“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
526
MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR USE
IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION
Daljanova Gulnaz Moyatdinovna
UzSWLU, Faculty of translation theory and practice 1st year Master
’
s student
Gulnazrgf1@gmail.com
Abduganieva Jamilya Rustamovna
Scientific superviser.
Annotatsiya.
Tarjimon Lorena Manaj tushuntirganidek, “Tarjima turli
tillarda gaplashadigan va turli madaniyatlarga ega b
o‘
lgan ikki s
o‘
zlovchi
o‘
rtasidagi muloqotda alohida ahamiyatga ega. Muvaffaqiyat- ma
’
noga ega b
o‘
lgan
va tengsiz an
’
ana, madaniyat va urf-odatlarga ega b
o‘
lgan ikki shaxs
o‘
rtasida
xabarni aniq etkazadigan s
o‘
zlarni almashish bilan bo
g‘liq”. Shu sababli, ikki xil
tilda tarjima qilganda, tarjimon tinglovchilarga aniq ma
’
noni etkazish uchun turli
usullar, texnika va vositalardan foydalanishi kerak. Ushbu maqolada turli tillardan
misollar olib, sinxron tarjimadagi asosiy lingvistik vositalar turlari tahlil qilinadi.
Kalit s
o‘
zlar:
tarjima metodlari, usullari, sinxron tarjima, vizual tarjima
Аннотация.
Как объясняет переводчик Лорена Манай: «Перевод имеет
особое значение в общении между двумя носителями, говорящими на разных
языках и принадлежащими к разным культурам. Заслуга связана с обменом
словами, которые несут смысл и точно передают послание между
двумя
людьми с непревзойденными традициями, культурой и обычаями». Поэтому
при переводе на два разных языка переводчику приходится использовать
разнообразные методы, приемы и инструменты, чтобы донести до
аудитории точный смысл. В статье на примере разных
языков
анализируются виды основных языковых средств синхронного перевода.
Ключевые слова:
методы перевода, способы, синхронный перевод,
перевод с листа.
Annotation.
As the translator Lorena Manaj explains, “Translation has a
special merit in communication between two speakers who speak different
languages and have different cultures. The merit is related to the exchange of words
that carry the meaning and accurately convey a message between two individuals
with unmatched tradition, culture and customs”. T
herefore, when interpreting in
two different languages, the translator has to use diverse methods, techniques and
tools to deliver the accurate meaning to the audience. This article analyses the types
of main linguistic tools in simultaneous interpretation taking examples of different
languages.
Key words:
translation methods, techniques, simultaneous interpretation,
sight translation.
“Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innova
tsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
527
After the development of the multichannel tape recorder, simultaneous
translation investigations were conducted approximately concurrently by a
number of researchers at the close of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s
(Henri C. Baki in the United States and Canada, 1971; D. Gerver in the UK in 1974;
I.A. Zimnyaya in Russia, among others). According to Shiryayev, simultaneous
interpretation is a specific activity that consists of stages that are associated with
each of the Steps or Actions. The phases that are most crucial are the ones that
include direction, searching, decision-making, and execution. In fact, there is no
simultaneous speaking and listening when the speaking pace in the source
language is slow enough for stage one of step two to come after stage three of step
one. The form of interpretation that is simultaneous is complex. It is sense-
oriented and bilingual.
Whenever you are reading something in a foreign language, your go-to
response might be to try Google Translate first. However, there is nothing wrong with
that. Google Translate, and similar tools, have come a long way and can get a lot of the
translation quite right. That is, until they get something very, very wrong.
A professional translator would know to use context cues and not attempt
a word-for-word translation, but online translation services have yet to get that
smart.
When asked to translate a text aloud into the target language in a formal
setting
–
a courtroom, for instance
–
a translator can function as a smartphone app.
Sight translation is the art form that combines interpretation and translation into
one. Although it is extremely difficult for the translator, they will undoubtedly
perform far better than an app since they are aware of the sight translation
strategies and tactics that will best highlight the meaning and "feel" of the
translated material. Nevertheless, the translator in a simultaneous interpretation
booth does not have any additional time or breaks. Thus, before beginning a
responsible job, one should become proficient in basic methods and techniques.
Translation methods.
Free translation is a popular translation technique. This is sometimes
known as “creative translation”, or translation done whatever means necessary.
This does not imply that it is erroneous; rather, it indicates that the translator did
not pay close attention to the source language
’
s syntax and style. Rather, the
speech will be faithfully translated, though its structure, grammar, and register
may differ slightly from the original.
Idiomatic translation is a related technique that replicates the original
speech
’
s meaning by deliberately using idioms and colloquialisms from the target
language. As a result, some segments have a different appearance and cannot be
translated directly, but their meanings are still very similar.
Translation Techniques
Every technique covered above produces an effect that is marginally
different. Nonetheless, a variety of combinations of different translation
techniques can be used to achieve this final result. Direct translation techniques
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
528
and oblique translation techniques are the two primary categories of translation
techniques that are generally recognized.
When the text being translated has elements that are similar in both the
source and target languages, direct translation techniques can be applied. These
components, like sentence construction and grammar, or specific ideas related to
them, are transferable between languages.
Oblique translation techniques are applicable when the former is
impossible, when the meaning must be changed slightly, or the grammar and style
of the text must be played with to translate it.
Direct Translation Techniques
Literal translation is the main outcome of direct translation methods. Other
forms consist of calque and borrowing.
Literal translation
A literal translation seeks to replicate the original text verbatim, with
particular attention paid to the text
’
s structure and grammar. There is a big
disclaimer even though this can result in translations that are extremely accurate.
There is no magic wand that can be used to translate anything literally; it can only
be applied to specific language structures.
Translations into more literal forms are easier in languages with stricter
syntax rules, especially when those languages are shared. Conversely, because
English has a more rigid syntax, languages like Slovak, which have very fluid
sentence structures, would not translate well into it. When literal translation is
not possible, we add calque or borrowing techniques to the translation.
Borrowing
Simply put, borrowing occurs when a language appropriates words directly
from another and uses them as its own. Additionally, borrowings have a constant
influence on Uzbek language. We are residing in a technologically advanced era.
Languages embrace new ideas that are brought about by new discoveries and
inventions; the Uzbek language is one of them. Words related to technological
advancement, sports terminology, and common vocabulary have been influencing
Uzbek from other languages, particularly English, Russian, and through Russian
or English from numerous European languages. Uzbek language is full of
barbarisms which are mainly used by the youth:
конечно
certainly(Russian),
okay (English) and etc.
Calque
Calque, the alternative method, is a little bit different. Although it begins
with a word borrowed from another language, it also translates this word into the
language of the target language, producing terms like beer garden (also from
German, Biergarten) or standpoint (from English, Standpunkt). However, when it
comes to calques, translators need to exercise caution because while some can be
clear-cut and simple to comprehend, others can become confusing with
unexpected and frequently amusing results. Calques are frequently context-
specific, with many common terms used in legal documents being completely
foreign to the average person.
“Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innova
tsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
529
Oblique Translation Techniques
Translations that are faithful and accurate can result from using literal
translation techniques, as was previously discussed. Oblique translation
techniques are useful when we are unable to use them.
Transposition
Transposition is a less complex indirect technique that modifies the word
order within a sentence or phrase. Regarding the placement of adjectives, nouns,
and verbs in sentences and in relation to one another, different languages have
different rules. Adjectives are typically positioned after a noun in French, but
before one in English. Transposition, then, concentrates on this and guarantees
that the words in the target language are rearranged in the proper order while
maintaining the majority of the phrase
’
s meaning.
Modulation
However, modulation goes a step further and employs a phrase in the target
language that differs from the source language but nonetheless conveys the same
idea. The reader will perceive one of the two phrases
–
the same one or the
modulated alternative
–
as sounding more natural in the target language. The goal
of modulation is to identify the more appropriate phrase and apply it
appropriately to avoid any misunderstandings and create a more organic feel to
the translation.
Reformulation or equivalence
Reformulation or equivalency in translation returns to idiomatic
translation as we proceed through these translation techniques, becoming
increasingly liberal. This method, which is frequently used in creative industries
like marketing and advertising, discovers more imaginative ways to convey the
same meaning in entirely different ways between the source and target languages.
Idioms can only be translated by reformulating them; movie titles provide an
intriguing example. Even though they frequently seem to have nothing in common
between two languages, they nevertheless aim to convey the same idea or feeling.
But some people usually perform better than others.
Adaptation
The goal of adaptation is to make the idea being translated seem natural and
simple to target language speakers by incorporating a wider cultural context into
the reformulation. Jokes about farm animals and Wales, for instance, might make
sense in England, but Eastern Europeans wouldn
’
t get this subtlety. But the
countries of Eastern Europe would have their own historical rivalries and cultural
clichés, whether they were made up or not. In this instance, adaptation needs to
identify and select the most suitable cultural reference.
Compensation
Last but not least, compensation is a strategy used when something cannot
be translated into a different language. This can apply to grammatical concepts in
the original language or cultural constructs that have no equivalent in the target
language. For example, some languages distinguish formality when addressing
“Arab tili globallashuv
davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar
va
o‘qitish metodikasi”
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
530
another person (e.g., tu and vous in French, as well as similar examples in German,
Slovak and other languages), in contrast to English, which only recognizes one
“you”, and instead expresse
s formality degrees in other ways.
Similar to this, there are numerous ways in Japanese to indicate hierarchical
relationships between individuals by following another person
’
s name with -san,
-kun, -chan, etc. These are simply nonexistent in the majority of other languages,
so a translator would need to figure out how to translate them roughly into the
target language. Naturally, this can be very challenging.
In conclusion, every one of these strategies and tactics has its proper place
and time. Translators need to be multilingual, but they also need to know which
technique to apply when and sometimes even why. Think about all of the
processes that go into the smooth act of reading something in one language and
saying it aloud in another the next time you witness someone sight-translate with
the ease of a seasoned professional.
References:
1.
Omon Muminov. (2005). “A guide to simultaneous translation”.
2. G.V. Chernov, Theory and practice of simultaneous translation (Intern.
relationship, M., 1978)
3. Hojiev A. Uzbek word formation system.
–
Tashkent: Teacher, 2007.
–
P.62-80;
4. A.F. Shiryaev, Simultaneous translation from French (research of some
aspects of synchronicity in connection with the peculiarities of the functioning of
a foreign language): Abstract of the thesis. Dissertations for the degree of Ph.D
(M., 1973).
