Kazakhstan which economic reforms arc ongoing.
Noted in fully masurc can be attributed to the alkaloids and carbohydrates, which arc the main representatives of the natural compounds. One of the promising directions of their practical application is to study them as a source of subjects for new biologically active compounds.
Chemical modification of the structure of alkaloids and carbohydrates has large and still not fully disclosed potential prospects. The derivatives of modified monosaccharides arc of great scientific and practical interest, since many of them have a pronounced biological activity of a broad spectrum of action. A number of derivatives of monosaccharides arc widely used in medicine, such as an effective anticanccr and antiviral drugs. It is important in this case that the introduction of the carbohydrate residues in the structure of biologically active substances often leads to increase water solubility and decrease toxicity. All these determines interest in synthetic chemistry modifications of monosaccharides. It should also be noted that the data on the compounds that combines both carbohydrate and alkaloid of the fragments arc not described in the literature.
On the basis of the conducted works on the obtaining biologically active substances conditions of synthesis with various functional groups, showing a wide spectrum of biological action will be created.
In connection with thccrcation of scientific bases of obtaining biologically active substances by the modification of monosaccharides and the decision of the problems connected with synthesis of biologically active substances on their basis, arc the actual problems representing as theoretical, and practical value.
Dissertational research in certain degree will promote the decision of problems resulted in the decision of the President of Republic of Kazakhstan RK № 00512 «Reasonable use of natural resources, processing of raw materials and products» (2005-2015).
Purpose of research. Definition of regularity of reaction of the combination of monosaccharide of some amines and alkaloids and creation of obtaining technology of biologically active substances containing simultaneously a carbohydrate part both amines and alkaloid fragments.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists of the following:
dcterminationof the kinetic regularities of hydrolysis of thcpolysaccharides, depending on the temperature of conccntrationof the polysaccharidcinsolution, the nature and the concentration of the acid;
for the first time the synthesis of N- glycoside and N- xylose derivatives on the basis of certain alkaloids has been carried out and their structure has been defined;
interaction reaction of tctraacctylgluco-pyranosy-lisothiocyanatc with cytisine alkaloid, L-cphcdrinc and D-pscudo-cphcdrinc has been studied and their thiourea derivatives have been obtained;
synthesis of carbohydratccontaining ester of N-
alkaloiddithiocarbamicacidsrcacting with cytisincalkaloid, L- cphcdrincand D-pscudocphcdrincwith carbon disulfide inthc presence of tricthylaminc has been studied and furthcralkylation ofl-dcoxy-2,3,4,6-tctra-O-acetyl-P-D-glucopyranosyl bromidchas brought to obtain dithiourcthans;
new polyfunctional derivatives including sulfur- and halogcn-containing derivatives of N- aminoglycosides on the basis of amines of the primary aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic series have been obtained and their possible formation-anomeric forms have been defined;
technological parameters of the synthesis of biological active substances containing carbohydrate part both amines and alkaloids fragments have been developed and their range of application has been determined.
Conclusion
1. Methods for the preparationof monosaccharideson the basisof local raw matcrials(com stalk, cotton stem, vine,darmanaandpoppy) have been developed andimproved.The kineticregularity of hydrolysisof polysaccharidcsdcpcnding on thcconccntrationof the polysaccharidcin solution,nature andthc concentration of acidhas beendetermined. It has been determinedthat as the presence of aceticacid during the reaction byproduct formationprocessis relatively slow.
2. For the purpose of obtaining xylite the hydrogenation ofxylose has been conducted and the structure ofthc most activecobalt alloysand catalysts, modified with ferromolybdenumandferrotitanium has been investigated. The optimalcondition of hydrogenolysisprocess of xylose has been determined andan the optimalcomposition of the catalyst: Cu-Al-FTi =45% -50% -5% has been introduced
3. Thc reaction ofmonosaccharides(D-glucose and D-xylose) withalkaloids cytisine, L- ephedrine and D-pseudoephedrine has been investigated, consequently adequate N- glucosilamincs and N-xylosilamincs have been obtained and characterized. N-glycosides has been obtained bycounter synthesis, i.c.alkylating the above-mcntioncdalkaloids with tctra-O-acctyl-P-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, then . l-(2,3,4,6-tctra-O-acctyl-P-D-glucopyranosyl) amines have been obtainedby subsequcntrcaction withsodium methylate.
4. Thefirst time thcrcaction oftctraacytilglucopyranosisilisothiocyanate withalkaloidscytisine, L-ephedrine and D-pscudocphcdrine and theirthioureaderivatives. Their structure has been determined by usingIR- and NMRspcctroscopy, massspcctromctryandX-ray analysis.
5. The synthesisof carbohydrate N-alkaloiddithiocarbamicacid has been conducted by rcactingcytisincalkaloid, L- cphcdrincand D-pscudocphcdrinewith carbon disulfide inthc presence of tricthylamine. It is shown thatthc further alkylation ofl-dcoxy-2,3,4,6-tetra-O- acctyl-D- glucopyranosyl bromidcled to obtaining dithiourctans.
6. Based on hydrazides of o- and n -hydroxybenzoic acid very promising in biological carbohydrate thiosemicarbazidc derivatives and their structure has been determined using IR- and NMR'H spectroscopy.
7. Based on these studies, the synthesis of 33 new glycoside- containing derivatives of alkaloids cytisine, L-ephedrine and D- pseudoephedrine and certain heterocyclic amines. These compounds arc characterized by modem physicochemical methods of analysis.
8. Among the synthesized compounds substances having insecticidal, fungicidal, hcpatoprotective, and antimicrobial and other activities have been identified. Some of the synthesized compounds arc recommended for further in-depth biological testing for insecticidal, aphicidal and antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
9. As a result of research the technological scheme of obtaining substance N-P-D-glucopyranocytisinchas been created and also the laboratory technological regulation and adequate technical regulations have been worked out.

Subjects of research: the Turkestan termite, plants, chemical control.
Purpose of work: development of scientific bases of protection of wooden materials from damages caused by the Turkestan termite (Anacanthotermes turkestanicus).
Methods of research: common entomological and statistical methods were applied in the dissertation.
The results obtained and their novelty: specimens of 31 plant species from the flora of Uzbekistan were for the first time studied in the work. By the inflicted damage, these plants arc divided into four groups. Methods of protection of wood types, which arc not persistent to termite-inflicted damages, were developed using the impregnation of them with chemical preparations.
Practical value: types of wood, which can be used in the construction of residential houses and other buildings in places of termite habitats and persistent to their attack, arc identified. The use of a highly effective local preparation Scptor-2 is of importance for the protection of historic monuments from termite attacks.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: a local preparation Scptor-2 was applied for the protection of the mosque Khasan-Khusan in Nurata district of Navoi province, where it showed a high economic effect.
Field of application: the Ministry of culture and sport of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Department for culture and sports of Navoi province. The obtained results arc also used in the construction of residential houses, public buildings and historic monuments for their protection of termites in areas of the intensive distribution of termites.

Subjects of research: red pepper Capsicum аппиит L.
Purpose of work: Investigation of the basic and minor components of sum of capsaici-noids which isolated from local red pepper Capsicum аппиит L. sorts, study of their biological, pharmacological properties and creation on their base medicinal preparate.
Methods of research: During investigation bioorganic chemistry, pharmacology and pharmacopea methods were used.
The results obtained and their novelty: Capsaicinoid, carotinoid and vitamin composition of the Capsicum аппиит L red pepper which cultivated in climatic conditions at the Fergana valley was studied for the first time by method IIPLC. Antiradical, membranetrope and antiexudative properties of the sum of capsaicinoids were investigated. A pilot instrument and preparative method for isolation the sum of capsaicinoids from the Capsicum аппиит L. red pepper is created. Quantative and qualitative composition of capsaicinoids which were isolated from the Capsicum аппиит L. red pepper were studied by LC-MS method for the first time. In the red pepper 11 capsaicinoids at different quantities were revealed. On the base of the sum of capsaicinoids substance is created. Fatty acid and vitamin composition of the grape oil which isolated from the local grape seeds are studied by methods ofGC-MS and I IPLC.
Practical value: On the base of the substance “Capsaicinoids”, grape oil, bee venom and methylsalysilate an anti-inflammatory preparate “Apicapsalvin” is created. The temporary pharmacological papers for the substance of “Capsaicinoids” and for the linimentum “Apicapsalvin” were registered by the main office of the quality control medicinal drugs and medicinal techniques of Ministry of Health, Republic of Uzbekistan (№ 42 Uz -1470 - 2009 and № 42 Uz -1471 -2009 respectively).
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The substance of “Capsaicinoids” and linimentum of “Apicapsalvin” are ordered by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Uzbekistan (№329 from 30 October, 2009) for widely using in medicinal practice.
Field of application: bioorganic chemistry, pharmaceutics and medicine.

Subjects of research: The object of study is the sp-2 protein complex from soybean cake.
Purpose of work. Isolation of the sp-2 protein complex from soybean cake, the study of its physical and chemical characteristics and specific anticancer activity on AKA.TOL, B-16 melanoma and breast cancer strains.
Methods of research. Column chromatography, electrophoretic studies, determination of amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acids, radiometric analysis on incorporation of 14C - thymidine, imunnchistochcmical analysis, microscopy, imunne enzyme analysis, PCR analysis.
The results obtained and their novelty. For the first time sp-2 protein complex was isolated from soybean cake and its physical and chemical properties were studied. The obtained purified protein complex consists from 5 proteins with a molecular mass of the core component of 30 kDa, isoelectric point of pl -3,8; 3,9 and 8,2. Amino acid composition: Ala, Arg, Asp, Vai, His, Glu, Gly, He, Leu, Lys, Met, Pro, Ser, Tyr, Thr, Phe. N-tcrminal amino acids: threonine, glycine, serine, proline, valine. The sp-2 protein has shown high antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.
Practical value. Application was submitted to the State Patent Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan №IAP 20080420 «The method of extraction of protein complex from plant material cake ». The results will help to increase fundamental knowledge of modem science regarding the mechanism and effects of proteins on tumor cells, allow to understand the new strategy for treating malignant tumors and to develop new anticancer drugs based on proteins extracted from soybean.
Application of results. In a result of the research sp-2 protein was proposed as an antitumor agent. In a framework of applied research under the grant of FA-A11-T174 on "Development of anti-tumor protein preparation from soybean cake and isolation of extra pure enzymes from local raw materials" a drug form of the preparation is being developed and the necessary technical documentation by the Temporary Pharmacopeias paper project for submission to the Pharmacopeias Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Field of application: chemistry of natural and physiologically active substances, medicine.

Subjects of research: chlorate sodium, urea, diurea sodium chlorate, monoethanolamine, acetic acid, acephatus, ethanol, acetamipride, sipermetrine.
Purpose of work: physicochemical substantiation and development of fundamental technology scheme of acquisition with establishment of optimal parameters of the production of defoliants in possession of physiologically activity and insecticide activity on the basic of diurea sodium chlorate, monoethanolamine acetate, acephatus, ethanol, acetamipride and sipermetrine.
Methods of resarch: visual-polytermic, chemical, thermogravimetric, IR-spectroscopic, x-ray phase.
The results obtained and their novelty: For the first time by the method of mutual solubility of the components gained new data on heterogeneous phase balances in 13 systems consisted of water, diurea sodium chlorate, monoethanolamine acetate, acephatus, ethanol, acetamipride and sipermetrine. Data on investigation of influence recommended defoliants into oil content of cotton seeds and results of toxic behavior of defoliants, in possession of physiologically activity and insecticide activity.
Practical value: created scientific bases of production of new defoliants in possession of physiologically activity and insecticide activity, principle technological schemes of their reception are offered.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: offered technologies are approved on integrated laboratory and experienced-production installation is produced initial lots defoliants, possessing physiological and insecticide by activity. Created defoliants possess "soft" action high defoliants and insecticide activity by activity promote efficient fall sheet, as well as 100% full destruction of vermin’s such as louse, whitefly, thripses. Under their influence the contamination of cotton filament with sticky masses and reduction of its quality should be prevented. The economic effectivity of 1 hectare of cotton plants treatment with defoliant based on magnesium chlorate and acephatus and with defoliant based on magnesium chlorate forms to 19477,9-22776,26 soums.
Field of application: Agriculture.

Subjects of research: In this object of study used an extracts from the topinambour tubers, sweet potato and collection culture of baker's yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Purpose of work: Screening for available raw materials - substitutes for molasses from non-traditional substrates and the selection of high-level, productive strains for the production of baker's yeast with high enzymatic activity and generative power.
Methods of research: Identification of carbohydrates, protein, inulin, sucrose, phosphorus, starch, thin-layer chromatography, cultivation and isolation of biomass, counting live and dead cells, determination of enzyme activities (inulaza, zymase, maltase, invertase), to determine the quality of bread and statistical analysis the data.
The results obtained and their novelty: The regulation of inducible enzyme activity, patterns of biomass accumulation of yeast, consisting of actively growing cells with components of the nutrient medium containing polifruktozan, obtaining enzymatically active yeast biomass with a wide spectrum of effect. Create of a preparation of high-level, competitive commercial baker's yeast, using as a nutrient substrate tubers of topinambour - a potential substitute for molasses.
Practical value: Developed the method for the preparation of nutrient medium for growing yeast on the basis of inulin containing raw materials, where the main source of carbon used an extract of topinambour, and the expediency of its usage. Based on theoretical principles and experimental data have an integrated part of the culture medium on the basis of inulin of topinambour extract, containing the sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and vitamin complex. The developed technological regulations for the production of baker's yeast in a medium with a topinambour production schedules for manufacturing.
Degree of embed and economic effectively: Cost-effectiveness of the use of yeast grown on inulin containing raw materials amounted to 1870 sum/kg (2009), compressed yeast, 1950 sum/kg for molasses.
Practical value: Developed the method for the preparation of nutrient medium for growing yeast on the basis of inulin containing raw materials, where the main source of carbon used an extract of topinambour, and the expediency of its usage. Based on theoretical principles and experimental data have an integrated part of the culture medium on the basis of inulin of topinambour extract, containing the sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and vitamin complex. The developed technological regulations for the production of baker's yeast in a medium with a topinambour production schedules for manufacturing.
Degree of embed and economic effectively: Cost-effectiveness of the use of yeast grown on inulin containing raw materials amounted to 1870 sum/kg (2009), compressed yeast, 1950 sum/kg for molasses.
Field of application: food industry, commercial yeast used in bread production.

Subjects of research: White not purebred rats: offspring, transferred chronic intrauterine hypoxia; newborn children with a cerebral ischemia of a various degree and their mothers.
Purpose of work: studying molecular mechanisms of biomembranes destruction under the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at hypoxia and effects of water - and fat-soluble antioxidants in ultra low doses on ROS generation in the brain tissues, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of liver at postnatal period after intrauterine hypoxia.
Methods of research: thin layer chromatography, biochemical, immuno-hystochcmical, clinical, ultrasound and cerebral blood flow evaluation, statistical.
The results obtained and their novelty: it is established the interrelation of a brain and liver, its contribution to aggravation of consequences of a cerebral ischemia at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is established positive effect of phenazan in ultra low doses on the ROS overproduction and phospholipids composition misbalancc in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver and on the liver cells apoptosis too at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is shown modulate effect of tocopherol on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity at early period after intrauterine hypoxia in liver microsomal fraction. It is established strong positive effect of synthetic water-soluble antioxidant phenazan on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity in the brain tissue, which cause the phospholipids composition normalization and provide optimal conditions to the brain development.
Practical value: The modified scale of a sub-optimality of the prenatal risk factors of cerebral ischemia in newborn was created, application of ultra low doses of antioxidants is proved at experimental search.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: the received results arc introduced as methodical recommendations and information letter in The Republican Specialized Scientific - Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, department of neonatology of the Tashkent Post graduated Medical Institute, department of biochemistry of Tashkent Pediatrician Medical Institute.
Field of application: biochemistry, pediatrics.

Subjects of the inquiry: State diagrams of Mg3(PO4)2 - Са5(РО4)зҒ, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAbSi2Os and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems; glass and glass-ceramics of Mg3(PO4)2—Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2—CaAl2Si2Os and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems; biocompatibility of glass-ceramics; bioglass-ccramic coatings of mctal-ccramics, bioglass-ccramic bone implants, allcast bioglass-ccramic denture, glaze of prosthetic dentistry articles.
Aim of the inquiry: Aim of research was to accomplish scientific approach to selection of compositions of bioglass-ccramics for orthopedic and prosthetic dentistry and technological basis of synthesis of biocompatiblc glass-crystal materials.
Method of inquiry: Hard-phase synthesis, static method of determination of phase equilibriums, crystal-optical analysis, X-ray-phase analysis, electronmicroscope analysis, electron-probe microanalysis, differential-thermal analysis.
The results achieved and their novelty: Phase equilibriums in Mg3(PO4)2-Саз(РО4)зҒ, Mg3(PO4)2—CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2—Са5(РС>4)зҒ—CaAbSi2Os systems were researched for the first time. Areas of glass formation and crystallization ability of glasses in researched systems were determined. Interconnection between composition-structurc-propcrty of glasses and glass-ceramics was investigated, which allowed to determine concentration borders of optimal compositions of glass-ceramic materials, theoretically explain and experimentally prove capability to directly control properties and structure of glass-ceramics. Glass-crystal materials on the basis of Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAbSi2Ox and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAbSi2Os systems were researched on compatibility with living organism. Conditions for synthesis of bioglass-ccramics for prosthetic surgery and dentistry were developed. Structural-controllcd synthesis of bioglass-ccramic coating for mctal-ceramics was developed. Glazes for prosthetic dentistry articles were developed.
Practical value: Regularities of adjustment of phase transitions in Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)2-CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F-CaAl2Si2O8 systems were determined, which allowed to develop compositions for obtaining bio-glass-ceramic articles for prosthetic surgery and dentistry. Technology for obtaining bioglass-ccramic articles for orthopedic surgery of dense and porous structure was developed. Compositions and technology of obtaining bioglass-ccramic dentures - all-cast and metal-ceramic articled with quality compatible with foreign analogues - were developed for the first time in Uzbekistan.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: Results of clinical test of patients, under observation from 1 to 10 years allow to recommend bioglass-ccramics on the basis of Mg3(PO4)2-Ca5(PO4)3F, Mg3(PO4)-CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg3(PO4)2-Cas(PO4)3F-CaA12Si2Oi{ systems for usage in jaw-face surgery departments of medical facilities in Uzbekistan and organization of industrial production of bioglass-ccramics for orthopedic surgery. Technical conditions for “Biositall” bio-compatiblc glass-crystal material were developed. Clinical tests of bioglass-ccramic dentures - all-cast and metal-ceramic articles were started in the premises of prosthetic dentistry department of 1st Tashkent State Medical Institute. It is necessary to continue clinical tests of bioglass-ccramics for prosthetic dentistry in order to determine long-term results, which allow recommend organization of industrial production. Obtained results may serve as commercial product for usage in treatment and service centers of prosthetic surgery and dentistry.
Sphere of usage: Medicine.

Subjects of the inquiry: Roots and above the ground parts of Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge.
Aim of the inquiry: Isolation and study of the cycloartanc glycosides from the plant Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge, screening the biological activity of the isolated substances and extract from plant material.
Method of the inquiry: extraction, chromatography methods, chemical, physical and spectral methods of investigation.
The results achieved and their novelty: Tritcrpcnc compounds of the plant Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge, growing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan have been studied. 7 triterpenoid compounds have been isolated from the plant, 4 of them are novel. The biological tests have been showed the less toxicity, cholagoguc and hypocholesteremic actions of the ethanol extract from the studied plant. The cytotoxic properties of the components from above the ground parts of Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge were also determined.
Practical value: The biological investigations showed that the high effective medicines for hepatology practice may be created on basis of the extract from the studied plant.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: The plant Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge, growing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan is a rich source of cycloartanc glycosides.
Sphere of usage: The extract from above the ground parts of Astragalus unifoliolatus Bunge containing the sum of cycloartanc glycosides may have interest in perspective as medicinal preparation for treatment hcpatologic diseases and for creation of the high specific antitumor drugs. Chemical structures of the novel glycosides, cyclounifoliosides А, В, C and D, their physical constants and spectral parameters arc included in M. I. Isaev’s hand-book «Cycloartane triterpenoids and glycosides» published in Springer.

Objects of the inquiry: adsorbents - silicalite, zeolites Na436ZSM-5, Na3 4ZSM-5 and Li436ZSM-5; adsorbates - water, benzene, p-xylcne.
Aim of the inquiry: study of isotherms and basic thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption and mechanism of adsorption of gases and vapors in the defectlcss silicalite and in the defective and defcctless ZSM-5 zeolites with Li * and Na' exchange cations.
Methods of inquiry: calorimetric, adsorption volumetric.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time are submitted the precision data of isotherm and complete thermodynamic characteristics (AH, AF and AS) of benzene and p-xylcnc adsorption in the dcfectless silicalite, water and benzene adsorption in dcfectless Li4,3(,ZSM-5 and Na^ZSM-S zeolites and also in defective Na3 4ZSM-5, the stepwise character of changing of the heats of adsorption of the investigated systems with surface filling is revealed. For the first time the molecular mechanism of benzene and p-xylcne adsorption in defectless silicalite, water and benzene in both defective and dcfectless LiZSM-5 and NaZSM-5 zeolites in all area of filling is discovered.
The practical value: The fundamental thermodynamic functions of the investigated systems arc of a practical value for the counting of processes and apparatuses of the sorption techniques. These tabulated data can be used in physical and colloid chemistry master courses as a handbook material.

Subject of the research: soils of deserted zones and rhizosphere of desert plants, halo- and thermotolerant bacteria
Purpose of work: the main aim was search for and isolation of halotolerant and thermotolerant bacteria from salty soils of the Southern Aral Sea region, determination of their diversity and establishment of the collection of extremophilic bacteria with valuable biotechnological features.
Methods of the research: classical microbiological (Yegorov, 1995; Gusev and Mineeva, 2006; Dobrovol’skaya, Skvotsova and Lysak, 1989) and biochemical (Yesikova et al., 2002; Yegorov, 2003) methods.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time, the distribution of halo- and thermotolerant microorganisms was studied in details for specific conditions of the Ustyurt Plateau, deserts Aralkum and Karakum, which are characterized by extreme natural conditions. The frequency of their appearance in different substrates (soil, plants’ rhizosphere and so on) was determined as well.
1152 strains of halo- and thermotolerant bacteria were isolated from salty and alkali soils of the Southern Aral Sea region (Central Karakum, Aralkum and the Ustyurt Plateau). 27 extremophilic bacteria and producers Bacillus circulans 600, B. circulans 608, B. muciloginosis 334, strain Halobacteriaceae 301 were selected and identified. Optimal medium was determined and cultivation conditions were optimized for growth and development of extremophiles. Their resistance to antibiotics was studied and antagonistic activity of selected bacteria was determined. It was revealed that metabolites of extremophilic bacteria increase seeds’ germination and growth of desert plants.
For the first time, the collection of indigenous halo- and thermotolerant bacteria isolated from natural zones with extreme environmental factors was established.
Practical value: for the first time in Uzbekistan the detailed microbiological work on study of microbial diversity of desert and deserted biotopes of the Southern Aral Sea region and on isolation and study of halo- and thermotolerant bacteria characteristic for that region was conducted. Obtained theoretical data may be included in to study books recommended for the educational institutions.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: isolated extremophilic bacteria may be applied for rehabilitation of grazing areas of the desert regions of Uzbekistan.
Field of application: fundamental and applied microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture.

Subjects of research: melon seeds and seedlings, fig latex and dodder (Cuscuta L.). Purpose of work: Isolation, structural-functional characterization of antimicrobial and insecticidal proteins, having potential importance for the biotechnology of cotton and the other agricultural crops.
Methods of research: ion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography, HPLC, partial N-tcrminal sequencing, ID and 2D PAGE, MALDI-TOF, Q-TOF MS/MS sequencing from 2D gels, protein identification using bioinformatics tools, determination of a fungicidal activity, cytotoxicity in cancer cell culture and in mice.
The results obtained and their novelty: A 7597 DA protein, classified as tri-thionin, was isolated from dry seeds and seedlings of melon, while 6481 Da protein, classified as PR-protein, was isolated from the latex of fig tree. A fungicidal activity of a PR-protcin of isolated from the latex of fig tree against cotton wilt pathogens (F. oxysporium, V.dahliae) and a toxicity of melon thionin aginst plant pest larvae (Scotia segetum, Heliotis armigera, Leptinotarsa decemlineata) were determined. It is determined that a thionin fraction from the melon seeds has contained considerable amount of seed storage protein fragments, which some of them have biocidal activity. In addition to thionins and defensins plants contain other biocidal substances which could overlap with biological activity of proteins during the isolation and functional testing processes. In particular, dodder consists glycosides with cytotoxic activity in the cancer cell culture.
Practical value: The methods of isolation, purification and functional testing of biocidal proteins were developed, physical and chemical characteristics of plant biocidal proteins and their properties of biological importance in agricultural biotechnology were studied. The absence of toxicity for animals demonstrate their potential significance for future development of disease- and pest - resistant transgenic plants.
Degree of embed and economical effectivity: results recommended as an initial data for obtaining transgenic pathogen- and pest-resistant cotton.
Field of application: agricultural biotechnology, genomics and proteomics, bioorganic chemistry, educational process.

The main purpose of the work is to invent the molecular association in the solution and pellicle of dyes widely using in food industry, formation of complexes and physical process which arc formed by the means of them and applying the received results to the practice. The following results and conclusions arc obtained by the result of spectroscopic researches conducted in the wide range of concentrations and temperatures (4.5 - 370 K) for dyes and related to them substances used in food industry and on practice.
1. For the molecules of studied substances the coefficient of extinction and meaning of optical activity, quantitative output of fluorescence and phototransformation, force of oscillator, frequencies of pure electronic transition were determined.
2. Structure of molecules and absorption of substances according to the properties of solvent, decrease of absorptive and fluorescent abilities, gipso and batochromic widening of the spectrum by the comparison with monomer molecules arc observed. It was determined that hypochromic effect, observed in the association of molecules was stipulated by the resonance splitting of excited electronic levels of the molecules of food dyes.
3. The formation of the luminescent associates in binary solvents of food dye molecules at the room temperature was observed. Absorption and luminescence bands of associates arc placed in side high length in comparison with those for monomer molecules.
4. It was established that the complicated associates of food dyes arc formed by their dimmers. In this case the angle between flatness of dimmers in the aggregate is 90°, and in the respect of the axis of aggregates growth is 45°.
5. It was shown that the complicated associates of food dyes have needle-shaped structure. These associates arc put under the influence of gravitational field of the Earth. Time and character of the relaxation in the ordering of the associates depends on the molecular mass of the monomer molecules.
1. Half width and position of exiton band of the associates of food dyes molecules were determined. On base of Davidov’s molecular cxitions theory the electron transition energies in dimmer and monomer, the interaction energy difference of excited and non-excitcd molecule in elementary cell of dimmer molecule, the resonant life-time of exiton and other parameters of associates were calculated.
2. Main ways of dcsactivation, and excitation energy for food days molecules and compounds related to them were established:
- for derivatives of corotinoids, arilcthilenes and arilpolienes - inner conversion, isomerization, conformation and luminescence of the molecules of sensibilizated oxygen:
- for derivatives of bctalainc and antociance - fluorescence and sensebilization of singlet oxygen;
-Fordcrivatives of flavon, difcnilbutadicnc and difcnilgecsatricnc 
- fluorescence and inner conversion.
8. Photo and tcrmodcstruction of monomer and associates of the molecules of antociane, bctalainc and flavon were defined. It was shown that quantum output of photodestruction is low for the molecules of antociane and it had big meaning for the derivatives of bctalainc. It was proved that the photodestruction of molecules of dyes pass through the sensibilized molecular oxygen.
9. It was shown, that the formation of the complexes containing different molecules. IR and laser irradiation cuse the rise of photo and thermostability offood dyes. The rise of photo and thermostability of food pigments and vitamins was achieved by pumping the molecular oxygen out of the solution, as result of this it was determined that term of the keeping of dyes increased 3-4 times.
10. Spectrophotometric cells, allowing obtaining the spectra of circular and linear dichroism in the conditions of laminar hydrodinamic stream were worked out and patented.

Subjects of research: goats djadari, wool, crossbreed, milk, serum and uniform elements of blood, celle immune system.
Purpose of work: comparative study of dairy productivity and some physical and chemical properties of milk and blood of goats of different genotypes and grown up at through-year pasturing condition at piedmont zones of Uzbekistan.
Methods of research: laboratory and research-and-production experiments, physiological and biochemical analyses, statistical processing.
The results obtained and their novelty: It is established, that dairy productivity, chemical composition of fodder and some physical and chemical properties in goats of different genotypes and breed in the southern regions of Uzbekistan do not differ; the milk of djadari goats contained higher content of fat, casein and other substances in comparison with other genotypes groups. For the first time, the effect of genotypes and ecological factors on some physiological and biochemical parameters of blood and resistance of goats was studied. It is shown for the first time that the nutrients' requirements for goats are satisfied in a certain degree by the increase of pastures’ productivity. As a result, an increase in blood proteins, uniform elements and the resistance of the organism are observed. It is revealed for the first time, that goat milk is more thermostable and can be kept for a longer time in comparison with milk of other animals. Data on chemical composition and some physical and chemical properties of milk obtained from goats of different genotypes are new.
Practical value: The presented results can be used in animal breeding, and in scientific and research projects on the study of the natural resistance of goats of different kinds of productivity.
Degree of embed and economic effictivity: Results of work are applied in goat breeding plants; they are used in education and research.
Field of application: physiology, biochemistry, agricultural and veterinary sciences.

Objects of research: 18b-H glycyrrhizin acid and its salts, В SA, PSA, ASA, salicylic acid and benzoic acids, benzyl alcohol, phenol, and their supramolecular complexes.
Purpose of work: Creating a water-soluble, low-toxic of NSAIDs on the basis of supramolecular complexes of MASGA with ASA, with a wide therapeutic effect and non-ulccrogcnic action.
Methods of research: Bioorganic, supramolecular chemistry, chromatographic, physical and chemical (viscosimctry) and physical (optical spectroscopy).
The results obtained and their novelty: For the first time were obtained on the base of mono ammonium, monosodium, mono potassium derivatives of the glycyrrhizic acid with ASA, and supramolecular complexes of MASGA with PSA, BSA, SA, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and phenol at different ratios.
Hydrodynamic properties of water solutions of the MASGA and some its supramolecular complexes were studied. During obtaining of supramolecular complexes of MASGA with ASA (GLAS) in watcr-alcohol solution it is observed partial hydrolysis of ASA until to the SA.
Supramolecular complex of GLAS has high а-and y-intcrfcron activities, and its maximal titer during 12-48 hours reached to 2000-8000 units. It is shown that GLAS has anti-inflammatory activity and has not ulcerogenic action.
Practical value Created new preparate on the base of local row material could be highly effective medicinal drug.
The degree of implementation and economic effectivity: According to the developed experimental production regulations a 1.0 kg of GLAS substance is obtained. Pilot industrial regulations for medicinal forms of GLAS drugs arc developed (0.05 g tablets № 10, 20, and 0.5% 10-20 ml nasal drops). Normative and technical documents arc transferred to the Pharmaceutical Committee of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Field of applications: bioorganic chemistry, pharmaceutics and medicine.

Object of the research: pest insects of Laspeyresia pomonella I., and Pyrausta Nubilalis Hb.
The purpose of work: study of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase ferments of the pest insects of Laspeyresia pomonella L. and Pyrausta Nubilalis Hb. on the basis of subtract - inhibitors methods as well as synergist properties influencing on their phosphororganic inhibitors.
Methods of research: in the process of research, preparation of homogenates from cells of insects, substrate-inhibitors in studying of the activeness and properties of ferments, electrophoreses, calorimetric and Kamovsky methods as well as toxicological and synergetic methods in studying of inhibitors were used.
The obtained results and their novelty: for the first time it has been researched cholinesterase and carboxylesterase ferments of the pest insects of Laspeyresia pomonella L. and Pyrausta Nubilalis Hb. adapted to natural and pesticides and the activeness dynamics in their ontogeny development. It was established that the activeness of the best adapted populations of carboxylesterase ferments to the pesticides, carboxylesterase is produced against the activeness of the used pesticides in the organisms of insects. Moreover, on the basis of studying their properties and analyzing information of the used literature, it was established that the activeness of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase ferments in the organisms of the selected insects, these ferments exist in the cells of their bodies and their activeness degree variables according to the types of insects and plants, and the conditions where their organs meet.
The practical value: the carried out researches serve as a basis for working out scientifically proved aids on creation physiological active matters against selected insects and ruling metabolic activeness of ferments.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: the given pesticides can be used as synergist against established inhibitors influencing highly on the activeness of carboxylesterase ferments of selected insects. Moreover, the achieved results of the dissertation can be used as a teaching material on biochemistry, nature defense and entomology as well as on special courses of enzymology in higher education institutions.
Field of application: bioorganic chemistry, ecology, entomology and agriculture.

Subjects of research: Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall, Atriplex tatarica L. species from family Chenopodiaceae and Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Alhagi kirghisorum Shrenk. species from family Fabaceae.
Purpose of work: to study of influence of saline the morphobiologycal indices and haloaccumulation some dominant plants of Mirzachul.
Methods of research: the laboratorycal, morphological, phenologycal, biometric, chemical, statistic methods.
The results obtained and their novelty: to influence of different degrees of saline the morphological indices, growth and development phase peculiarities and seed germinations of some dominant halophyte plants of Mirzachul were studied for the first time. The content and quantity of bound and free salt ions during growth and development phases of the wide-spread annual (Suaeda altissima, Atriplex tatarica) and perennial (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Alhagi kirghisorum) plants of Mirzachul were determined. The differences of localization of salt ions between organs of different vital form halophyte plants were studied.
Practical value: the halotoleratical peculiarities of studied plants are recommend to use biomelioraton of different salted marginal lands.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: recommendations were given for using of Sirdarya Location research centre (certificate from august, 19, 2010) and ICARD A Location centre (certificate from October, 27, 2010).
Field of application: biology, ecology, agriculture.