ISSN:
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2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
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АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
112
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE POPULATION OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
IN 1950-1960.
Madreymov E.D.
Director of Chimboy district specialized school.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10935733
Abstact. This article describes the lifestyle and living conditions of people living in the
cities and villages of Karakalpakstan in the years after the war. In this scientific work, it is
emphasized that the 50-60 years of the last century there was a period of socio-economic and
demographic changes in the republic. Furthermore, based on the analysis of historical data, the
researcher tried to show the socio-economic life of the people of Karakalpakstan as a historical
lesson. The author also used archival materials he collected.
Key words: Karakalpakstan ASSR, socio-economic life, 1950-60 years, demographic
changes, cities and villages, socio-economic policy, decree.
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
КАРАКАЛПАКСТАНА В 1950-1960 ГГ.
Аннотация. В статье описан образ жизни и условия жизни людей, проживающих
в городах и селах Каракалпакстана в послевоенные годы. В данной научной работе
подчеркивается, что 50-60 годы прошлого столетия были периодом социально-
экономических и демографических изменений в республике. Кроме того, на основе анализа
исторических данных исследователь попытался показать социально-экономическую
жизнь народа Каракалпакстана как исторический урок. Автор также использовал
собранные им архивные материалы.
Ключевые слова: Каракалпакская АССР, социально-экономическая жизнь, 1950-60
годы, демографические изменения, города и села, социально-экономическая политика,
декрет.
It is appropriate to note that the history of studying the post-war period of Karakalpakstan
at the current stage is full of contradictory features. In the study of the problems of this period, the
historiography of the Soviet period gave a leading place to the clarification of the most basic ideas
in political, economic and cultural issues, the leadership role of the party and the Soviets. However,
"researchers ignored the role of the human factor in the development of society, the value of a
person in the construction of society, the normative and motivational directions, the factors and
conditions that determine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population."
In this sense, the post-war period fits perfectly in the context of revealing the human factor
in history. The post-war stage of the history of Karakalpakstan was a period of socio-economic
and demographic changes in Karakalpakstan.
The financial condition of the majority of workers in the villages continued in very difficult
conditions. As before, the hard work of peasants dependent on collective farms was found worthy
of a meager salary. Private homesteads of peasants were considered the only possibility of
providing food in this place.
However, those who worked on collective farms were forced to work constantly in the
cotton fields, as during the war, and physically could not devote enough time to their farms. In
ISSN:
2181-3906
2024
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
113
addition, their situation was aggravated by the increasing taxes imposed on their estates.
There is also a lack of labor force in collective farms, and the need for specialist personnel
in villages has increased. The expansion of cotton fields has led to a decrease in the area of grain
crops such as wheat, corn, and barley. In the autonomous republic, in 1940, grain crops covered
an area of 37,000 hectares, and in 1965, their share was 1,000 hectares. In the post-war period,
Karakalpakstan produced a very low yield of raw materials and was unable to fulfill the state plan
for cotton cultivation every year. As a result, collective farms became economically weak, unable
to pay agricultural taxes, and eventually became indebted to the state.
For example, in 1952, the state debt of several collective farms in the republic was 82
million. amounted to rubles . This, in turn, had a negative impact on the interests of farmers
working on collective farms, alienating them from the results of their labor. First of all, the social
and legal status of peasants was limited. They were attached to collective farms, did not have any
documents, and were not provided with benefits, additional salaries or benefits by the state. The
labor of peasants was evaluated in a truly symbolic sense, including the introduction of the
minimum working day of compulsory work of able-bodied employees from 1939. In case of non-
fulfilment of this obligation, the peasants could be separated from the estate or brought to criminal
liability.
In 1951 and 1955, the average daily wage in kind was 1.3 kg - 1.6 kg of wheat, in 1951 -
0.26 tons, in 1952 - 0.41 tons, and in 1953 - 0.07 shillings. In 1955, 4 rub.82 stipends for one day's
work, and in 1958, 15 rub. 70 coins are given. An able-bodied person worked an average of 300-
350 working days in a year. The task imposed on one able-bodied worker on a collective farm was
so great that they did not have much time to work on their farm. For example, in Takhtakopir
district, in 1951, a farmer working in 1 collective farm had 2.2 hectares of land for cotton
cultivation, in 1955, 3.7 hectares, and 3.8 hectares for all other agricultural crops.
Violation of labor standards, incorrect calculation of wages and failure to pay on time,
giving wages in kind have caused dissatisfaction and resistance of members of the collective
economy.
Also, cases of monthly salary being determined for people not related to the work of
collective farms or for non-worked days were very frequent. Such people included the chairmen
of collective farms and village councils, secretaries of the party organization, and others. In some
districts, there were cases where collective farm members' wages were transferred to savings
banks, and the head of the collective farm used them as he saw fit, without handing them over to
the owners [3]. As a result, labor discipline has decreased, people have started to participate less
in public affairs, and a certain part of members of collective farms, who are in a disaffected mood,
were forced to move to other districts .
It should be noted that violations of labor standards, incorrect calculation of wages and
failure to pay them on time, giving wages in kind were among the cases that caused dissatisfaction
and resistance of members of the collective economy.
On October 12, 1954, the Council of Ministers of the UzSSR and the Central Committee
of the Central Committee of the UzSSR adopted a decision "on the unsatisfactory implementation
of the measures on the procedure for keeping accounts of collective farms with members of
collective farms." As of January 1, 1954, the debt of the collective farms of the Karakalpak ASSR
ISSN:
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VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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to the people working in the collective farms amounted to 22512 thousand rubles and 151218
centners of grain.
During this period, the expenses of collective farms paid to them in advance amounted to
63,297 thousand rubles or 4,509 centners of wheat. The state began to take these funds and grain
from members of collective farms .
Individual peasants mainly relied on manual labor performed with the help of tools such as
hoe and spade, and cultivated the land with heavy effort. Their big and small family members
worked in the plots. Children's labor also had its place in the private homestead: they worked in
the fields, watched over their brothers, tended cattle, prepared fuel, cleaned the house, and other
jobs.
However, after the war years, due to the increased dependence on public labor, the role of
the household economy gradually declined. A certain part of farm products: meat, vegetables,
grain, milk, wool, fur was compulsorily handed over to the state. Although this obligation was
considered voluntary, by the unwritten instructions of the government, each collective farm was
obliged to hand over the above mentioned raw materials to the state.
Only the families of those killed and missing during the war, war disabled and servicemen
did not pay this obligation. The teacher's family is exempted from compulsory payments only if
he is the head of the family. If other family members (wife, son, etc.) were working as Mobodo
teachers, then this family had to pay 50% of the obligation. In the following years, the state made
a number of other decisions directly affecting the lives of the villagers. As we noted above, in
1946-1950, state retail prices for consumer goods were reduced three times. However, measures
to reduce food prices were carried out at the expense of agriculture. These activities were primarily
aimed at providing the cities. For example, prices in cities were slightly lower than in rural areas,
and prices of non-food products also differed. Thus, in cities, satin cloth was sold at the price of
25 rubles 20 pennies, while in rural areas - 28 rubles. 00, men's shoes are priced at 260 rubles in
the city, and 288 rubles in the countryside.
Women's shoes were considered the most expensive item of clothing: they were sold for
260 rubles in cities, and 288 rubles in villages and villages.
If we take into account that even in 1951, a working day of a collective farm worker, as
mentioned above, was 0.26 shillings, about 7-8 rubles a month, and about 90 rubles a year, even
to buy men's shoes, the peasant's hard-earned money He had to collect it for 3-4 years.
In 1950, the population of Karakalpakstan followed a traditional diet, consuming flour
products, rice, milk and fish products, which are common in the region, in accordance with the
geographical environment. In terms of food consumption, the population consumed 89 kg of bread
and bakery products, 4.8 kg of rice, and 6.1 kg of vegetable oil. In fact, during this period, the
population consumed an average of 125.3 kilograms of flour, 16.7 kilograms of rice products and
11.0 kilograms of vegetable oil per year.
In fact, during this period, the population consumed an average of 125.3 kilograms of flour,
16.7 kilograms of rice products and 11.0 kilograms of vegetable oil per year.
From 1965 to 1978, the annual consumption of meat per capita in the USSR was 56 kg,
fish - 16.9 kg, milk - 320, vegetables - 90, potatoes - 120, bread - 140 kg. came from However,
such a result was not achieved in Karakalpakstan even in the late 1980s. For example, the
ISSN:
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2024
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«MODERN
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АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
115
population consumed 26.4 kg of meat, 165.6 liters of milk, 23 kg of potatoes, and 67.4 of
vegetables per capita.
At the beginning of the 90s, the situation became more complicated: meat consumption
was 16.6 kg, milk - 118.3 l, potatoes - 20.2 kg, vegetables - 57.4 kg, fruit - 3.0 kg, that is, almost
2 times the prescribed consumption norm. It was 3 times less.
Difficult living and working conditions, low level of the social sphere, limitation of
households went along with the aggravation of the demographic situation in the villages. In the
early 1950s, out of 42,579 collective farms of Karakalpakstan, 31,616 lived in kurgans (hutars),
and 10,654 lived in villages and settlements. Dissatisfied with the difficult financial situation, a
certain part of the villagers had to move to other collective farms and districts. In two to three
years, 1,895 farms have moved from collective farms. Out of them, 846 settled in the borders of
one district, 579 settled in other districts and collective farms. 225 households left the republic,
and the remaining 245 households' able-bodied members worked outside collective farms . In the
1960s, the state price set for the main food products consumed was as follows: meat 1 kg/2 rubles,
butter - 3.5-3.6 kg/rub, boiled sausage -2.2-2.9 kg/rub ., one loaf of black bread - 18-20 pennies,
white baguette bread (300-400 g) - 13 to 25 pennies, one liter of milk - 30 pennies, refined sugar
(refined) - 1.04 kg/rub., eggs - 9 tyins per piece. However, in many districts of the country, meat,
oil, butter, fish, vegetables and fruits, and various other foodstuffs could be purchased from
cooperative trade or collective farm markets at prices twice or more than the state price. Therefore,
the population continued to grow food products at home, expanding the "range" . In general, in the
post-war period, the social situation of the rural population of Karakalpakstan remained difficult.
The state has increased the area under cotton cultivation due to the reduction of grain crops, and
has also reduced homestead land, which is the main source of income for farmers.
The mobilization of all labor resources under the slogan of revitalization and acceleration
of agricultural production was carried out by departmental methods of a strictly paramilitary
nature, in addition to the economy. Peasants often opposed the administration, but preferred to use
mostly covert forms of struggle for their interests rather than open resistance with the collective
farm leadership. These cases were another proof of the situation in the country.
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«MODERN
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АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 4 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
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