ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
818
ZILZILA, ZILZILANING KELIB CHIQISH SABABLARI
Muradov Sirojiddin Husan o‘g‘li
Qarshi muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti
“Mehnat muhofazasi va texnika xavfsizligi”
kafedrasi stajyor-o‘qituvchisi
Qarshi, O‘zbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10876613
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada, zilzila haqida ummumiy ma`lumotlar, ularning turlari,
sinflanishi. Yer ostida va ustidagi zilzila bilan kechadigan holatlar tariflangan. Maqola mehnat
muhoazasi va texnika xavfsizligi yunalishlari talablari, mehnat muhofazasi va xavfsizlik
mutaxassislari hamda keng izlanuvchilar uchun muljallangan.
Kalit so‘zlar va iboralar:
“Zilzila, silkinish, geposent, eposentr, tektonik plitalar, texnogen
holatlar”.
EARTHQUAKE, CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
Abstract.
In this article, general information about earthquakes, their types, classification.
Earthquake conditions above and below the ground are classified. The article is intended
for the requirements of labor protection and technical safety directions, labor protection and
safety specialists, and general readers.
Key words and phrases:
"Earthquake, shaking, hepocenter, epicenter, tectonic plates,
man-made conditions."
ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕ, ПРИЧИНЫ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЯ
Аннотация.
В данной статье приведены общие сведения о землетрясениях, их
типах, классификации. Классифицируются сейсмические условия над и под землей. Статья
предназначена для требований направлений охраны труда и технической безопасности,
специалистов по охране труда и технике безопасности, а также широкого круга
читателей.
Ключевые слова и фразы:
«Землетрясение, сотрясение, гепоцентр, эпицентр,
тектонические плиты, техногенные условия».
Kirish
.
Tabiiy ofatlar ichida eng xavflisi va dahshatlisi bu - yer silkinishidir (zilzila). Yer
silkinishi - yer osti zarbasi va yer ustki qatlamining tebranishi bo‘lib, tabiiy ofatlar, texnologik
jarayonlar tufayli yuzaga keladi. Yer ostki zarbasining paydo bo‘lish o‘chog‘i, yerning ostki
qatlamidagi uzoq vaqt yig‘ilib qolgan energiyaning ozod bo‘lish jarayoni tufayli yuzaga keladi.
O‘choqning ichki qismi markazi giposentr deyiladi, yerni ustki qismidagi markaz epitsentr
deyiladi.
Tadqiqot
metodlari.
Tadqiqot jarayonida ilmiy va o‘quv-uslubiy adabiyotlar tahlili,
pedagogik-tarixiy kuzatuv, umumlashtirish, metodlaridan foydalanildi.
Tadqiqot natijalari va muhokamalar.
Yer silkinishi yuzaga kelish sabablariga ko‘ra
quyidagi guruhlarga bo‘linadi:
1.
Tektonik zilzilalar;
2.
Vulqon zilzilalari;
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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3.
Ag‘darilish, o‘pirilish zilzilalari;
4. Texnogen (insonning muhandislik faoliyati bilan bog‘liq) zilzilalar.
Yuqorida qayd etilgan yer silkinish turlari ichida katta maydonga tarqaladigani va eng ko‘p
talafot keltiradigani tektonik yer silkinishidir.
Bunday yer silkinishlar haqida gap ketganda litosfera o‘ramlarida bo‘ladigan harakat
(tektonik kuchlar) tushuniladi.
Qiya sathlarida tog‘ jinslarining katta bo‘laklarini ag‘darilishi yoki tog‘larning o‘pirilishi
natijasida yuzaga keluvchi yer silkinishlar ag‘darilish zilzilalari deyiladi. Bu yer silkinishining
tarqalish maydoni kichik, ko‘p hollarda talofotsiz bo‘ladi.
Vulqon jarayoni, ya’ni yer ostidagi magmani vulqon kanali orqali yer yuzasiga chiqishi
bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan yer silkinishiga vulqoniy yer silkinishi deb ataladi. Bunday yer silkinish
vulqonning faollashishi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lganligi sababli aksariyat ko‘p hollarda ular aniq bashorat
qilinadi. Shuning uchun uning keltiradigan talofoti deyarli kuchli bo‘lmaydi.
Insonning muhandislik faoliyati bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan yer silkinishlar asosan oxirgi yillarda
kuzatilmoqda. Bunday yer silkinish yirik suv omborlari vujudga kelgan hududlarda, gaz, neft
mahsulotlarining yer ostidan so‘rib olinishi jarayoni amalga oshgan maydonlarda yuz bermoqda.
Inson o‘zining muhandislik faoliyati bilan yer osti komponentlariga muayyan ta’sir etishi,
u yoki bu darajada o‘zgartirishi yer silkinishining vujudga kelishiga sabab bo‘lmoqda. Daryo
vodiylariga to‘g‘onlarning qurilishi natijasida maydoni bir necha ming km
2
, hajmi bir necha yuz
km
3
dan katta bo‘lgan (masalan, Chorvoq suv omborining umumiy hajmi 2,1 mld. m
3
, suv sathi
maydoni 3640 ga teng) suv omborlari vujudga kelmoqda. Yer qa’ridan 4000-5000 m chuqurlikda
yotgan gaz, neft yer sathiga so‘rib chiqarilmoqda, yer ostida uzoq geologik davrlar mobaynida
yotgan ko‘mir ana shu yer qa’rida yondirilib gazga aylantirib olinmoqda. Vaqtincha saqlash
maqsadida ba’zan yer osti g‘orlariga, chuqurlarga va tog‘ jinslari g‘ovaklariga gaz, neft
mahsulotlari yuqori bosim ostida kiritilmoqda, juda katta miqdordagi mineral suvlar yer ostidan
chiqarib olinmoqda. Yer qa’rining odamlar ta’sir etish joylarida yig‘ilayotgan energiya
miqdorining u yoki bu darajada oshishi yoki kamayishi oqibatida sodir bo‘lgan yer silkinishlar
Hindiston, AQSH va O‘zbekistonda kuzatilganligi fandan ma’lum. Jumladan, Chorvoq suv ombori
qurilib bo‘lingandan keyin bu hududda bir necha marta yer silkinishlar bo‘lib o‘tgan.
Tekshirishlarning ko‘rsatishicha, bu yer silkinishlar o‘zlarining tayyorlanish, sodir bo‘lish
mexanizmlari bilan Chorvoq suv omboriga yig‘ilgan suvning miqdori va yig‘ilgan suvni suv
omboridan chiqarilish tezligi bilan bog‘liq holda yuz berishi kuzatilgan. Bunga birinchidan, suv
omborining 2,1 mld. m
3
dan ortiq suv bilan to‘latilishi jarayonida, ombor tubida yotuvchi tog‘
jinslarining siqilishi va taranglashishi oqibatida yuz beradigan mikrosiniqlar, darz ketishlar va
ularning nisbiy harakati sabab bo‘lsa, ikkinchidan, suvni suv omboridan bir me’yorida
chiqarilmasligi va tog‘ jinslariga ta’sir qiluvchi kuchlarning nomutanosib holatda bo‘shatilishi,
o‘zgarishi sabab bo‘lgan.
Yer silkinish o‘chog‘i - giposentrning joylashgan chuqurligi bo‘yicha: yerning yuza
qismida - 70 km gacha, o‘rta qismida - 70-300 km va chuqur qismida - 300 km dan pastda
«mantiya» qatlamida vujudga keladigan xillarini ajratish mumkin. Respublikamizda kuzatiladigan
zilzilalarning o‘chog‘i asosan 70 km gacha chuqurliklarda joylashganligi qayd etilgan.
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2181-3906
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International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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Mantiyadagi katta bosim yoki portlashlar tufayli zilzila o‘chog‘i vujudga keladi, natijada
katta kuchlanishlar paydo bo‘ladi, bular o‘z navbatida yerning ustki qatlamining tebranishiga olib
keladi. Giposentrdan hamma tarafga, qaytar seysmik to‘lqinlar tarqaladi, ular asosan uzunasiga va
ko‘ndalang turlariga bo‘linadi (sxema). Yer ostidan uzunasiga tarqalayotgan (vertikal tarzda)
to‘lqinlar o‘z yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha navbatma-navbat yer po‘stlog‘ini siqib, er yuzasiga chiqqanda
tovush chiqaradi. Bu esa yer silkinish oldidan chiqadigan tovushning o‘zginasidir. Ko‘ndalang
to‘lqinlar (gorizontal) yer yuzasiga chiqib zilzila to‘lqinlarini vujudga keltiradi va epitsentrdan
barcha taraflarga tarqaladi:
Kuchli yer silkinishi oqibatida yerning yaxlitligi, butunligi o‘zgaradi, inshootlar, jihozlar
buziladi, kommunal-energetik qismlar ishdan chiqishi, insonlar o‘limi yuz beradi. Yer silkinishi
ko‘pchilik hollarda ma’lum intensivlikda chiqadigan tovush bilan yuz beradi va uning past-
balandligi yer qimirlashining kuchiga bog‘liq. Yer qimirlashining asosiy ko‘rsatkichlari
quyidagilardan iborat: yer silkinish o‘chog‘ining chuqurligi, silkinish amplitudasi va yer
silkinishining intensiv energiyasi.
Xulosa.
MSK shkalasi bo`yicha yer silkinish kuchiga qarab quyidagi holatlar kuzatiladi:
1 ball - sezilarsiz, faqatgina seysmik asboblar qayd qiladi;
2 ball - juda kuchsiz, uy ichida o‘tirgan ba’zi odamlar sezishi mumkin (deraza oynalari
titraydi);
3 ball - kuchsiz, ko‘pchilik odamlar sezmaydi, ochiq joyda tinch o‘tirgan odam sezishi
mumkin. Osilgan jismlar asta sekin tebranadi;
4 ball - o‘rtacha sezilarli. Ochiq joyda, bino ichida turgan odamlar sezadi. Uy devorlari
qirsillaydi. Ro‘zg‘or anjomlari titraydi, osilgan jismlar tebranadi;
5 ball - ancha kuchli. Hamma sezadi, uyqudagi odam uyg‘onadi, ba’zi odamlar hovliga
yugurib chiqadi. Idishlardagi suyuqlik chayqalib to‘kiladi, osilgan uy jihozlari qattiq tebranadi;
6 ball - kuchli. Hamma sezadi, uyqudagi odam uyg‘onadi, ko‘pchilik odamlar hovliga
yugurib chiqadi. Uy hayvonlari betoqat bo‘ladi. Ba’zi hollarda kitob javonidagi kitoblar, ro‘zg‘or
buyumlar javonlaridagi idishlar ag‘darilib tushadi;
7 ball - juda kuchli. Ko‘pchilik odamlarni qo‘rquv bosadi, ko‘chaga yugurib chiqadi,
avtomobil haydovchilari harakat vaqtida ham sezadi, uy devorlarida katta -katta yoriqlar paydo
bo‘ladi, hovuzlardagi suv chayqaladi va loyqalanadi.
Epitsentr
Giposentr
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«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
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8 ball - yemiruvchi. Xom g‘ishtdan qurilgan imoratlar butunlay vayron bo‘ladi, ancha
pishiq qilib qurilgan imoratlarda ham yoriqlar paydo bo‘ladi, uy tepasidagi mo‘rilar yiqiladi, ba’zi
daraxtlar butun tanasi bilan yiqiladi, sinadi, tog‘li joylarda qulash, surilish hodisalari yuz beradi.
9 ball - vayron qiluvchi. Yer qimirlashiga bardosh beradigan qilib qurilgan imorat va
inshootlar ham qattiq shikastlanadi. Oddiy imoratlar butunlay vayron bo‘ladi, yer yuzasida
yoriqlar paydo bo‘ladi, yer osti suvlari sizib chiqishi mumkin.
10 ball - yakson qiluvchi. Hamma imoratlar yakson bo‘ladi. Temir yo‘l izlari to‘lqinsimon
shaklga kelib bir tomonga qarab egilib qoladi, yer osti kommunal quvurlari uzilib ketadi, cho‘kish
hodisalari yuz beradi. Suv havzalari to‘lqinlanib qirg‘oqqa uriladi, qoyali yon bag‘rlarda katta-
katta surilish hodisalari sodir bo‘ladi.
11 ball - fojiali. Hamma imoratlar deyarlik vayron bo‘ladi, to‘g‘onlar yorilib ketadi, temir
yo‘llar butunlay ishdan chiqadi, yerning ustki qismida katta-katta yoriqlar paydo bo‘ladi, yer
ostidan balchiqlar ko‘tarilib chiqadi, surilish, qulash hodisalari nihoyasiga yetadi.
12 ball - kuchli fojiali. Yerning ustki qismida katta o‘zgarishlar yuz beradi. Hamma
imoratlar butunlay vayron bo‘ladi, daryolarning o‘zani o‘zgarib, sharsharalar paydo bo‘ladi, tabiiy
to‘g‘onlar vujudga keladi.
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