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FUNKSIONAL LINGVISTIKA DOIRASIDA TEJAMKORLIK TAMOYILI
Fayzullayeva Nigina Sur’at qizi
Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti, Ingliz tili o’qituvchisi.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15037705
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu ilmiy maqola til evolutsiyasi va uning tejamkorlik tamoyilidagi
ifodalanishi hamda tilshunoslik va kommunikatsiya tizimlarida qanday aks etishi masalalarini
ko‘rib chiqadi. Nazariy tahlil va empirik tadqiqotlar asosida til tuzilishining murakkablik
darajasi, tejamkorlik printsipi va til evolutsiyasining ijtimoiy, madaniy va texnologik omillarga
ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Maqolaning asosiy maqsadi – til evolutsiyasidagi tejamkorlik tamoyilining
asosiy mexanizmlari va uning turli til tizimlarida aks etish shakllarini aniqlash, shuningdek,
tilning rivojlanishidagi optimallashtirish jarayonlarini ko‘rsatishdir.
Kalit so‘zlar:
til evolutsiyasi, tejamkorlik tamoyili, tilshunoslik, nazariy tahlil, empirik
tadqiqotlar, kommunikatsiya, optimallashtirish.
THE PRINCIPLE OF ECONOMY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF FUNCTIONAL
LINGUISTICS
Abstract.
This scientific article considers the issues of language evolution and its
expression in the principle of economy and how it is reflected in linguistics and communication
systems. Based on theoretical analysis and empirical research, the level of complexity of
language structure, the principle of economy and the influence of language evolution on social,
cultural and technological factors are analyzed. The main purpose of the article is to identify the
main mechanisms of the principle of economy in language evolution and the forms of its
reflection in various language systems, as well as to show the optimization processes in language
development.
Keywords:
language evolution, economy principle, linguistics, theoretical analysis,
empirical research, communication, optimization.
ПРИНЦИП ЭКОНОМИИ В ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ
Аннотация.
В данной научной статье рассматриваются вопросы эволюции языка
и ее проявления в принципе экономии, а также то, как она отражается в лингвистике и
системах коммуникации. На основе теоретического анализа и эмпирических исследований
анализируется уровень сложности структуры языка, принцип экономии, а также влияние
на эволюцию языка социальных, культурных и технологических факторов. Основная цель
статьи — выявить основные механизмы принципа экономии в развитии языка и формы
его отражения в различных языковых системах, а также продемонстрировать процессы
оптимизации в развитии языка.
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Ключевые слова:
эволюция языка, принцип экономии, лингвистика, теоретический
анализ, эмпирические исследования, коммуникация, оптимизация.
Kirish.
Tilshunoslikda til tizimini o‘rganishning turli nazariy yondashuvlari mavjud
bo‘lib, ularning orasida funksional lingvistika muhim o‘rin tutadi. Ushbu yo‘nalish tilning
tuzilishidan ko‘ra, uning asosiy vazifalari va amaliy jihatlariga e’tibor qaratadi. Funksional
lingvistika tilda sodir bo‘ladigan o‘zgarishlarni izohlashda samaradorlik va kommunikativ
qulaylik tamoyillarini asosiy mezon sifatida ko‘radi. Ushbu maqolada funksional lingvistika
doirasida tejamkorlik tamoyili qanday namoyon bo‘lishi va bu tamoyil tilning fonetik,
morfologik, sintaktik hamda pragmatik darajalarida qanday aks etishi tahlil qilinadi.
Funksional lingvistika va uning asosiy tamoyillari. Funksional lingvistika til tizimining
qulaylik, iqtisod va samaradorlik printsiplariga asoslanishini ta’kidlaydi. André Martinet
tomonidan rivojlantirilgan funksional tilshunoslik nazariyasiga ko‘ra, til doimiy ravishda yanada
qulayroq va samaraliroq kommunikatsiyaga erishish uchun optimallashtiriladi (Martinet, 1955).
Tilning rivojlanishida ikkita asosiy omil muhim sanaladi:
1.
Aniqlik tamoyili (principe de clarté) – til aniq va tushunarli bo‘lishi kerak, chunki
ma’lumot uzatilishi samarali bo‘lishi lozim.
2.
Tejamkorlik tamoyili (principe d’économie) – ortiqcha resurslarni tejashga intilish orqali
til murakkab tuzilmalar o‘rniga soddaroq va qulayroq shakllarni afzal ko‘radi.
Asosiy qism.
Mazkur ikki tamoyil o‘rtasidagi
muvozanat
til o‘zgarishlari va
evolutsiyasining asosiy harakatlantiruvchi kuchlaridan biri hisoblanadi.
Tejamkorlik tamoyili va uning til tizimidagi aks etishi. fonetik darajada tejamkorlik.
Fonetik jihatdan til tizimi minimal energiya sarfi bilan optimal muloqotni ta’minlashga
intiladi. Bunda
assimilyatsiya, eliziya, reduksiya va talaffuzdagi qisqarishlar
muhim rol
o‘ynaydi.
Masalan:
Ingliz tilida
“going to”
iborasining og‘zaki nutqda
“gonna”
shaklida aytilishi.
O‘zbek tilida
“kelayapman”
so‘zining og‘zaki nutqda
“kelyapman”
yoki hatto
“kelyamman”
tarzida qisqarishi.
Bu holatlar fonetik iqtisod (economy of articulation) tamoyiliga asoslanib, inson
miyasining
kamroq energiya sarf qilib, ko‘proq ma’lumot yetkazish
tendensiyasiga mos
keladi.
Morfologik darajada tejamkorlik. Morfologiya darajasida tejamkorlik
grammatik
qisqartirishlar, unifikatsiya va affikslarning polifunksionalligi
orqali aks etadi. Masalan:
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Ingliz tilida
Old English
davrida otlarda ko‘plikni ifodalovchi bir necha shakl bo‘lsa
(masalan, “oxen” kabi nostandart shakllar), zamonaviy ingliz tilida deyarli barcha ko‘plik
shakllari
“-s”
yordamida ifodalanadi. Bu morfologik iqtisod natijasidir.
O‘zbek tilida
kelishik qo‘shimchalari ko‘p vazifali bo‘lib, bir so‘z tarkibida turli
grammatik ma’nolarni berishi
mumkin. Masalan,
“-ning”
qo‘shimchasi egalik, kelishik va
bog‘lovchi funksiya bajaradi (
Farhodning kitobi
– egalik,
Farhodning kitobini
– bog‘lovchi). Bu
esa til tizimida ortiqcha grammatik birliklar paydo bo‘lishining oldini oladi.
Sintaktik darajada tejamkorlik. Til sintaktik jihatdan ham tejamkor bo‘lishga intiladi. Bu,
asosan,
gap tuzilmasining ixchamlanishi va ortiqcha bo‘laklarning tushib qolishi
orqali
amalga oshiriladi. Masalan:
Ingliz tilida
nisbiy ergash gaplar
ko‘pincha tushirib qoldiriladi:
“The book (that) I read
was interesting”
. Bu yerda
“that”
so‘zining tushirilishi sintaktik iqtisodning natijasidir.
O‘zbek tilida esa
gap qisqarishi va birikmalar orqali sintaktik qulaylik yaratiladi
:
masalan,
“Men kitobni o‘qib bo‘ldim”
(uzun shakl) o‘rniga
“Men kitobni o‘qidim”
shaklida
aytiladi.
Pragmatik darajada tejamkorlik. Pragmatik jihatdan tejamkorlik
nutqda ma’lumotning
ortiqcha bo‘lishini oldini olishga
asoslanadi. Bunda asosiy omil
Graysning Hamkorlik
prinsipi
bo‘lib, unga ko‘ra, suhbatdoshlardan biri muloqot davomida minimal so‘zlash orqali
aniqlik va samaradorlikni saqlab qolishi lozim
(Grice, 1975). Masalan:
Suhbatda qisqa va aniq javoblar afzal ko‘riladi:
Savol:
“Siz universitetga bordingizmi?”
Javob:
“Ha” (uzun shaklda: “Ha, men universitetga bordim” deb javob berish ortiqcha
bo‘lishi mumkin).
Ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda ham qisqartmalar va belgilar orqali
axborot uzatish
soddalashtiriladi
: masalan, ingliz tilida
“LOL”
(Laughing Out Loud), o‘zbek tilida esa
“kk”
(kulish) kabi qisqartmalarning qo‘llanilishi.
Xulosa.
Xulosa o‘rnida shuni aytish joizki, funksional lingvistika tamoyillariga ko‘ra, til
samaradorlik va tejamkorlik asosida rivojlanadi. Tejamkorlik tamoyili tilning barcha darajalarida
– fonetik, morfologik, sintaktik va pragmatik jihatlarda namoyon bo‘lib, muloqotni qulay va
samarali
qiladi.
Fonetik
jihatdan
tovushlarning
qisqarishi,
morfologik
jihatdan
qo‘shimchalarning unifikatsiyasi, sintaktik jihatdan gap tuzilmasining ixchamlanishi, pragmatik
jihatdan esa minimal nutq orqali aniqlik saqlanishi – bularning barchasi til tizimidagi iqtisod
tamoyili asosida shakllangan hodisalardir.
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Ushbu tamoyilning amaliy qo‘llanilishi sun’iy intellekt va tabiiy tilni qayta ishlash
sohalarida ham muhim bo‘lib, tilni kodlash, tarjima qilish va algoritmik qayta ishlash
jarayonlarida samaradorlikni oshirishga xizmat qiladi.
Shu sababli, funksional lingvistika nuqtayi nazaridan tejamkorlik tamoyili nafaqat
tilshunoslik, balki texnologiya va kommunikatsiya sohalari uchun ham dolzarb hisoblanadi.
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