ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
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UZBEK LAW REVIEW
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ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
2018
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1
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ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
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UZBEK LAW REVIEW
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ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
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N.Sh. Kurbonalizoda
Candidate of sciences in law,
Deputy Dean of Law Faculty at Tajik
National University
TO THE GUESTION ABOUT THE SOURCES OF THE
RIGHT OF THE MINORS TO INFORMATION
Annotation:
the article considers the question of the
legal personality of the minor children in the sphere of
information activities in the Republic of Tajikistan. They
are determined by information rights and duties of the mi-
nor children according to the national legislation.
Key words:
informational rights of a minor children,
legal subjectivity of a minor children, informational obliga-
tion, sources of the rights of a minor children on infor-
mation, harmful information, protection of informational
rights, restriction or rejection to information access.
After gaining state independence Constitution of the
Republic of Tajikistan (1994) in chapter 2 «Rights, Liber-
ties, basic duties of a man and citizen» is used not only
term «citizen», but also term «man», uniting them into
notion «every». By this civilized approach the main law
includes citizens of their country into the system of interna-
tional law, recognizing and protecting the rights of a man
independently from its national-legal status. According to
part 1, article 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ta-
jikistan everydiv is ensured by secret of correspond-
ence, (tele)phone conversations, telegraph and other per-
sonal messages except cases stipulated by law. For im-
plementation of the given right in part 2 of the same article
of the main law is provided that collection, keeping, usage
and spreading information about private domain (personal
life) of a human without his agree (accord) are prohibited.
This order is spreaded also to minor children.
In our opinion, sources of legal subjectivity of minor
children in information sphere are divided into international
legal acts and national legislation. On international level
ground (fundamental) significance has convention on the
rights of child, preamble of which says that member coun-
tries of this convention «….ascertained in that family as
the first partition of society and also natural environment
for wellbeing of all members, especially. For children, for
productive functioning inside this society must be ensured
by necessary protection and support…» Recognizing that
for intect and harmonic development of a child it is neces-
sary family surrounding, declaration reads that a child be-
fore born and after born they are necessary definite guar-
antees and defence by the legislation [7] it should be not-
ed that a given Convention under the notion of a child it is
understood natural natural person not achieved the age of
18, that is including minors.
In different articles of the present Convention more
elaborately expressed legal subjectivity of minor children
in information exchange. For instance, in accordance with
article 13 of this Convention minor has the right to express
his opinion freely. This right includes freedom to search, to
get and to address in formation and any ideas inde-
pendently from border in oral, written or printed forms. It is
also said in part 2 about some limits of implementation of
this right, which provided by law and are necessary for the
respect of rights and reputation of other persons or for the
safeguard of state security, or public order, or health, or
morality of population.
Convention on the rights of child provides obligations
of states participants in the sphere of respect of rights of
minor children for freedom of speech, thought awareness
and religion. States-participants to lead minors in using his
rights by method of according with developing abilities of
minors. Freedom of (shrive) belief in his own religion may
be undergone only such limits which defined by law.
Convention also regulates access of minors to infor-
mation. In article 17 it is provided that participants
−
states
recognize important role of mass media and ensure in
order minor children should have access to information
and materials from various national and international
sources especially to information and materials which di-
rected to the assistant of social, spiritual and moral well-
being, as well as healthy physical and mental develop-
ment of a minor [9,106-776] with this aim participant
states:
a) to encourage mass media to spread of information
and materials, useful for minor children in social and cul-
tural relations;
b) encourage international cooperation in the field of
preparing, exchange and spread of such information and
materials from different cultural, national and international
sources;
c) encourage outcome and spread of children’s litera-
ture;
d) encourage mass media to pay special attention to
language needs of a minor belonged to any group of mi-
nority or native-born population;
e) encourage working out necessary principles of pro-
tection of minors from information and materials caused
harm to his well-being taking into consideration the situa-
tion [articles 13 and 18].
One of the main forms of manifestation is the right to
education. That’s why in article 28 of Convention provided
that participants states recognize the right of a child to
educations and with the purpose of gradual achievement
of implementation of this right on the basis of equal possi-
bilities they do the following tasks:
a) introduce free of charge and obligatory initial edu-
cation;
b) encourage development of different forms of high
education as general and professional, ensure its access
for all children and take such necessary measures as in-
troduction free of charge education and representation in
case of necessity financial and help;
c) ensure access to higher education for all on the
base of abilities of everydiv with the help of all neces-
sary means;
d) ensure access to information and materials in the
field of education and professional training for all children;
e) take measures on assistance of regular attendance
of school and decreasing number of pupils, left schools
[9].
Other source on international level may be considered
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam. Article 7
says: «From the moment of birth every minor child has the
right to necessary care, education, as well as material,
hygienic and moral support which must be ensured by
parents, society and state. As for the child so for the
mother is necessary special care and support by the legis-
lation».[5]
On international level as a source of rights of minors
on information may be included The universal Islamic Dec-
laration says:
a) every man has the right to express his thoughts
and beliefs on that measure and degree on which it per-
mitted (provided) by law. Nodiv has the right to spread
wrong information directed with aim of to do harm on pub-
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lic morality or libel and belittlement, or to damage to pres-
tige of others;
b) it must not be any obstacles on spreading infor-
mation, if it is not dangerous for the interests of state or
society and doesn’t come out of the limits, provided by
law. Further in article 21 provided that every person has
the right to education according to their born abilities and
possibilities.
In point 2 of this article it also said that everydiv has
the right on free choice of profession and career and op-
portunity most Full development their born abilities. [1]
Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights
provides the right of everydiv to search freely, get and
spread information and ideas by any means and inde-
pendently an state borders.
To the number of international sources of minors rights
on information it may be also included international Pact
on civil and political rights and European convention on
human rights defense and main freedoms. In part 2 of
article 19 on international pact on civil and political rights
was determined that everydiv has the right to express
his opinion freely, this right include freedom of search , get
and ideas independently from state borders orally, in writ-
ten or publish in newspapers, as well as by means of from
literary forms of expression or by other ways on own
choice.
Article 10 of European convention on human rights de-
fense and main freedoms says: “everydiv has the tight to
express his opinion freely”.
This right includes the freedom of support one’s own
opinion, to get and to spread information and ideas without
interference by state bodies and independently of state
borders [8,174].
Law of the Republic of Tajikistan «On information»
provides that the citizens have the right to information, put
fundamental legal basis information. Though the law
doesn’t regulate the issues of establishing and using in-
formation technologies it should be however recognized
that in it there are provided two main guarantees of ensur-
ing the right to information. This is the duty of state power
bodies and local self-government to create accessful in
Formation resources for citizens and accordingly possibil-
ity of citizens to appeal acts or decisions, directed to limit
or refuse in access to information. In this respect it may be
recommended a number of concrete measures, directed
to overcome of existing shortages and increasing efficient
structured role of law. In opinion of SH.K Gayurov it is
necessary as well as in article 28 of Law the Republic of
Tajikistan «On information» to introduce the following ad-
dition: «To oblige bodies and organizations with duty to
spread for general report (data) became them known un-
der implementation his activity this information, if this in-
formation can prevent threat for life or health of citizens, if
it demands to stop of spreading false information, if this
information has or can have public significant character”
[4].
In national legislation legal subjectivity of minor chil-
dren in information sphere based, first of all, on Constitu-
tion of RT, Civil Code of RT, Laws of RT ”On Information”
“On informatization”, “On protection or information” and
other normative legal acts. Acting legislation of the Repub-
lic of Tajikistan doesn’t define for minor children any limits
in access to information. In accordance with Constitution
of RT (article 30) everydiv has the right freely to search,
to get, to transmit, to produce and to spread information by
any legal way. This regulation of the Constitution of RT, in
accordance with article 17 of Convention an the right of
the child ensures to every minor child possibility of access
to information and materials, which directed to the assis-
tance of his social, spiritual and moral well-being as well
as healthy physical and mental development. Situation is
compounded by that minor children often because of their
physical and mental immaturity can not understand his
actions Fully, “to clean” representing him information, criti-
cally to perceive directed to him actions of the others.
One of the main sources of minors’right on information
is Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan. According to
part 2 article 140 of Civil Code of RT information of the
object of civil rights. In our opinion, given norm also
spread on the minors’ right to information.
According to the law of the Republic of Tajikistan “on
Information” [3] minor children are users of information
services. That’s why it is necessary to introduce following
amendments in this law: to prohibit public spread of mali-
cious information. To malicious information may belong:
information directed to inciting hatred; the feud, violence
including caused by social, racial, national or religious
hatred, the feud, feeling of superiority, strife , intolerance:
information containing calls to war and mass disorder;
about (false) information including unfair, false, obvious
about (false) advertisement; information maintaining en-
croachment; honour, kind name and business reputation
including pornography, unethical advertisement; infor-
mation providing destructive impact on people’s health
including advertisement with hidden inserts. In case of
spreading such information, it should be provided punish-
ment of subject representing such kind of information, for
breach of given norm.
So, to the number sources of legal subjectivity of minor
children in information sphere can belong the following: on
international level –Universal declaration of Human Rights,
Convention on child’s rights, International Pact on civil and
political rights of Human, European convention of protec-
tion of the rights of the man and basic freedoms, Interna-
tional Pact on economic, social (public) and cultural rights
of a man. Convention of CIS on the rights and the main
freedoms of a man, Cairo Declaration of the rights of a
human in Islam, Universal Islamic declaration of human
rights and others.
In national legislation sources of the minors’rights on
information are Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,
Civil Code of RT, Laws of RT “On Information” “On in-
formatization”, “On press and other mass media”, “On
protection of information” and legislative acts, provided
norms of rights of a man on information. Summarizing my
conclusions deliberately considering the question we can
say, that regulation the relations connected with produc-
tion, possession, usage and spreading information with
the participant of minors already regulated (settled) in in-
ternational-recognized acts with implementation of norms
which RT has definite obligations.
Sources of legal subjectivity of minors will be more ad-
equate for modern needs, if in them will be rational combi-
nation of national tradition and advanced (progressive)
experience (practice) of legal regulation.
Literature
1. The universal Islamic Declaration of human rights,
adopted on 19, September, 1981, the Islamic Council of
Europe in Paris.http://www.worldislamlaw.ru /archives
/122. (the date of the circulation 12.09.2012).
−
P. 8
2. Gayurov Sh. K. personal information the right of cit-
izens: the problem of civil-legal regulation in the Republic
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of Tajikistan. M: Publishing house “Sputnik”, 2010.
−
p.
360
3. The law of Republic of Tajikistan “On informatiza-
tion”, AkhboriMajlisiOli of the TJ.2001.
№
7
−
P. 502.
−
P.
11
4. The law of Republic of Tajikistan “On information”,
AkhboriMajlisiOli of the TJ.2002.
№
4.
−
P 2.
−
P. 320.
−
P.
10
5. The Cairo declaration of human rights in Islam,
Cairo, 5 August1990.
−
P. 5
6. Convention on the right of the child, adopted by
General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20–November
1989.
(the date of the circulation
16.02.2011).
−
P. 230-239
7. International law in the documents: textbook /
ed.:N.T. Blatova, G.M. Melkov.
−
2003.
−
P. 880
8. The universal collection of international and nation-
al instruments on human rights – Dushanbe. 2010.
−
P.
234
1. A chronological collection of the current legislation
of the Tajik SSR 1929-1945. Dushanbe
−
1964- vol.1
−
P.
142.
И
.
Рустамбеков
,
Доктор
юридических
наук
,
доцент
НЕКОТОРЫЕ
ВОПРОСЫ
ПРАВОВЫХ
ОСНОВ
ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ
ГРАЖДАНСКОГО
ОБЩЕСТВА
В
УСЛОВИЯХ
ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
Аннотация
:
в
статье
осуществлен
анализ
некото
-
рых
вопросов
развития
гражданского
общества
в
условиях
глобализации
.
Автор
попытался
провести
критический
анализ
институциональных
основ
граж
-
данского
общества
.
В
заключении
автором
отмечено
,
что
в
период
глобализации
в
Республике
Узбекистан
институты
гражданского
общества
требуют
дальней
-
шего
совершенствования
и
развития
.
Ключевые
слова
:
гражданское
общество
,
глоба
-
лизация
,
институты
гражданского
общества
,
юрисдик
-
ция
.
Annotation:
in the article the analysis of some ques-
tions of development of civil society in the conditions of
globalization is carried out. The author has tried to carry
out the critical analysis of institutional bases of civil socie-
ty. In the conclusion the author has noted that during
globalization in the Republic of Uzbekistan institutes of
civil society needs further improvement and development.
Keywords:
civil society, globalization, civil society in-
stitutes, jurisdiction.
Аннотация
:
мақолада
глобаллашув
жараёнларида
фуқаролик
жамияти
ривожланишининг
айрим
масалалари
таҳлил
қилинган
.
Муаллиф
томонидан
фуқаролик
жамиятининг
институциявий
асослари
танқидий
таҳлили
амалга
оширишга
ҳаракат
қилинган
.
Муаллиф
глобаллашув
даврида
Ўзбекистон
Республикасида
фуқаролик
жамияти
институтларини
ривожлантириш
ва
такомиллаштиришга
эҳтиёж
мавжудлиги
ҳақида
хулоса
қилган
.
Калит
сўзлар
:
фуқаролик
жамияти
,
глобализация
,
фуқаролик
жамияти
институтлари
,
юрисдикция
.
В
настоящее
время
функционирование
граждан
-
ского
общества
как
основного
условия
развития
пра
-
вового
государства
приобрело
качественно
новый
ха
-
рактер
.
Совершенствование
процесса
взаимодействия
общества
и
государства
является
стратегической
за
-
дачей
истинно
правового
государства
,
желающего
видеть
в
лице
институтов
гражданского
общества
сво
-
его
основного
союзника
и
партнера
в
процессе
функ
-
ционирования
при
решении
различных
задач
,
продик
-
тованных
современными
«
вызовами
»
глобализации
.
Глобализация
стала
ключевым
понятием
,
характе
-
ризующим
процессы
мирового
развития
в
начале
XXI
в
.
Ее
суть
заключается
в
резком
расширении
и
услож
-
нении
взаимосвязей
и
взаимозависимостей
как
людей
,
так
и
государств
,
что
выражается
в
процессах
форми
-
рования
планетарного
информационного
простран
-
ства
,
мирового
рынка
капиталов
,
товаров
и
рабочей
силы
,
в
интернационализации
проблем
техногенного
воздействия
на
природную
среду
,
межэтнических
и
межконфессиональных
конфликтов
и
безопасности
.
Глобализация
изменяет
роль
и
функции
традици
-
онных
социальных
институтов
,
в
том
числе
происходит
трансформация
институционального
кредо
граждан
-
ского
общества
.
Гражданские
организации
должны
участвовать
в
трудноразрешимых
проблемах
,
выхо
-
