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THE CATEGORY OF PERSON IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, THE ANALYSIS OF
THEIR USE IN “LOVУ OF LIFE” WRITTEN BY JACK LONDON.
Jabborova Aziza Jobirovna
The lecturer of history and philology department, asia international university.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8340973
Abstract.
The aim of this article is to thoroughly investigate the theme "The category of
person" and reveal its specific grammatical, pragmatic, stylistic, lexical and semantic
peculiarities. Also I aimed at analysing the use of the category of person in the literary work "Love
of life" by Jack London. This way we intend to survey the use of person in a literary work by a
definite author and reveal his writing style.
Key words:
specific grammatical, pragmatic, stylistic, lexical and semantic peculiarities.
КАТЕГОРИИ ЛИЦА В АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ГРАММАТИКЕ, АНАЛИЗ ИХ
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ В «ЛЮБВИ К ЖИЗНИ» ДЖЕКА ЛОНДОНА.
Аннотация.
Целью данной статьи является детальное исследование темы
«Категория человека» и выявление ее специфических грамматических, прагматических,
стилистических, лексических и семантических особенностей. Также я поставил перед
собой задачу проанализировать использование категории человека в произведении Джека
Лондона «Любовь к жизни». Таким образом мы намерены рассмотреть использование лица
в литературном произведении конкретного автора и выявить его стиль письма.
Ключевые
слова:
специфические
грамматические,
прагматические,
стилистические, лексические и семантические особенности.
Introduction
John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916)
was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist. A pioneer in the world of commercial
magazine fiction, he was one of the first writers to become a worldwide celebrity and earn a large
fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as
science fiction.His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in
the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North",
and "Love of Life". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as "The Pearls of Parlay",
and "The Heathen".0
London was part of the radical literary group "The Crowd" in San Francisco and a
passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics.[7][8] He wrote
several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction
exposé The People of the Abyss, The War of the Classes, and Before Adam.
Family
Flora Wellman
Jack London's mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania
Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was
descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora
left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San
Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk
chief, Black Hawk.Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer
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William Chaney.Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became
pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his
memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been "his wife"; he also
cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself "Florence Wellman Chaney".
According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June
4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed
responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but
she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora turned the baby over for care to Virginia
Prentiss, an African-American woman and former slave. She was a major maternal figure
throughout London's life. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled
Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married
couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where
London completed public grade school.
In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London
searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his
biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he
could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother
had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on
an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was
devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to
the Klondike during the gold rush boom.
Early life
London at the age of nine with his dog Rollo, 1885
London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down
in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a
plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as
London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.
In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as
the seed of his literary success.[16] In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a
sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's
first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community).
In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a
way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-
Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his
memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a
few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the
California Fish Patrol.
In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of
Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept
by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined
Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie
County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote:
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Man-handling was merely one of the very minor unprintable horrors of the Erie County
Pen. I say 'unprintable'; and in justice I must also say undescribable. They were unthinkable to me
until I saw them, and I was no spring chicken in the ways of the world and the awful abysses of
human degradation. It would take a deep plummet to reach bottom in the Erie County Pen, and I
do but skim lightly and facetiously the surface of things as I there saw them.
Gold rush and first success
Miners and prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail during the Klondike Gold Rush
On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join
the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's
time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who
were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading
to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and
his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the
Klondike. Father William Judge, "The Saint of Dawson", had a facility in Dawson that provided
shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired
London's short story, "To Build a Fire" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his
best.
His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis
Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at
the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy
mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother
bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram,
were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on
political issues as a camp pastime.[citation needed]
London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become
an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work "trap" was to get
an education and "sell his brains". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and,
he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898,
London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized
in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was "To the Man On Trail",
which has frequently been collected in anthologies.[citation needed] When The Overland Monthly
offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his
writing career. In his words, "literally and literarily I was saved" when The Black Cat accepted his
story "A Thousand Deaths", and paid him $40—the "first money I ever received for a
story".London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost
production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public
audience and a strong market for short fiction.[citation needed] In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing,
about $77,000 in today's currency.[citation needed] Among the works he sold to magazines was a
short story known as either "Diable" (1902) or "Bâtard" (1904), two editions of the same basic
story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian
brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that
man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another
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story, The Call of the Wild.George Sterling, Mary Austin, Jack London, and Jimmie Hopper on
the beach at Carmel, California
In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750,
and the book rights to Macmillan for $2,000. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to
swift success.While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met
poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a
home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as "Greek",
owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as "Wolf". London was
later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and
as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913).
In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library
of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as "the tools of my trade".London spent $80,000
($2,280,000 in current value) to build a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) stone mansion called Wolf
House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons
planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire.London's last visit to Hawaii,[53] beginning in
December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō
Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.
He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work.
First marriage (1900–1904)
London married Elizabeth "Bessie" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of
the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was
related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, "Both
acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief
that they would produce sturdy children."[30] Kingman says, "they were comfortable together...
Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a
successful marriage."
London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's
fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored
Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896.
Jacobs was killed aboard the USAT Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their
friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning
of Jack's passion for photography.
During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring
The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna,
writing "Dane Kempton's" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing
"Herbert Wace's" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the
novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.
London's pet name for Bess was "Mother-Girl" and Bess's for London was "Daddy-Boy".
Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie (later called Becky),
on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of
his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.
While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by
1903 the couple were close to separation as they were "extremely incompatible". "Jack was still
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so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he
didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage."
London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling:
[Bessie] is devoted to purity. When I tell her morality is only evidence of low blood
pressure, she hates me. She'd sell me and the children out for her damned purity. It's terrible. Every
time I come back after being away from home for a night she won't let me be in the same room
with her if she can help it.
Stasz writes that these were "code words for fear that was consorting with prostitutes and
might bring home venereal disease."
On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London
and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904.
War correspondent (1904)
London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-
Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by
Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American
ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese
authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and
was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese
Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.
London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be
allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting
and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested
for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused
of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President
Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.
Second marriage
After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been
introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly
magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later
after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903.
London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.
The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were
politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack
divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior.
Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian "Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a
perfect match." Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht
Snark to Hawaii and Australia.Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last
one for 10 months beginning in December 1915.
The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond
brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining
engineers.
London had contrasted the concepts of the "Mother Girl" and the "Mate Woman" in The
Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been "Mother-Girl;" his pet name for Charmian
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was "Mate-Woman." Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had
raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality.
The Snark in Australia, 1921
Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 "a domestic drama that would have
intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance."
In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and
found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future
life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy
ended in a miscarriage.
In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San
Francisco earthquake.
Death
London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London
had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the
Klondike.Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified
tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from
dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking
morphine.London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's
funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers
of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer
children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was
also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave
is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London
State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.
Suicide debate
Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide,
and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his
fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.
The biographer Stasz writes, "Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a
biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who
committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this
caricature."Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated
by an accidental morphine overdose.
London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John
Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco
Bay, "some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me". He said he drifted
and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the
dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal
gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the
principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.
Short stories
London's "strength of utterance" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly
well-constructed.[citation needed] "To Build a Fire" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the
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harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's
warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-
below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at
quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version
of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a
second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading
both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994)
observes: "To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great
work of literary art from a good children's story."
London's most famous novels are “The Call of the Wild”, “White Fang”, “The Sea-Wolf”,
“The Iron Heel”, and “Martin Eden”.
In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr.,
said "he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America."
Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem"; editor
Franklin Walker said that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn"; and novelist
E.L. Doctorow called it "a mordant parable ... his masterpiece."
The historian Dale L. Walker commented:
Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience
and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed.
Novels
London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The
Iron Heel, and Martin Eden.
In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr.,
said "he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America."
Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem"; editor
Franklin Walker said that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn"; and novelist
E.L. Doctorow called it "a mordant parable ... his masterpiece."[citation needed]
The historian Dale L. Walker commented:
Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience
and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed.
Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale
L. Walker writes:
The Star Rover, that magnificent experiment, is actually a series of short stories connected
by a unifying device ... Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel-like form by
their reappearing protagonist, Kit Bellew; and John Barleycorn ... is a synoptic series of short
episodes.
About “Love of Life”
Jack London's short story, "Love of Life" is about two gold prospectors, Bill and an
unnamed man, who are struggling to survive on the frozen tundra of Canada. They cross the tundra
looking for food, all the while suffering from starvation and exposure to the elements. When the
unnamed man sprains his ankle, Bill abandons him and proceeds through the wilderness, his will
to survive put to the test.
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The tables are turned in the story when it appears that Bill has been killed by the elements,
having carried his sack of gold with him until the very end. The man who sprained his ankle comes
upon him in the wilderness, but neglects to take the gold with him. He ultimately resorts to
crawling across the tundra, devoid of any weapons. After surviving a wolf attack, he is discovered,
semi-conscious, by a group of explorers traveling by ship. He recovers while on the ship, and is
brought back to health.
This is a story of survival at its most pure. It is an exploration of a man's will to survive.
London tells the story in great detail, recounting moments of fear, anguish and raw hunger endured
by his protagonists.
The analysis of the use of grammatical category of Person in the story
“Love of life” written by Jack London
In this part of our course paper we are going to analyse the use of The category of person
in the following examples which were taken from the story:
1.They were tired and weak, and their faces had the drawn expression of patience which
comes of hardship long endured.
2. It was not the fear that he should die passively from lack of food, but that he should be
destroyed violently before starvation had exhausted the last particle of the endeavor in him that
made toward surviving.
3.His voice was utterly and drearily expressionless. He spoke without enthusiasm; and the
first man, limping into the milky stream that foamed over the rocks, vouchsafed no reply.
4. . Farther on he knew he would come to where dead spruce and fir, very small and
weazened, bordered the shore of a little lake, the titchin-nichilie, in the tongue of the country, the
"land of little sticks." And into that lake flowed a small stream, the water of which was not milky.
5. The blanket socks were worn through in places, and his feet were raw and bleeding. His
ankle was throbbing, and he gave it an examination.
6. As he rolled over on his elbow he was startled by a loud snort, and saw a bull caribou
regarding him with alert curiosity.
7. There were no trees, no bushes, nothing but a gray sea of moss scarcely diversified by
gray rocks, gray lakelets, and gray streamlets. The sky was gray. There was no sun nor hint of sun.
8. Soon he would come to the land of the little sticks. He felt that it lay off to the left
somewhere, not far -- possibly just over the next low hill.
9. He could hide it under his two hands. He knew that it weighed fifteen pounds, -- as much
as all the rest of the pack, -- and it worried him. He finally set it to one side and proceeded to roll
the pack.
10. He picked it up hastily with a defiant glance about him, as though the desolation were
trying to rob him of it; and when he rose to his feet to stagger on into the day, it was included in
the pack on his back.
11. If the man ran, he would run after him; but the man did not run. He was animated now
with the courage of fear.
12. It was unreasonable that he should die after all he had undergone
13. When he finally gained his feet, another minute or so was consumed in straightening
up, so that he could stand erect as a man should stand.
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14. How could he have the laugh on Bill if that were Bill; if those bones, so pinky-white
and clean, were Bill?
15. So much of the game will be gain,
Though the gold of the dice has been lost."
Analysis
1.They weretired and weak, and their faces had the drawn expression of patience
which comes of hardship long endured.
were
- Verbal lexeme in plural form in the past Indefinite tense. The verb were has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person. In this sentence it comes with “they” ( the
third-person pronoun). It is second subsystem of the category of person.
Comes-
The ending -s in the verb of come is the marker of the third person singular in the
Present Indefinite Indicative, while the other forms have no ending. This inflexion -s signified that
the subject of the sentence has to be a noun in singular, which correlates with a third person
pronoun.
2. It was not the fear that he should die passively from lack of food, but that he should
be destroyed violently before starvation had exhausted the last particle of the endeavor in
him that made toward surviving.
He, It
-third-person singular
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. In this sentence it comes with “It” ( the
third-person pronoun). It is second subsystem of the category of person. The verb has separate
forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.
Should-
In this sentence “should” comes as the auxiliary verb. Moreover, should can be
used with the first person.In contrast, In this sentence it comes with “he” which is the third-person
pronoun.
3.His voice was utterly and drearily expressionless. He spoke without enthusiasm; and
the first man, limping into the milky stream that foamed over the rocks, vouchsafed no reply.
His-
Posessive determiner. It showed distinctions in person in this sentence. “his” is placed
in front of the noun it modify (VOICE)
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. In this sentence it comes with the noun
“voice”It is second subsystem of the category of person. The verb has separate forms in the Past
Indefinite to indicate person.
He
-third-person singular
4. Farther on he knewhe would come to where dead spruce and fir, very small and
weazened, bordered the shore of a little lake, the titchin-nichilie, in the tongue of the country,
the "land of little sticks." And into that lake flowed a small stream, the water of which was
not milky.
He
-third-person singular in this sentence.
Would-
In this sentence “would” comes as the auxiliary verb and modal verb. While
,”would” can be used with all the persons.It refers to first subsystem of the category of person. the
modal verbs that have no personal inflexions. Because of this “would” has also no personal
inflexions.
5.The blanket socks were worn through in places, and his feet were raw and bleeding.
His ankle was throbbing, and he gave it an examination.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 9 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
106
Were
-Verbal lexeme in plural form in the past Indefinite tense. The verb were has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person. In this sentence it comes with The plural
noun which is socks. It belongs to second subsystem of the categoery of person. In this sentence
passive voice was made up by means of verbal lexeme “were”.
His-
Posessive determiner. It showed distinctions in person in this sentence. “His” is placed
in front of the noun “ankle”.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. In this sentence it comes with the noun
“ankle” and the verb “throbbing”. It is second subsystem of the category of person. The verb has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.In this sentence Past continous tense was
made up with the help of verbal lexeme “was”.
He
-third-person singular.
6.As he rolled over on his elbow he was startled by a loud snort, and saw a bull caribou
regarding him with alert curiosity.
He-
third-person singular.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. In this sentence it comes with the noun
“elbow”and the verb “startled”. It is second subsystem of the category of person. The verb has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.In this sentence passive voice was made up
with the help of verbal lexeme “was”.
His-
Posessive determiner. It showed distinctions in person in this sentence. “His” is placed
in front of the noun “elbow”.
7.There were no trees, no bushes, nothing but a gray sea of moss scarcely diversified
by gray rocks, gray lakelets, and gray streamlets. The sky was gray. There was no sun nor
hint of sun.
were
- Verbal lexeme in plural form in the past Indefinite tense. The verb were has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person It belongs to second subsystem of the
category of person.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. It is second subsystem of the category of
person. The verb has separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.
8.Soon he would come to the land of the little sticks. He felt that it lay off to the left
somewhere, not far -- possibly just over the next low hill.
He-
third-person singular.
Would-
In this sentence “would” comes as the auxiliary verb and modal verb. While
,”would” can be used with all the persons.It refers to first subsystem of the category of person. the
modal verbs that have no personal inflexions. Because of this “would” has also no personal
inflexions.
9.He could hide it under his two hands. He knew that it weighed fifteen pounds, -- as
much as all the rest of the pack, -- and it worried him. He finally set it to one side and
proceeded to roll the pack.
He-
third-person singular.
Could-
modal verb and it refers to first subsystem of the category of person.In this sentence
“could” comes as the auxiliary verb.”Could” is the past form of modal verb “can”
It-
third-person singular.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 9 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
107
10.He picked it up hastily with a defiant glance about him, as though the desolation
were trying to rob him of it; and when he rose to his feet to stagger on into the day, itwas
included in the pack on his back.
He-
third-person singular.
It-
third-person singular.
were
-Verbal lexeme in plural form in the past Indefinite tense. The verb were has separate
forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person. In this sentence it comes with The noun
”desolation”. It belongs to second subsystem of the category of person. In this sentence Past
continuous tense was made up by means of verbal lexeme “were”.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. It is second subsystem of the category of
person. The verb has separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.By means of the
verbal lexeme “was” passive voice was made up.
11.If the man ran, he would run after him; but the man did not run. He was animated
now with the courage of fear.
He-
third-person singular.
Would-
In this sentence “would” comes as the auxiliary verb and modal verb.
While,”would” can be used with all the persons. It refers to first subsystem of the category of
person. the modal verbs that have no personal inflexions. Because of this “would” has also no
personal inflexions.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. It is second subsystem of the category of
person. The verb has separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.By means of the
verbal lexeme “was” passive voice was made up.
12.It was unreasonable that he should die after all he had undergone
He-
third-person singular.
It-
third-person singular.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. It is second subsystem of the category of
person. The verb has separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.By means of the
verbal lexeme “was” passive voice was made up.
Should-
In this sentence “should” comes as the auxiliary verb. Moreover, should can be
used with the first person.In contrast, In this sentence it comes with “he” which is the third-person
pronoun.
13.When he finally gained his feet, another minute or so was consumed in
straightening up, so that he could stand erect as a man should stand.
He-
third-person singular.
His-
Posessive determiner. It showed distinctions in person in this sentence. “His” is placed
in front of the noun “feet”.
Was-
Verbal lexeme in singular in the past tense. It is second subsystem of the category of
person. The verb has separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person.By means of the
verbal lexeme “was” passive voice was made up.
Should-
as the auxiliary verb and modal verb. Moreover, should can be used with the first
person.In contrast, In this sentence it comes with “he” which is the third-person pronoun. It refers
to first subsystem of the category of person. Because it cames as a modal verb in this sentence.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 9 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
108
Could-
It refers to first subsystem of the category of person. In this sentence “could” comes
as the auxiliary verb and modal verb”Could” is the past form of modal verb “can”.
14.How could he have the laugh on Bill if that were Bill; if those bones, so pinky-white
and clean, were Bill?
Could-
modal verb and it refers to first subsystem of the category of person.In this sentence
“could” comes as the auxiliary verb.”Could” is the past form of modal verb “can”. With the help
of “could” question sentence was made up.
Were-
Verbal lexeme in plural form in the past Indefinite tense. The verb were has
separate forms in the Past Indefinite to indicate person. In this sentence it comes with “Bill”. It is
second subsystem of the category of person.
15.So much of the game will be gain,
Though the gold of the dice has been lost."
Will-
auxiliary verb. In this sentence it comes in the future tense and it comes with the noun
“game”. In the positional use of will specifically marking the first person.
Conclusion
By making deep research and studying the topic “The category of person in English
grammar “ I got chance to learn more and somehow revise it. I can say that while I was doing
course paper, I learned a lot of information regarding the topic “The category of person. At first,I
got into trouble, but I did this deep research work myself.
It should be admitted that writing course paper was somehow difficult because I had not
experienced writing it before. Moreover, it was very useful for me. So, having worked this deep
research I met so much information about grammatical person. For example:
Person is a category used to distinguish between those speaking, those being addressed,
and those who are neither speaking nor being addressed. These three categories are called the first
person, the second person, and the third person.
REFERENCES
1.
«ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)»
ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ИНОСТРАННЫЕ
ЯЗЫКИ (ПЕРЕВОД)» 1 – 21 06 01-02
2.
Составитель: В. Н. Василина, старший преподаватель кафедры теории
3.
и практики перевода гуманитарного факультета БГУ
4.
https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/person.
5.
www.studfile.net
6.
https://doclecture.net/1-32751.htm
7.
https://www.grammarbank.com/
8.
https://infopedia.su/15x112f7.html
9.
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/sentence/category.htm
10.
https://lektsii.org/3-8391.html
11.
https://psj.nsu.ru/english/texts/jack_london/love_of_life.htm
