Authors

  • Bekali Muyiddinov
  • Shahzoda Teshayeva

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71337/inlibrary.uz.science-research.78828

Keywords:

Tarixi arba-ulus Mirzo Ulug’bek Chingizxon mo’g’ullar Koshg’ar Yettisuv Movarounnahr Shimoliy Afg’oniston bob V.Bartold ilm-fan.

Abstract

Mirzo Ulug’bek buyuk olim va ilm-fan hamda madaniyat homiysi sifatida tarixda qoldi. Samarqand uning zamonida Sharqning yirik ilm-fan va madaniyat markazlaridan biriga aylandi. Uning bizgacha 2 ta asari ma’lum birinchisi Ziji Jadidi Ko’ragoniy, ikkinchishi Ulus-i arba’yi Chingizxon (Chingiziylarning to’rt ulusi tarixi) yoki Tarixi arba’ ulus (To’rt ulus tarixi) nomi bilan mashhur asar sanaladi ushbu asar O’rta Osiyo tarixini yoritishda muhim asarlar sirasiga kiradi.

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MIRZO ULUG’BEKNING “TARIXI ARBA-ULUS” ASARI O’RTA OSIYO TARIXINI

O’RGANISHDAGI MUHIM MANBA

Muyiddinov Bekali Bahodir o’g’li

Osiyo xalqaro universiteti, “Ijtimoiy fanlar va texnika fakulteti

Tarix va filologiya kafedrasi o’qituvchisi.

Teshayeva Shahzoda Rahim qizi

Osiyo Xalqaro universiteti “Ijtimoiy fanlar va texnika fakulteti

Tarix ta’lim yo’nalishi ikkinchi bosqich talabasi.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15098265

Annotatsiya. Mirzo Ulug’bek buyuk olim va ilm-fan hamda madaniyat homiysi sifatida

tarixda qoldi. Samarqand uning zamonida Sharqning yirik ilm-fan va madaniyat markazlaridan

biriga aylandi. Uning bizgacha 2 ta asari ma’lum birinchisi Ziji Jadidi Ko’ragoniy, ikkinchishi

Ulus-i arba’yi Chingizxon (Chingiziylarning to’rt ulusi tarixi) yoki Tarixi arba’ ulus (To’rt ulus

tarixi) nomi bilan mashhur asar sanaladi ushbu asar O’rta Osiyo tarixini yoritishda muhim

asarlar sirasiga kiradi.

Kalit so’zlar: Tarixi arba-ulus, Mirzo Ulug’bek, Chingizxon, mo’g’ullar, Koshg’ar,

Yettisuv, Movarounnahr, Shimoliy Afg’oniston, bob, V.Bartold, ilm-fan.

Mirzo Ulug’bek ham aloma ham hukmdor sifatida tarixda qolgan. Mirzo Ulug’bek deganda

ko’z oldimizga buyuk sarkarda yoki shoh emas balki buyuk mutafakir olim, astronom ko’z

oldimizga gavdalanadi. Uning “Tarixi arba-ulus” nomli asari To’rt ulus tarixi haqida hikoya

qiladi. Ulusi arba’-yi Chingiziy (Chingiziylar to’rt ulusi (tarixi) yoki Tarixi arba’ ulus (To’rt ulus

tarixi) nomli asar asosiy mualliflaridan biri, uning yaratilish tashabbuskori XV asrda o’tgan buyuk

olim, yirik davlat arbobi, Shohruh Mirzoning o’g’li Muhammad Tarag’ay Mirzo Ulug’bekdir. U

1394-yil 22-martda Amir Temurning Iroq va Ozarbayjonga qilgan navbatdagi besh yillik harbiy

yurishi vaqtida Sultoniya shahrida, Eron Ozarbayjonida tug’ilgan. Amir Temur saroyida hukm

surgan an’anaga ko’ra, shahzoda Sohibqironning katta xotini Saroymulk xonim - Bibi xonimning

tarbiyasiga topshiriladi. Oradan bir yil chamasi vaqt o’tgach, 1395-yili Amir Temur Saroymulk

xonim va nabirasini Shohruhga qo’shib Samarqandga jo’natadi.

Tarixi arba’ ulus muqaddima va yetti bobdan iborat. Muqaddimada o’rta asrlarda

tarixchilar o’rtasida hukm surgan an’anaga ko’ra, tangri taolo va uning elchisi Muhammad

payg’ambar avlodlari sha’niga aytilgan hamd va na’t (maqtovlar), Odam atoning yaratilishi va

islomiyatdan awal o’tgan payg’ambarlar, turklarning afsonaviy ota-bobolari hisoblangan Yofas


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ibn Nuh va uning farzandi Turkxon, shuningdek, turk-mo’g’ul qabilalari va Chingizxon tarixi

bayon etilgan.

Kitobda Odam atoning yaratilishi va islomiyatdan awal o’tgan payg’ambarlar, turklarning

afsonaviy otabobolari hisoblangan Yofas ibn Nuh va uning farzandi Turkxon, shuningdek, turk-

mo’g’ul qabilalari va Chingizxon tarixi bayon etilgan. Turkxon ibn Yofas va uning Turkiston

zaminida podshohlik qilgan avlodi Abuljaxon, Dibokuyxon, Kuyukxon va boshqalar, mo’g’ul va

turk qavmlari va ularning podshohlari tarixi bayon etilgan.

I bobda Turkxon ibn Yofas va uning Turkiston zaminida podshohlik qilgan avlodi

Abuljaxon, Dibokuyxon, Kuyukxon va boshqalar, tatar-mo’g’ul va turk qavmlari va ularning

podshohlari tarixi bayon etilgan.

II bob turk-mo’g’ul xalqlarining afsonaviy onasi Alangkuva va undan tarqalgan avlod, yani

podshohlar Buzunjon qoon, Buqoxon, Dutimenxon, Qobulxon va boshqalar tarixi bayonini o’z

ichiga oladi.

III Kitobning bobida Chingizxon tarixi bayon etilgan.

IV bob Ulug’ yurt, yani Mo’g’iliston va Shimoliy Xitoyda hukmronlik qilgan Chingizxon

vorislari tarixiga bag’shlanadi.

V bob Chingizxonning to’ng’ich o’g’li Jo’jixon naslidan bo’lgan 33 xonning Dashti

qipchoqdagi hukmromligi bayon etilgan.

VI bobda Elxoniylar, ya’ni Eron hamda Ozarbayjonning XIII-XIV asrlardagi tarixidan

bahs yuritiladi.

VII bobda Chig’atoy ulusining, Koshg’ar, Yettisuv, Movarounnahr, Shimoliy Afg’oniston

hududidagi XIII-XIV asrlardagi tarixi talqin etilgan.

Shuni ham aytish kerakki, muallif mazkur ulusda hukmronlik qilgan har bir hukmdor xon

ustida qisqa va alohida-alohida to’xtalib, ularning davrida sodir bo’lgan voqealardan eng

muhimlarini bayon etgan. Tarixi arba’ ulus asarining ayrim qismlari, xususan uning to’rtinchi

qismi, ko’p jihatdan Sharafuddin Ali Yazdiyning Muqaddimayi Zafarnomasiga o’xshab ketadi.

Lekin, Ulug’bek asari birmuncha mukammaldir. Bundan tashqari, unda to’rt ulus o’rtasidagi

siyosiy munosabatlar, o’zbek etnonimining kelib chiqish vaqti xususida ham qimmatli

ma’lumotlarni uchratamiz. Ushbu kitobning faqat qisqartirilgan tahririning to’rt mo’tabar

qo’lyozmasi bizgacha yetib kelgan. Ularning ikkitasi Angliyada, bittasi Hindistonda va to’rtinchi

nusxasi AQShda saqlanmoqda. Mirzo Ulug’bek tarixiy asarining inglizcha tarjimasi 1838-yili

Mayls tomonidan Angliyada chop etilgan. O’zbekcha tarjimasi B.Ahmedov, M.Hasaniy va

N.Norqulovlar tomonidan bajarilib, 1994-yili Toshkentda chop etildi.


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Mirzo Ulug’bekning Tarixi arba’ ulus asari O’rta Osiyo va Qozog’istonning XIII-XIV

asrlardagi tarixini o’rganishda, xususan Chig’atoy ulusi tarixini bilishda muhim manbalardan biri

hisoblanadi.

XVI-XVII asrlarda yashab ijod etgan muarrixlar uchun ham Ulug’bekning bu asari asosiy

manba bo’lib xizmat qilgan “Tarixi arba’ ulus” asarida to’rt ulus o’rtasidagi siyosiy munosabatlar,

“o’zbek” etnonimining kelib chiqish vaqti xususida ham qimmatli ma’lumotlarni uchratamiz.

Ushbu kitobning faqat qisqartirilgan tahririning to’rt mo’tabar qo’lyozmasi bizgacha yetib

kelgan.

Mirzo Ulug’bekning ushbu asaridan qator olim va tadqiqotchilar o’zining bir qator tarixiy,

ijtimoiy va falsafiy asarini yozishda foydalangan. Jumladan, V.Bartold “Turkiston mo’g’ullar

istilosi davrida”, “Ulug’bek va uning davri” kabi asarlarini yozishda foydalangan. V.Bartoldning

ta’kidlashiga ko’ra, muallif asarda ko’proq mo’g’ul xonlari nomini qayd etgan. Ammo mamlakat

va xalqlarning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, madaniy hayoti haqida ma’lumot bermasdan, ularning nomini

keltirish bilan cheklangan. Movarounnahr, Qashqar va Yettisuvning Chingizxon hukmronlidan to

Amir Temur hokimiyatga kelgunga qadar bo’lgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy tarixi O’rta asr manbalarida

juda kam uchraydi. Shuning uchun Mirzo Ulug’bek tomonidan Chig’atoydan Tug’luq

Temurgacha yuz bergan tarixiy jarayonlar, shuningdek, Amir Temur davridagi qo’g’irchoq xonlar

Suyurg’atmish va Sulton Mahmudxon hukmronligi davrida sodir bo’lgan voqealarning

tasvirlanishi nihoyatda muhimdir.

Asarni yozishda muallif ham ko’plab tarixiy, jug’rofiy asarlardan foydalangan. Muallif

ko’p hollarda o’z manbalarini aniq ko’rsatmaydi va aytishlaricha, qissa va tarix kitoblar

yozilishicha, Chig’atoy ulusi ulamolarining kitoblarida keltirilishicha, bir guruh odil, haqiqatgo’y

tarix arboblarining aytishicha kabi umumiy iboralar bilan cheklanadi.

Lekin, ayrim o’rinlarda o’zi foydalangan ba’zi asarlar va ularning mualliflari nomini ham

tilga oladi. Bular orasida mashhur astronom Abu Ma’shar Balxiy, yirik olim, shoir hamda sayyoh

Rashiduddin Votvot, mashhur tarixchi-yu, davlat arboblari Alouddin Otamalik Juvayniy,

Rashiduddin Fazlulloh Hamadoniy, Hamdulloh Mustovfiyi Kazviniy va boshqalarning nomlari

tilga olinadi. Olim hadis kitoblar va rivoyatlardan foydalanganligini ham aytadi.

Rashiduddin Votvot, Xo’jandiy va Nizomiydan olingan she’riy parchalar ham uchraydi.

Shunga qaraganda Ulug’bek mazkur asarini yozishda juda ko’p va mazmun jihatdan xilma-

xil kitoblardan keng foydalangan.

Chingizxon vafoti oldidan (1227-y) o’z tasarrufiga kirgan mamlakatlarni o’g’illariga

taqsimlaganda, ikkinchi o’g’li Chig’atoyxonga Sharqiy Turkiston, Yettisuv vohasi va


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Movarounnahrni, Xorazmning bir qismi bilan in’om etgani, hozirgi Afg’oniston va Shimoliy

Hindiston yerlari esa Chig’atoylar tasarrufiga keyincha o’tgani haqida aytiladi. “To’rt ulus

tarixi”da keltirilishicha, Afg’oniston va Shimoliy Hindiston yerlari ham Chingizxonning

hayotligidayoq Chig’atoyxonga berilgan.

Bu haqida asarda quyidagilarni o’qiymiz: “Chingizxon G’uronz amin mamlakati

hokimligini, Koshg’ar sarhadlaridan uyg’urlar yeri chegarasigacha; Jayhun daryosi adog’igacha

yastangan yerlar: Eron bilan Turon oralig’idagi Balx, Badaxshon, Qobul, G’aznin, Sind

daryosigacha bo’lgan yerlarning ko’p qismini shu suyukli farzandi Chig’atoyxonga berdi”.

Chig’atoy qo’shinining tuzilishi, ayniqsa harbiy bo’linmalar nomi haqidagi ma’lumotlar

o’ta muhimdir. Masalan, qorovul qism o’sha vaqtlarda bulung’or, irovul (ilg’or qism orqasidan

boruvchi bo’linma) — burung’or, maymana (o’ng qanot)- avang’or, soqa (ar’ergard) —

o’kchungor deb atalgan

Xulosa o’rnida shuni aytish lozimki Mirzo Ulug’bek mamlakatning siyosiy va iqtisodiy

hayotini boshqarish bilan birga, ilmiy faoliyat bilan shug’ullangan va ilmiy-falsafiy tafakkurni

rivojlantirgan.

Uning davrida temuriylar davlatidagi parakondalik ilmiy faoliyat olib borishiga monelik

qilgan bo’lsada undan juda yaxshi ilmiy meroslar bizgacha yetib kelgan. Mirzo Ulug’bek kabi ilm-

fan, madaniyat va adabiyotni rivojlantirib, jahon ilm-fan va ilmiy tafakkuriga hissa qo’shgan

shaxslar sanoqlidir.

Bugungi kunda mamlakatimiz yoshlari Mirzo Ulug’bek singari olim va hukmdor avlodlari

ekanidan faxrlanadi, birgina “To’rt ulus tarixi” asari O’rta va Markaziy Osiyoning XIIIXIV

asrning birinchi yarmidagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy tarixini o’rganishda muhim o’rin egallashi

shubhasizdir.

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M., Yarashova, M., & Yuldosheva, F. (2025). ТARIXIY

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42.

Shuhratovna, T. S. (2024). Linguistic Anthropology. European Journal Of Innovation In

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43.

Toshpo‘latova, S. S., & Naimov, I. N. (2023). MS ANDREYEV–O’RTA OSIYO

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44.

Toshpo’latova, S., & Tursuntoshova, S. (2024). Khoja Abdulkholiq Gijduvani. Modern

Science and Research, 3(2), 87-93.

45.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2024). Ethnolinguistics Of Ethnologies Of Bukhara. Modern Science

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46.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2024). Ethnolinguistics. Modern Science and Research, 3(2), 500-507.

47.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2024). Religious Anthropology. Modern Science and Research, 3(1),

504-510.

48.

Shakhnoza Shuhratovna, T. (2023). MS Andreyev’S Way Of Life. American Journal of

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background image


Mart, 2025-Yil

407

49.

Shuhratovna, T. S. (2023). Ethnological Analysis Of National Costumes And Rituals Of

Tajiks In The Works Of MS Andreyev. International Journal Of History And Political

Sciences, 3(12), 42-47.

50.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2023). MS Andreyev-Scientific Career. Modern Science and Research,

2(12), 801-807.

51.

Shuhratovna, T. S. (2023). Etymology Of Tajik Marriage Ceremony. International Journal

Of History And Political Sciences, 3(11), 17-23.

52.

Toshpo’latova, S., & Ashurova, G. (2023). THE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF

THE WORK OF MS ANDREYEV-" ARK BUKHARI". Modern Science and Research,

2(9), 404-409.

53.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2023). ETHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CALENDRICAL

CALCULATION AND LENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF KHUF VALLEY TAJIKS IN

THE RESEARCHES OF MS ANDREYEV. Modern Science and Research, 2(10), 291-

299.

54.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2023). A STUDY OF THE WEDDING CEREMONY OF THE

TAJIKS OF AFGHANISTAN. Modern Science and Research, 2(9), 84-89.

55.

Naimov, I., & Toshpo‘latova, S. (2023). Marriage Ceremony Of Tajiks In The Work Of

Mikhail Stepanovich Andreyev “Tadjiki Dolini Khuf”. International Journal of Intellectual

Cultural Heritage, 3(1), 12-16.

56.

Toshpo‘latova, S. S. (2023). Tojiklar Milliy Kiyim-Kechaklari Va “Beshmorak”

Marosimining Etnologik Tahlili. Scholar, 1(28), 395-401.

57.

Toshpo’latova, S., & Hoshimova, M. (2025). BERUNIY VA UNING DIDAKTIK

QARASHLARI. Modern Science and Research, 4(1), 344-351.

58.

Toshpo’latova, S. (2024). ILK UYG’ONISH DAVRI NAMOYONDALARNING

DIDAKTIK QARASHLARI ASOSIDA O’QUVCHILARNI TARIX FANIGA

QIZIQTIRISH METODIKASI. Modern Science and Research, 3(12), 643-651.

59.

Muyiddinov, B., Toshpo‘latova, S., & Gadayeva, M. (2025). TEMURIYLAR DAVRIDA

KUTUBXONACHILIK, HUJJATCHILIK VA ISH YURITISHNING O’ZIGA XOSLIGI.

Modern Science and Research, 4(2), 97-105.

60.

Toshpo‘latova, S., Gadayeva, M., & Muyiddinov, B. (2025). BO’LAJAK

O’QITUVCHILARNING

PEDAGOGIK-PSIXOLOGIK

TAYYORGARLIGINI

TARKIB TOPTIRISH MODELI. Modern Science and Research, 4(2), 106-116.


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61.

Gadayeva, M., Toshpolatova, S., & Muyiddinov, B. (2025). TARIX DARSLARINI

OQITISHDA INTERFAOL METODLARNING AHAMIYATI. Modern Science and

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Nonformal Education, 4(3), 432-437.

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Science Education, 2(8), 1214-1222.

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THE RESEARCHES OF MS ANDREYEV. Modern Science and Research, 2(10), 291-

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DIDAKTIK QARASHLARI ASOSIDA O’QUVCHILARNI TARIX FANIGA

QIZIQTIRISH METODIKASI. Modern Science and Research, 3(12), 643-651.

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Modern Science and Research, 4(2), 97-105.

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Research, 4(2), 87-96.